Expression of PIAS Genes in Migraine Patients.

Migraine is a complex disabling condition which is associated with dysregulation of several pathways particularly those being associated with immune responses. In order to assess contribution of protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) in the pathogenesis of migraine, we quantified expression levels of PIAS1-PIAS4 genes in the circulation of patients with migraine compared with controls. Expression of PIAS1 was substantially lower in total migraineurs compared with controls (ratio of mean expressions (RME) = 0.18, SE = 0.29, P value < 0.001) and in both male and female migraineurs compared with sex-matched controls. Expression of PIAS2 was lower in migraineurs without aura compared with controls (RME = 0.64, SE = 0.31, P value = 0.04) and in male subgroup of these patients compared with male controls (RME = 0.60, SE = 0.22, P value < 0.001). In migraineurs with aura, downregulation of PIAS2 was only observed among male subgroups (RME = 0.37, SE = 0.49, P value = 0.01). PIAS3 was downregulated in total male migraineurs (RME = 0.52, SE = 0.43, P value = 0.04) and in male migraineurs with aura (RME = 0.49, SE = 0.45, P value = 0.03) compared with male controls. Finally, PIAS4 was upregulated in total migraineurs (RME = 3.78, SE = 0. 34, P value < 0.001), female migraineurs (RME = 5.26, SE = 0.36, P value < 0.001), migraineurs with aura (RME = 4.24, SE = 0.42, P value < 0.001), female migraineurs with aura (RME = 6.13, SE = 0.47, P value < 0.001), migraineurs without aura (RME = 3.33, SE = 0.38, P value < 0.001), and female migraineurs without aura (RME = 4.47, SE = 0.41, P value < 0.001) compared with the corresponding controls. The present study suggests contribution of PIAS genes in the pathogenesis of migraine and warrants future studies to clarify the functional routes of their contribution.