Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing oral yeasts carriage among individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing oral yeasts carriage among individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). METHODS: Self-reported ENDS users and non-users (individuals that reported to have never used any nicotinic product) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups (a) aPDT group; and (b) sham aPDT group. aPDT was performed using a curcumin-based photosensitizer that was exposed to a central wavelength of 660 nm and an estimated average fluency of 200 J/cm2. The system delivered light by uniform diffusion for 5 min. Sham aPDT was performed using a non-activated laser tip. Oral yeasts colony forming units were determined using standard techniques. Oral yeasts were assessed at baseline and at 3-months of follow-up. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-three ENDS-users (19 males and 4 females) and 23 controls (17 males and 6 females) were included. ENDS-users were vaping for 8.3 ± 0.6 years and were using their ENDS devices 13.6 ± 2.7 times daily. Toothbrushing twice daily was reported by 8.7% and 21.7% of ENDS-users and controls, respectively. Tongue brushing was reported by none of the individuals. At baseline, oral yeasts CFU/ml were significantly higher among ENDS-users in the PDT (P<0.05) and sham PDT (P<0.05) groups compared with controls (Table 2; Figure 1). At 3-months of follow-up, CFU/ml were significantly higher among ENDS-users in the PDT (P<0.05) and sham PDT (P<0.05) groups compared with controls CONCLUSION: A single session of aPDT is ineffective in reducing the oral yeasts CFU/ml in ENDS-users. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of multiple sessions of aPDT in reducing the oral yeasts CFU/ml in ENDS-users.