Parasomnias during trans-meridian and long-distance travel: Critical literature review and clinical practice recommendations.

Parasomnias are undesirable events that occur during sleep. They can be classified into rapid eye movement parasomnias and non-rapid eye movement parasomnias. Those who experience parasomnias may be anxious about travel for many reasons, including the occurrence of unwanted events during the trip, increased exposure to environmental trigger factors, and the propensity for harm to occur due to unfamiliar surroundings while travelling. There is a paucity of literature examining this area. This review summarizes the relevant literature and the clinical experience of the authors to compile clinical practice recommendations. The clinical features of parasomnias and how they relate to trans-meridian and long-distance travel are described. Triggers for non-rapid eye movement parasomnias, particularly the use of sedative hypnotic drugs, alcohol, drug withdrawal, sleep deprivation, emotional stress and environmental stimulations, are described. Management of parasomnias whilst travelling is reviewed, with a particular focus on trigger minimalization. The role for clonazepam and melatonin is outlined. At the pre-travel health consultation, the physician is strongly advised to screen the traveller for co-morbid sleep conditions, which exacerbate parasomnias. Areas for further research are explored, including the extent to which these sleep disorders impact on the travel experience.