Give Me a Sign: Concrete Symbols Facilitate Orientation in Alzheimer's Disease Dementia.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Persons with Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) often show impaired orientation, particularly in unknown environments. Signs may offer an opportunity to compensate for these deficits and thus improve participation. METHODS: We assessed 30 persons with ADD and 36 healthy controls by using a sign comprehension paradigm (SCP) in a real-life environment. Nonparametric mixed model analyses of variance were used to analyze the effect of different symbols and additional scripture (coding condition) on SCP performance speed and accuracy. RESULTS: Analyses revealed a significant main effect of symbol design on SCP speed as well as an interaction effect of group × symbol, indicating a benefit of concrete, optimized signs for persons with ADD. Furthermore, analyses of SCP error rates revealed the main effects of group and coding condition as well as an interaction effect of group × coding. Persons with ADD made more errors than healthy controls, but SCP error rates decreased significantly in ADD in the double-coding condition. DISCUSSION: Our findings revealed an advantage of concrete double-coded symbols over conventional symbols and therefore strongly suggest the implementation of concrete double-coded signs to support older people living with ADD.