Prenatal exposure to paternal smoking and likelihood for autism spectrum disorder.

ABSTRACT

LAY ABSTRACT What is Already Known about This Subject Genetics, (including de novo mutations), environmental factors (including toxic exposures), and their interactions impact autism spectrum disorder etiology. Paternal smoking is a candidate risk for autism spectrum disorder due to biological plausibility, high prevalence, and potential intervention.What This Study Adds This original study and its replication confirms that paternal factors can substantially contribute to autism spectrum disorder risk for their offspring. It specifically indicates that paternal smoking both before and during pregnancy contributes significantly to autism spectrum disorder risk.Implications for practice, research, or policy Smoking prevention, especially in pregnancy planning, may decrease autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring.