Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation versus whole-brain radiotherapy consolidation in primary central nervous system lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The management of newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) includes administration of high-dose methotrexate based regimens followed by consolidation therapy to minimize the risk of relapse. However, the best consolidation strategy (autologous hematopoietic cell transplant [auto-HCT] vs. whole-brain radiotherapy [WBRT]) is controversial. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials that compared auto-HCT versus WBRT consolidation for patients with PCNSL after first-line treatment.The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while the secondary outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), response rates (overall response rate [ORR] and complete remission [CR]), relapse rate, treatment-related mortality (TRM), and neuropsychological adverse events. We performed a pooled analysis of the single-arm studies that incorporated auto-HCT or WBRT consolidation and evaluated neurocognitive outcomes. Only two studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 240). There was no significant difference in OS (HR = 1.50; 95% CI = 0.95-2.36), PFS (HR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.44-2.22), ORR (RR = 1.48; 95% CI = 0.90-2.44), CR rate (RR = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.90-1.63), relapse rate (RR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.05-4.28), and TRM (RR = 5.67; 95% CI = 1.01-31.91). The neuropsychological tests to assess neurocognitive domains were different and inconsistently reported in the two studies and therefore we were unable to perform a meta-analysis but provide a descriptive assessment. Both the studies showed a significant decline in the attention/executive function (based on the trail making test A and trail making test B) in those receiving WBRT compared to auto-HCT. We found 9 single-arm phase II studies that reported data on outcomes associated with either auto-HCT (5 studies) or WBRT (4 studies) consolidation. Of these, two studies (n = 43) reported data on neurocognitive decline following auto-HCT consolidation. Pooled proportion of patients with neurocognitive decline in these studies was 6% (95% CI, 0%-17%) for those receiving auto-HCT and there was no heterogeneity between studies (I2  = 0%). Three studies (n = 122) reported data on neurocognitive decline following WBRT consolidation. Pooled proportion of patients with neurocognitive decline in these studies was 43% (95% CI, 11%-78%) for those receiving WBRT and there was high heterogeneity between studies (I2  = 94%). There was significant heterogeneity between subgroups (p = 0.035). The outcomes were not significantly different in patients with PCNSL receiving auto-HCT or WBRT consolidation therapies, however, there is a higher degree of neurocognitive decline associated with WBRT compared to auto-HCT consolidation. The decision to choose a consolidation strategy needs to be individualized based on age, frailty, and co-morbidities.