Patient-specific virtual reality technology for complex neurosurgical cases: illustrative cases.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) offers an interactive environment for visualizing the intimate three-dimensional (3D) relationship between a patient's pathology and surrounding anatomy. The authors present a model for using personalized VR technology, applied across the neurosurgical treatment continuum from the initial consultation to preoperative surgical planning, then to intraoperative navigation, and finally to postoperative visits, for various tumor and vascular pathologies. OBSERVATIONS: Five adult patients undergoing procedures for spinal cord cavernoma, clinoidal meningioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, giant aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation were included. For each case, 360-degree VR (360°VR) environments developed using Surgical Theater were used for patient consultation, preoperative planning, and/or intraoperative 3D navigation. The custom 360°VR model was rendered from the patient's preoperative imaging. For two cases, the plan changed after reviewing the patient's 360°VR model from one based on conventional Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine imaging. LESSONS: Live 360° visualization with Surgical Theater in conjunction with surgical navigation helped validate the decisions made intraoperatively. The 360°VR models provided visualization to better understand the lesion's 3D anatomy, as well as to plan and execute the safest patient-specific approach, rather than a less detailed, more standardized one. In all cases, preoperative planning using the patient's 360°VR model had a significant impact on the surgical approach.