Phytotoxicity and genotoxicity study of reactive red 141 dye on mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Reactive Red (RR) 141 dye is widely used in various industrial applications, but its environmental impact remains a growing concern. In this study, the phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of RR 141 dye on mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were investigated, serving as a model for potential harm to plant systems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Short-term (14 days) and long-term (60 days) experiments in paddy soil pot culture exposed mung bean seedlings to RR 141 dye. The dye delayed germination and hindered growth, significantly reducing germination percentage and seedling vigor index (SVI) at concentrations of 50 and 100 ml/L. In short-term exposure, plumule and radical lengths dose-dependently decreased, while long-term exposure affected plant length and grain weight, leaving pod-related parameters unaffected. To evaluate genotoxicity, high annealing temperature-random amplified polymorphic DNA (HAT-RAPD) analysis was employed with five RAPD primers having 58-75% GC content. It detected polymorphic band patterns, generating 116 bands (433 to 2857 bp) in plant leaves exposed to the dye. Polymorphisms indicated the appearance/disappearance of DNA bands in both concentrations, with decreased genomic template stability (GTS) values suggesting DNA damage and mutation. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that RR 141 dye has a significant impact on genomic template stability (GTS) and exhibits phytotoxic and genotoxic responses in mung bean seedlings. This research underscores the potential of RR 141 dye to act as a harmful agent within plant model systems, highlighting the need for further assessment of its environmental implications.