Cs and Br tuning to achieve ultralow-hysteresis and high-performance indoor triple cation perovskite solar cell with low-cost carbon-based electrode.

ABSTRACT

With high efficacy for electron-photon conversion under low light, perovskite materials show great potential for indoor solar cell applications to power small electronics for internet of things (IoTs). To match the spectrum of an indoor LED light source, triple cation perovskite composition was varied to adjust band gap values via Cs and Br tuning. However, increased band gaps lead to morphology, phase instability, and defect issues. 10% Cs and 30% Br strike the right balance, leading to low-cost carbon-based devices with the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.94% and good stability under low light cycles. With further improvement in device stack and size, functional solar cells with the ultralow hysteresis index (HI) of 0.1 and the highest PCE of 30.09% with an active area of 1 cm2 can be achieved. A module from connecting two such cells in series can simultaneously power humidity and temperature sensors under 1000 lux.