The Penicillium brasilianum Histone Deacetylase Clr3 Regulates Secondary Metabolite Production and Tolerance to Oxidative Stress.

Most of the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) found in microbes are silent under standard laboratory cultivation conditions due to the lack of expression triggering stimuli, representing a considerable drawback in drug discovery. To access the full biosynthetic potential, studies towards the activation of cryptic BGCs are essential. Histone acetylation status is an important regulator of chromatin structure, which impacts cell physiology and the expression of BGCs. In this study, clr3, a gene encoding a histone deacetylase in Penicillium brasilianum LaBioMMi 136, is deleted and associated phenotypic and metabolic changes are evaluated. The results indicate reduced growth under oxidative stress conditions in the ∆clr3 strain, higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and a different transcriptional profile of 13 ROS-related genes of both strains under basal and ROS-induced conditions. Moreover, the production of 14 secondary metabolites, including austin-related meroterpenoids, brasiliamides, verruculogen, penicillic acid, and cyclodepsipeptides was evaluated in the ∆clr3 strain, most of them being reduced. Accordingly, the addition of epigenetic modulators responsible for HDAC inhibition into P. brasilianum's growth media also culminated in the reduction in secondary metabolite production. The results suggest that Clr3 plays an essential role in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in P. brasilianum, thus offering new strategies for the regulation of natural product synthesis by assessing chromatin modification.