Use of electroconvulsive therapy for individuals receiving inpatient psychiatric care on a nationwide scale in France: Variations linked to health care supply.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive understanding of variations in the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) among health care providers in charge of ECT referrals is lacking. OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to document ECT use and its variations on a nationwide scale in France and to identify the factors that were significantly associated with these variations. METHODS: Administrative health claims data on hospitalization were used to perform a descriptive analysis of ECT use for adult patients receiving inpatient psychiatric care in mainland France in 2019 and its variations across hospitals in charge of ECT referrals. Based on a conceptual framework drawn from the literature on medical practice variations, a multilevel logistic regression was then conducted to identify patients, hospitals and contextual characteristics that were significantly associated with ECT treatment using non-ECT-treated patients receiving inpatient psychiatric care as the reference population. RESULTS: Patients receiving ECT (n = 3288) were older, more frequently female and had more severe diagnoses than other patients seen in inpatient care (n = 295,678). Significant variations were observed in the rate of ECT use across hospitals (n = 468), with a coefficient of variation largely above one. In the multivariable analysis, ECT treatment was associated with patient characteristics (which accounted for 6% of the variations) but also with characteristics of the hospitals and their environments (44% of the variations), including the type of hospital and its distance to the closest facility providing ECT. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in ECT use were strongly linked to health care supply characteristics, which raises questions about access to quality mental health care.