Genomic selection pressure discovery using site-frequency spectrum and reduced local variability statistics in Pakistani Dera-Din-Panah goat.

BACKGROUND: Population geneticists have long sought to comprehend various selection traces accumulated in the goat genome due to natural or human driven artificial selection through breeding practices, which led the wild animals to domestication, so understanding evolutionary process may helpful to utilize the full genetic potential of goat genome. METHODS AND RESULTS: As a step forward to pinpoint the selection signals in Pakistani Dera-Din-Panah (DDP) goat, whole-genome pooled sequencing (n = 12) was performed, and 618,236,192 clean paired-end reads were mapped against ARS1 reference goat assembly. Five different selection signature statistics were applied using four site-frequency spectrum (SFS) methods (Tajima's D ([Formula: see text]), Fay and Wu's H ([Formula: see text]), Zeng's E ([Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text]) and one reduced local variability approach named pooled heterozygosity ([Formula: see text]). The under-selection regions were annotated with significant threshold values of [Formula: see text]≥4.7, [Formula: see text]≥6, [Formula: see text]≥2.5, Pool-HMM ≥ 12, and [Formula: see text]≥5 that resulted in accumulative 364 candidate gene hits. The highest genomic selection signals were observed on Chr. 4, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, and 27 and harbor ADAMTS6, CWC27, RELN, MYCBP2, FGF14, STIM1, CFAP74, GNB1, CALML6, TMEM52, FAM149A, NADK, MMP23B, OPN3, FH, MFHAS1, KLKB1, RRM1, KMO, SPEF2, F11, KIT, KMO, ERI1, ATP8B4, and RHOG genes. Next, the validation of our captured genomic hits was also performed by more than one applied statistics which harbor meat production, immunity, and reproduction associated genes to strengthen our hypothesis of under-selection traits in this Pakistani goat breed. Furthermore, common candidate genes captured by more than one statistical method were subjected to gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis to get insights of particular biological processes associated with this goat breed. CONCLUSION: Current perception of genomic architecture of DDP goat provides a better understanding to improve its genetic potential and other economically important traits of medium to large body size, milk, and fiber production by updating the genomic insight driven breeding strategies to boost the livestock and agriculture-based economy of the country.