Lower intakes of protein, carbohydrate, and energy are associated with increased global DNA methylation in 2- to 3-year-old urban slum children in Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

Stunting in children is a global public health concern. We investigated how global DNA methylation relates to food intakes, dietary diversity, and development of stunting among 324 children aged 24-36 months in a slum community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Stunted children (height-for-age z score ˂-2; n = 162) and their age- and sex-matched nonstunted counterparts (height-for-age z score ˃-1; n = 162) were selected by active community surveillance. We studied global DNA methylation, measured as 5-mC% content in whole blood. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurement, and sociodemographic information were obtained. In the multiple linear regression model, increased global DNA methylation level in children was significantly associated with consumption of lower amount of energy, coef .034 (95% CI [.014, .053]); P = .001, protein, coef .038 (95% CI [.019, .057]); P = .000, carbohydrate, coef .027 (95% CI [.008, .047]); P = .006, zinc, coef .020 (95% CI [.001, .039]); P = .043, total dietary intakes, coef .020 (95% CI [.001, .039]); P = .043, and intake from plant sources, coef .028 (95% CI [.009, .047]); P = .005, after adjusting for other covariates. Moreover, higher fruits and vegetables consumption was significantly associated with lower 5-mC% level, coef -.022 (95% CI [-.041, -.002]); P = .028. Our findings suggest a significant association between low dietary intakes and increased global DNA methylation. We also found increased global DNA methylation in stunted children. To establish the relationship among the macronutrient intakes, global DNA methylation, and stunting, future prospective studies are warranted in resource-poor settings.