Recent advances and controversies in surgical intervention of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: A literature review.

The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) has increased in Western and Asian nations in recent decades. While surgery may improve the outcome of more complex cases, many inconsistencies exist in the current literature regarding the management, growing emergence, and challenges of drug-resistant forms of NTM-LD, the indications and timing of surgical treatment, and perioperative multimodal therapy of NTM-LD. Moreover, data regarding the comparative treatments, risk factors of pulmonary resection for NTM-LD, and the long-term outcomes of microbiological recurrence are limited. This review will focus on outlining the outcomes of recently optimized surgical approaches, as well as providing an overview of the roles of perioperative multimodalities therapies in the treatment of NTM-LD.