Predictors of children's health system use: cross-sectional study of linked data.

BACKGROUND: Use of health services is increasing in many countries. Most health service research exploring determinants of use has focused on adults and on secondary care. Less is known about factors associated with the use of the emergency department (ED) and general practice (GP) among young children. OBJECTIVE: To explore factors associated with GP consultations and ED attendances among children under 5 in a single UK city. METHODS: Cross-sectional exploratory study using anonymized individual-level health service use data for children aged 0-4 from 21 GPs in Southampton, UK, linked to ED data, over a 1-year period. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to explore the association of socio-demographic factors [using the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) to define socio-economic status] with high service use (defined as more than eight GP consultations and/or two ED attendances respectively). RESULTS: Among 11 062 children, there were 76 092 GP consultations and 6107 ED attendances. Three thousand two hundred thirty-three (29%) children were high users of GP and 564 (5%) of ED services. Greater socio-economic deprivation was independently associated with high use of GP and ED services separately [odds ratios (OR) for most versus least deprived IMD quintile 1.45 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.20-1.75) and 2.21 (95% CI 1.41-3.46), respectively], and together [OR 2.62 (95% CI 1.48-4.65)]. CONCLUSION: Young children are frequent users of health services, particularly GP. Socio-economic deprivation is an important factor. Parents, carers and health services may benefit from interventions that support families in their management of children's health.