Iterative Reconstruction of Micro Computed Tomography Scans Using Multiple Heterogeneous GPUs.

ABSTRACT

Graphics processing units (GPUs) facilitate massive parallelism and high-capacity storage, and thus are suitable for the iterative reconstruction of ultrahigh-resolution micro computed tomography (CT) scans by on-the-fly system matrix (OTFSM) calculation using ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM). We propose a finite state automaton (FSA) method that facilitates iterative reconstruction using a heterogeneous multi-GPU platform through parallelizing the matrix calculations derived from a ray tracing system of ordered subsets. The FSAs perform flow control for parallel threading of the heterogeneous GPUs, which minimizes the latency of launching ordered-subsets tasks, reduces the data transfer between the main system memory and local GPU memory, and solves the memory-bound of a single GPU. In the experiments, we compared the operation efficiency of OS-MLTR for three reconstruction environments. The heterogeneous multiple GPUs with job queues for high throughput calculation speed is up to five times faster than the single GPU environment, and that speed up is nine times faster than the heterogeneous multiple GPUs with the FIFO queues of the device scheduling control. Eventually, we proposed an event-triggered FSA method for iterative reconstruction using multiple heterogeneous GPUs that solves the memory-bound issue of a single GPU at ultrahigh resolutions, and the routines of the proposed method were successfully executed on each GPU simultaneously.