In silico Binding Profile Analysis and In vitro Investigation on Chitin Synthase Substrate and Inhibitors from Maize Stem Borer, Chilo partellus.

INTRODUCTION: Insect growth and metamorphosis are strictly dependent on the structural changes that occur in chitin containing tissues and organs. Chitin synthase catalyzes chitin polymerization by ß-(1, 4) glycosidic linkage of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) monomers; the major component of insect cuticles. Targeting this enzyme could be a promising strategy to control insect pests while avoiding adverse effects on coexisting populations. Nikkomycin Z and polyoxins are commercially available fungal inhibitors known to bind to the nucleotide-binding sites of insects and fungal chitin synthase. But the binding mode of chitin synthase has not been explored to date as its structure is not available yet. METHODS: To understand the structural features of the Chilo partellus chitin synthase enzyme (CpCHS), the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the CpCHS catalytic domain was modeled using ROBETTA webserver. The obtained model was used to investigate the binding mode of its substrate, uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), and inhibitors (nikkomycin Z and polyoxins) by molecular docking approach using Schrödinger Suite-Maestro v9.2. The docked complexes were further investigated for their interaction stability by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using GROMACS v5.1.2. RESULTS: Our study highlighted the significance of various interactions made by CHS residues present in the Walker-B loop and donor-binding motifs with the substrate (UDP-GlcNAc), and GEDR motif with an acceptor (GlcNAc). Also, the interactions of the QRRRW motif while forming chitin polymer were explored. We observed that the inhibitors exhibited good binding affinity with these motifs, indicated by their docking and binding affinity scores. CONCLUSION: In vitro analysis suggested that nikkomycin Z showed higher inhibition of chitin synthase activity at a concentration of 2.5 µg.L-1. Our study provided insights into the crucial interactions of chitin synthase while designing inhibitors against insect pests.