Hematopoietic Cells Influence Vascular Development in the Retina.

Hematopoietic cells play a crucial role in the adult retina in health and disease. Monocytes, macrophages, microglia and myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) have all been implicated in retinal pathology. However, the role that hematopoietic cells play in retinal development is understudied. The temporal changes in recruitment of hematopoietic cells into the developing retina and the phenotype of the recruited cells are not well understood. In this study, we used the hematopoietic cell-specific protein Vav1 to track and investigate hematopoietic cells in the developing retina. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we show that hematopoietic cells are present in the retina as early as P0, and include microglia, monocytes and MACs. Even before the formation of retinal blood vessels, hematopoietic cells localize to the inner retina where they eventually form networks that intimately associate with the developing vasculature. Loss of Vav1 lead to a reduction in the density of medium-sized vessels and an increased inflammatory response in retinal astrocytes. When pups were subjected to oxygen-induced retinopathy, hematopoietic cells maintained a close association with the vasculature and occasionally formed 'frameworks' for the generation of new vessels. Our study provides further evidence for the underappreciated role of hematopoietic cells in retinal vasculogenesis and the formation of a healthy retina.