Bidirectional role of microtubule dynamics in the acquisition and maintenance of temporal information in dorsolateral striatum.

Accurate and precise timing is crucial for complex and purposeful behaviors, such as foraging for food or playing a musical instrument. The brain is capable of processing temporal information in a coordinated manner, as if it contains an 'internal clock'. Similar to the need for the brain to orient itself in space in order to understand its surroundings, temporal orientation and tracking is an essential component of cognition as well. While there have been multiple models explaining the neural correlates of timing, independent lines of research appear to converge on the conclusion that populations of neurons in the dorsal striatum encode information relating to where a subject is in time relative to an anticipated goal. Similar to other learning processes, acquisition and maintenance of this temporal information is dependent on synaptic plasticity. Microtubules are cytoskeletal proteins that have been implicated in synaptic plasticity mechanisms and therefore are considered key elements in learning and memory. In this study, we investigated the role of microtubule dynamics in temporal learning by local infusions of microtubule stabilizing and destabilizing agents into the dorsolateral striatum. Our results suggested a bidirectional role for microtubules in timing, such that microtubule stabilization improves the maintenance of learned target durations, but impairs the acquisition of a novel duration. On the other hand, microtubule destabilization enhances the acquisition of novel target durations, while compromising the maintenance of previously learned durations. These findings suggest that microtubule dynamics plays an important role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms in the dorsolateral striatum, which in turn modulates temporal learning and time perception.