Enhanced stability, formulations, and rheological properties of nanoemulsions produced with microfludization for eco-friendly process.

HYPOTHESIS: Eco-friendly processes that are emerging around the world require mass production of low-energy, low-cost nanoemulsions. The process involving the high-concentrated nanoemulsions and diluting them with a large amount of solvent can certainly save the cost; however, not much detailed research has been conducted on the stability mechanism and rheological characteristics of high-concentrated nanoemulsions. EXPERIMENTS: In this study, we produced nanoemulsions via the microfluidization (MF) process, comparing their dispersion stability and rheological characteristics with macroemulsions across various oil and surfactant concentrations. Droplet mobility and dispersion stability depended on these concentrations, with Asakura-Osawa-type attractive depletion considering interparticle interaction's role in stability changes. We investigated nanoemulsions' long-term stability based on turbidity and droplet size changes over four weeks, proposing a stability diagram showing four different states depending on emulsification conditions. FINDINGS: We explored the microstructure of emulsions under varying mixing conditions, observing their effects on droplet mobility and rheological properties. We monitored changes in rheology, turbidity, and droplet size over 4 weeks, establishing stability diagrams for macro- and nanoemulsions. The stability diagrams revealed that the stability of emulsions are sensitively dependent on the droplet size, concentrations, surfactant cocentrations and the strcture of coexistent phases in case of macroscopic segregation are significantly different depending on the droplet sizes. We identified their respective stability mechanisms and discovered the relationship between stability and rheological properties for highly concentrated nanoemulsion.