High Glucose-stimulated aPKC Activation Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Progression Through YAP Signaling.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIM: Persistent hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer (PC). We have previously reported that aberrant activation of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) enhances PC cell progression. However, no reports have elucidated whether hyperglycemia promotes PC cell progression and whether aPKC activation is related to PC cell progression mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined whether high-glucose stimulation accelerates PC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, to determine whether PC cells activate aPKC upon high-glucose stimulation, we measured the phosphorylation of aPKC at T560 in PC cells. RESULTS: High-glucose stimulation accelerated PC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. High-glucose treatment increased aPKC's activated form, with T560 phosphorylation, in PC cells. However, aPKC knockdown attenuated these effects. aPKC reportedly induces cell transformation through Yes-associated protein (YAP) activation. YAP expression was increased in high glucose-treated PC cells but not in aPKC-knockdown cells. aPKC interacts with partitioning defective 3 (Par-3), which aids in establishing cell polarity and inhibits aPKC by binding as a substrate. In Par-3-knockdown PC cells, YAP expression increased independently of high-glucose treatment. Over-expression of Par-3 and aPKC-dominant negative mutants prevented the high glucose-stimulated nuclear localization of YAP. YAP forms a complex with the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 protein (ZEB1), an activator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ZEB1 expression was increased by high glucose treatment or Par-3 knockdown, but aPKC knockdown suppressed this increase. CONCLUSION: High glucose-induced aPKC activation promotes PC progression by enhancing the YAP signaling pathway.