Microbial communities modulating brain functioning and behaviors in zebrafish: A mechanistic approach.

ABSTRACT

Microbiota plays a vital role in maintaining their host's physiology, development, reproduction, immune system, nutrient metabolism, brain chemistry and its behavior. How the gut microbiota modulates the brain function altering cognitive and fundamental behavior patterns related to specific functional changes is unclear. Recent studies provide holistic approaches which show gut microbiota can greatly sway all aspects of physiology including gut-brain communication, brain function and behavior by establishing a bi-directional link between the gut and brain. Among these studies, to our knowledge, the present review focus on the new mechanistic basis that relates the microbiota of the intestine with diseases of the nervous system causing behavioral alteration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) during development. The current review on microbiota-gut-brain axis communication showed a high instability of the microbiome at early stage of development in zebrafish. Probiotics restore the composition of the gut microbiota by producing neuroactive compounds and introduce beneficial functions to gut microbial communities, resulting in amelioration of gut inflammation and other intestinal disease phenotypes. Therefore, the present review mainly highlights the mechanistic way of gut-brain function, including neuronal, hormonal, immunological signaling with production of bacterial metabolites. This study consider current knowledge that may enable us to increase our understanding to know how the gut microbiota establishes a connection with brain modulating the gut-brain signaling by alteration of the neurochemistry such as GABA and serotonin levels in brain to control host behavior. Further studies are needed to define the exact microbial and host mechanism in GI disease states and functional syndromes.