Evidence of Coevolution Between Cronartium harknessii Lineages and Their Corresponding Hosts, Lodgepole Pine and Jack Pine.

ABSTRACT

Variation in rate of infection and susceptibility of Pinus spp. to the fungus Cronartium harknessii (syn. Endocronartium harknessii), the causative agent of western gall rust, has been well documented. To test the hypothesis that there is a coevolutionary relationship between C. harknessii and its hosts, we examined genetic structure and virulence of C. harknessii associated with lodgepole pine (P. contorta var. latifolia), jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrids. A secondary objective was to improve assessment and diagnosis of infection in hosts. Using 18 microsatellites, we assessed genetic structure of C. harknessii from 90 sites within the ranges of lodgepole pine and jack pine. We identified two lineages (East and West, FST = 0.677) associated with host genetic structure (r = 0.81, P = 0.001), with East comprising three sublineages. In parallel, we conducted a factorial experiment in which lodgepole pine, jack pine, and hybrid seedlings were inoculated with spores from the two primary genetic lineages. With this experiment, we refined the phenotypic categories associated with infection and demonstrated that stem width can be used as a quantitative measure of host response to infection. Overall, each host responded differentially to the fungal lineages, with jack pine exhibiting more resiliency to infection than lodgepole pine and hybrids exhibiting intermediate resiliency. Taken together, the shared genetic structure between fungus and host species, and the differential interaction of the fungal species with the hosts, supports a coevolutionary relationship between host and pathogen.[Formula see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.