The relationship between low-carbohydrate diet score, dietary insulin index and load with obesity in healthy adults.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Carbohydrate intake and insulinemic potential of diet are suggested to be correlated with the development of different chronic diseases. Considering the limited research on obesity, this study aimed to investigate the association of dietary insulin index (DII), dietary insulin load (DIL), and low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDS) with body weight and obesity in healthy adults. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, DII, DIL, and LCDS were calculated using relevant formulas based on dietary intakes obtained by a valid 168-item food frequency questionnaire, in 393 otherwise healthy adults of either normal-weight, overweight, or obese. RESULTS: Individuals in the highest tertile of DIL and DII had respectively 73% (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.94, p = 0.049) and 50% (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.26-0.96, p = 0.038) lower odds of being overweight compared to the lowest tertile, after adjusting the effects of age, sex, and dietary energy intake. Participants in the highest tertile of DIL had 92% greater odds of being obese compared to the lowest tertile, but this association did not remain significant after adjusting the effect of energy intake. Individuals in the highest tertile of LCDS had about 2 times odds of being overweight compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.04-4.01, p = 0.049). There was no relationship between being obese and tertiles of LCDS. CONCLUSION: Higher dietary carbohydrate intake and insulinemic potential of diet could not be considered independent dietary risk factors for overweight or obesity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III evidence obtained from an observational study.