Serum pigment epithelium-derived factor: Relationships with cardiovascular events, renal dysfunction, and mortality in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) cohort.

BACKGROUND: To determine if serum pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels predict cardiovascular events, renal dysfunction and mortality in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Study (VADT). METHODS: PEDF was evaluated in relation to subsequent cardiovascular outcomes, mortality, and renal dysfunction (defined as urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥300 mg/g), or chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3 (eGFR<60 ml/min) or 4 (eGFR<60 and <30 ml/min respectively). PEDF was measured by ELISA on sera from 881 participants collected a median (range) of 1.7 (0-5.0) years post-baseline, and later, from 832 participants 4.0 (1.5-6.9) years post-baseline. RESULTS: In 743 participants, PEDF was measured at both time-points. PEDF increased over time from (mean ±â€¯SD) 10.5 ±â€¯4.03 to 11.0 ±â€¯4.86 ng/ml (paired t-test p = 0.0092). Lower eGFR (p < 0.01), higher serum creatinine (p < 0.01) and urinary ACR (p < 0.01) were associated with increasing PEDF. Multivariate event time models included either one or two follow-up windows (i.e., between first and second PEDF measures; and, when available, from second PEDF measure until study-end). PEDF tertiles were not associated with cardiovascular events, but were significantly associated with all-cause mortality [HR = 2.00 (1.03, 3.89) comparing first to third tertile] in models adjusted for age, minority status, VADT treatment arm and prior cardiovascular event status. Higher PEDF levels also associated with development of kidney dysfunction with adjusted HRs (95% CI comparing third to first PEDF tertiles: 2.74 (1.71, 4.39) for stage 3 CKD; and 3.84 (95% CI: 1.17, 12.5) for stage 4 CKD. CONCLUSIONS: Over 2-years, higher serum PEDF levels predicted advanced nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.