60 Years of Combining Tranylcypromine: A Systematic Review of Available Evidence.

BACKGROUND: Tranylcypromine is the only irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is approved in the United States and in Europe for the management of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Comprehensive data in the literature regarding the efficacy and tolerability of tranylcypromine (TCP) combination strategies have not been systematically investigated yet. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of available literature based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Study types considered eligible for inclusion were studies that reported information on efficacy and/or tolerability/adverse effects of pharmacological TCP add-on or coadministration strategies among people with psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Ninety-six articles were included in qualitative analyses. A relevant body of evidence shows that TCP combined with first- and second-generation antipsychotics seems relatively safe and might have beneficial effects in some patients with depressive disorders, although caution is needed with some second-generation antipsychotics that have proserotonergic activity. Although evidence is not entirely consistent, amitriptyline as add-on agent might be efficacious and associated with a low rate of severe adverse events. Although available data from case reports are scarce, certain other agents, such as trazodone, but also lithium, seem to have a good risk-benefit profile with regard to TCP that should be further investigated in the context of high-quality studies. CONCLUSIONS: Any combination of a psychotropic with TCP should be preceded by an evaluation of drug-to-drug interaction and an informed consent process and followed by close monitoring. Before any combination strategy, doctors should reevaluate factors of pseudo-treatment resistance, such as rapid-metabolizing status, noncompliance, trauma, alternative diagnosis, or drug abuse.