Specific inhibitors of lysozyme and peptidases inhibit the growth of the rumen protozoan Entodinium caudatum without decreasing feed digestion or fermentation in vitro.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Experiments were designed to determine the effects of different chemical inhibitors of lysozyme and peptidases on rumen protozoa and the associated prokaryotes, and in vitro fermentation using Entodinium caudatum as a model protozoan species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Imidazole (a lysozyme inhibitor), phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF, a serine peptidase inhibitor) and iodoacetamide (IOD, a cysteine peptidase inhibitor) were evaluated in vitro both individually and in two- and three-way combinations using E. caudatum monocultures with respect to their ability to inhibit the protozoan and their effect on feed digestion, fermentation and the microbiota. All the three inhibitors, both individually and in combination, decreased E. caudatum counts (P < 0·001), and IOD and its combinations with the other inhibitors significantly (P < 0·01) decreased ammonia concentration, with the two- and three-way combinations showing additive effective. Feed digestion was not affected, but fermentation and microbial diversity were affected mostly by PMSF, IOD and their combinatorial treatments potentially due to the overgrowth of Streptococcus luteciae accompanying with the disappearance of host ciliates. CONCLUSIONS: Entodinium caudatum depends on lysozyme and peptidase for digestion and utilization of the engulfed microbes and specific inhibition of these enzymes can inhibition E. caudatum without adversely affecting feed digestion or fermentation even though they changed the microbiota composition in the cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The peptidase inhibitors may have the potential to be used in controlling rumen protozoa to improve ruminal nitrogen utilization efficiency.