Needle-free pharmacological sedation techniques in paediatric patients for imaging procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sedation techniques and drugs are increasingly used in children undergoing imaging procedures. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we present an overview of literature concerning sedation of children aged 0-8 yr for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures using needle-free pharmacological techniques. METHODS: Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for studies on the use of needle-free pharmacological sedation techniques for MRI procedures in children aged 0-8 yr. Studies using i.v. or i.m. medication or advanced airway devices were excluded. We performed a meta-analysis on sedation success rate. Secondary outcomes were onset time, duration, recovery, and adverse events. RESULTS: Sixty-seven studies were included, with 22 380 participants. The pooled success rate for oral chloral hydrate was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-0.96); for oral chloral hydrate and intranasal dexmedetomidine 95% (95% CI 0.92-0.97); for rectal, oral, or intranasal midazolam 36% (95% CI 0.14-0.65); for oral pentobarbital 99% (95% CI 0.90-1.00); for rectal thiopental 92% (95% CI 0.85-0.96); for oral melatonin 75% (95% CI 0.54-0.89); for intranasal dexmedetomidine 62% (95% CI 0.38-0.82); for intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam 94% (95% CI 0.78-0.99); and for inhaled sevoflurane 98% (95% CI 0.97-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: We found a large variation in medication, dosage, and route of administration for needle-free sedation. Success rates for sedation techniques varied between 36% and 98%.