Indoxyl Sulfate Aggravates Podocyte Damage through the TGF-ß1/Smad/ROS Signalling Pathway.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycaemia induces the production of a large quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates the transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)/Smad signalling pathway, which is the main initiating factor in the formation of diabetic nephropathy. Indoxyl sulphate (IS) is a protein-binding gut-derived uraemic toxin that localizes to podocytes, induces oxidative stress, and inflames podocytes. The involvement of podocyte damage in diabetic nephropathy through the TGF-ß1 signalling pathway is still unclear. METHODS: In this study, we cultured differentiated rat podocytes in vitro and measured the expression levels of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, SRGAP2a, and α-SMA by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting after siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing, TGF-ß1 overexpression, and the presence of the ROS inhibitor acetylcysteine. We detected the expression levels of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, SRGAP2a, small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), Smad7, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and ROS levels under high glucose (HG) and IS conditions. RESULTS: The results indicated that nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a expressions were significantly upregulated, and α-SMA expression was significantly downregulated in the presence of HG under siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing or after the addition of acetylcysteine. However, in the presence of HG, the expressions of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a were significantly downregulated, and the expression of α-SMA was significantly upregulated with the overexpression of TGF-ß1. IS supplementation under HG conditions further significantly reduced the expressions of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a; altered the expressions of Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Smad7, and NOX4; and increased ROS production in podocytes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IS may modulate the expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a by regulating the ROS and TGF-ß1/Smad signalling pathways, providing new theoretical support for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.