Cephalochordates: A window into vertebrate origins.

ABSTRACT

How vertebrates evolved from their invertebrate ancestors has long been a central topic of discussion in biology. Evolutionary developmental biology (evodevo) has provided a new tool-using gene expression patterns as phenotypic characters to infer homologies between body parts in distantly related organisms-to address this question. Combined with micro-anatomy and genomics, evodevo has provided convincing evidence that vertebrates evolved from an ancestral invertebrate chordate, in many respects resembling a modern amphioxus. The present review focuses on the role of evodevo in addressing two major questions of chordate evolution (1) how the vertebrate brain evolved from the much simpler central nervous system (CNS) in of this ancestral chordate and (2) whether or not the head mesoderm of this ancestor was segmented.