Tailoring strength of nanocellulose foams by electrostatic complexation.

Supramolecular assembly of biobased components in water is a promising strategy to construct advanced materials. Herein, electrostatic complexation was used to prepare wet-resilient foams with improved mechanical property. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy experiments showed that suspensions with oppositely charged cellulose nanofibers are a mixture of clusters and networks of entangled fibers. The balance between these structures governs the colloidal stability and the rheological behavior of CNFs in water. Foams prepared from suspensions exhibited maximum compressive modulus at the mass composition of 1:1 (ca 0.12 MPa), suggesting that meaningful attractive interactions happen at this point and act as stiffening structure in the material. Besides the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts may also occur within the clustering, improving the water stability of cationic foams. These results may provide a basis for the development of robust all- cellulose materials prepared in water, with nontoxic chemicals.