Disparities in the Surgical Treatment of Adult Spine Diseases: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Our goal was to systematically review the literature on racial/ethnic, insurance, and socioeconomic disparities in adult spine surgery in the United States and analyze potential areas for improvement. METHODS: We conducted a database search of literature published between January 1990 and July 2020 using PRISMA guidelines for all studies investigating a disparity in any aspect of adult spine surgery care analyzed based on race/ethnicity, insurance status/payer, or socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Of 2679 articles identified through database searching, 775 were identified for full-text independent review by 3 authors, from which a final list of 60 studies were analyzed. Forty-three studies analyzed disparities based on patient race/ethnicity, 32 based on insurance status, and 8 based on SES. Five studies assessed disparities in access to care, 15 examined surgical treatment, 35 investigated in-hospital outcomes, and 25 explored after-discharge outcomes. Minority patients were less likely to undergo surgery but more likely to receive surgery from a low-volume provider and experience postoperative complications. White and privately insured patients generally had shorter hospital length of stay, were more likely to undergo favorable/routine discharge, and had lower rates of in-hospital mortality. After discharge, white patients reported better outcomes than did black patients. Thirty-three studies (55%) reported no disparities within at least 1 examined metric. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive systematic review underscores ongoing potential for health care disparities among adult patients in spinal surgery. We show a need for continued efforts to promote equity and cultural competency within neurologic surgery.