Intra-gastrointestinal amyloid-ß1-42 oligomers perturb enteric function and induce Alzheimer's disease pathology.

ABSTRACT

KEY POINTS Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and transgenic mice have beta-amyloid (Aß) aggregation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is possible that Aß from the periphery contributes to the load of Aß in the brain, as Aß has prion-like properties. The present investigations demonstrate that Aß injected into the GI tract of ICR mice is internalised into enteric cholinergic neurons; at 1 month, administration of Aß into the body of the stomach and the proximal colon was observed to partly redistribute to the fundus and jejunum; at 1 year, vagal and cerebral ß-amyloidosis was present, and mice exhibited GI dysfunction and cognitive deficits. These data reveal a previously undiscovered mechanism that potentially contributes to the development of AD. ABSTRACT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related cause of dementia, characterised by extracellular beta-amyloid (Aß) plaques and intracellular phosphorylated tau tangles in the brain. Aß deposits have also been observed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of AD patients and transgenic mice, with overexpression of amyloid precursor protein. In the present studies, we investigate whether intra-GI administration of Aß can potentially induce amyloidosis in the central nervous system (CNS) and AD-related pathology such as dementia. We micro-injected Aß1-42 oligomers (4 µg per site, five sites) or vehicle (saline, 5 µl) into the gastric wall of ICR mice under general anaesthesia. Immunofluorescence staining and in vivo imaging showed that HiLyte Fluor 555-labelled Aß1-42 had migrated within 3 h via the submucosa to nearby areas and was internalised into cholinergic neurons. At 1 month, HiLyte Fluor 555-labelled Aß1-42 in the body of the stomach and proximal colon had partly re-distributed to the fundus and jejunum. At 1 year, the jejunum showed functional alterations in neuromuscular coupling (P < 0.001), and Aß deposits were present in the vagus and brain, with animals exhibiting cognitive impairments in the Y-maze spontaneous alteration test (P < 0.001) and the novel object recognition test (P < 0.001). We found that enteric Aß oligomers induce an alteration in gastric function, amyloidosis in the CNS, and AD-like dementia via vagal mechanisms. Our results suggest that Aß load is likely to occur initially in the GI tract and may translocate to the brain, opening the possibility of new strategies for the early diagnosis and prevention of AD.