Effect of GnRH administration on pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in dairy sheep with different reproductive status

Background: Measurement of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) by radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been commonly used for early pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants. However, an accurately pregnancy detection depends on test antibody, breed and number of embryos. Only few studies have conducted to detect or predict animals at risk of late embrionic mortality (LEM) and to use hormonal interventions for embryo losses reducing, but this area is still open in sheep. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on Day 4 after artificial insemination on the pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in dairy sheep with different reproductive status in relation to pregnancy and late embrionic mortality detection. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty-five East Friesian sheep were divided in 2 groups - I (Control group, n = 35) and II (GnRH group, n = 30) and sublected to estrus synchronization and artificial insemination (AI). Group I was not treated and Group II received 50 µg GnRH on Day 4 after AI. PAGs in blood serum were measured by Alertys Ruminant Pregnancy test on Days 4, 12, 20, 25 and 35 after AI and ultrasound pregnancy test was conducted on Days 20, 25, 35 and 60. Reproductive status (non-pregnant, pregnant and animals with LEM) was determined by ultrasound and the results between different groups were compared. The PAGs mean values according to reproductive status and Day after AI were analysed. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the PAGs test for pregnancy diagnosis on Day 35 were calculated. On Day 20 after AI the pregnat sheep (83.3%) in group I tended to be higher than those (77.1%) in group II with decrease of 25.7% and 20% for the same groups on Day 25. On day 25 LEM was recorded in 33.3% and 24% in group I and II, respectively. The ultrasound exams on Day 60 confirmed the results from Day 25 after AI. A total value of non-pegnant, pregnant animals and LEM was 20%, 56.9% and 28.8%, respectively. The mean values of PAGs in animals with the same reproductive status in group I and II no differed statistically between Days 4 and 35 after AI. On Day 25 the PAGs values in LEM groups (0.126 ± 0.072 and 0.179 ± 0.029) were higher than those (0.062 ± 0.038 and 0.083 ± 0.023) in the non-pregnant groups, but no significan difference was deternined. On Day 35 after AI the mean values of PAGs (0.414 ± 0.125 and 0.421 ± 0.121) for the pregnant groups were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those (0.078 ± 0.053 and 0.093 ± 0.034) for the non-pregnant groups. The values of PAGs in LEM groups on Day 25 (0.099 ± 0.062 and 0.113 ± 0.058) were decreased and close to the mean values in non-pregnant sheep. A significant effect of the day after AI on the PAGs values was evidenced in pregnant animals only (control r = 0.97 and GnRH r = 0.98; P < 0.05). The PAGs started to rise rapidly between Days 25 and 35 after AI. On Day 35 the accuracy (98%), the sensitivity (97.3%) and the specificity (100%) of the PAG test for pregnancy diagnosis were similar to the values (100%) for ultrasound method. Discussion: The gonadotropin treatment on Day 4 after AI tended to improve the reproductive performance in the sheep, but no significant effect of GnRH on the PAGs values in the animals with different reproductive status was found. The PAGs profiles in non-pregnant and LEM sheep were close and distinguishing between non-pregnant and LEM ewes on Day 35 was impossible. The PAGs values in pregnant sheep showed significantly (P < 0.05) increase between Days 25 and 35 after AI with higher mean values in pregnant than non-pregnant groups on Day 35 (P < 0.05). Alertys Ruminant Pregnancy test was a reliable for pregnancy detection in sheep on Day 35 after artificial insemination.

Prostaglandin F2α treatment concurrent with artificial insemination does not affect bovine embryo production / Administração de prostaglandina F2 alfa no momento da inseminação artificial não afeta a produção de embriões bovinos

ABSTRACT: Treatment with prostaglandin F2α (PGF) induces ovulation and increases conception rates in cows, while improving embryo production in buffalos. However, its effect on superovulated cows is unknown. This study verified whether single PGF administration concurrent with artificial insemination (AI) improves fertilization and embryo production rates in superovulated cows. In each replicate, embryo donor cows were equally allocated to two groups: the untreated control and PGF groups. The latter of which received 482 µg of cloprostenol concurrent with the first AI. Each cow (n = 35) was subjected to two superovulations (SOV) in a crossover design (total = 70 embryo collections). In the control and PGF groups, respectively, the observed responses were [median (95% CI)]: 12 (10-18) and 15 (12-18) total structures, 9 (7-11) and 7 (6-10) viable embryos, 1 (0-1) and 1 (1-3) degenerated embryos, and 1 (0-3) and 2 (0-5) oocytes (P > 0.05). In conclusion, single PGF treatment concurrent with the first AI did not affect embryo production in superovulated cows.

RESUMO: A prostaglandina F2α (PGF) pode induzir a ovulação e melhorar tanto a concepção em vacas, como a produção de embriões em búfalas, mas o efeito em vacas superovuladas é desconhecido. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a administração de uma dose de PGF na inseminação artificial (IA) após a superovulação (SOV) melhora as taxas de fecundação e produção embrionária em vacas. Em cada replicação, vacas doadoras de embriões foram equilibradamente alocadas em dois grupos: controle, não tratado, ou PGF, que recebeu 482 µg de cloprostenol no momento da primeira IA. Cada doadora (n = 35) foi submetida a duas SOV em um delineamento crossover (total = 70 coletas de embriões). Nos grupos controle e PGF, respectivamente, foram observados [medianas (IC 95%)]: 12 (10-18) e 15 (12-18) estruturas totais; 9 (7-11) e 7 (6-10) embriões viáveis; 1 (0-1) e 1 (1-3) embriões degenerados; e 1 (0-3) e 2 (0-5) ovócitos (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que uma única administração de PGF no momento da primeira IA não afeta a produção embrionária de vacas superovuladas.

The use of Artificial Intelligence in predicting Respiratory Syncytial Virus-inhibiting flavonoids / O uso da Inteligência Artificial na predição de flavonoides inibidores do Vírus Sincicial Respiratório

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) infection results in death and hospitalization of thousands of people worldwide each year. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines or specific treatments for hRSV infections. Screening hundreds or even thousands of promising molecules is a challenge for science. We integrated biological, structural, and physicochemical properties to train and to apply the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) able to predict flavonoids with potential anti-hRSV activity. During the training and simulation steps, the AI produced results with hit rates of more than 83%. The better AIs were able to predict active or inactive flavonoids against hRSV. In the future, in vitro and/or in vivo evaluations of these flavonoids may accelerate trials for new anti-RSV drugs, reduce hospitalizations, deaths, and morbidity caused by this infection worldwide, and be used as input in these networks to determine which parameter is more important for their decision.

A infecção pelo Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano (hRSV) resulta na morte e hospitalização de milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo a cada ano. Infelizmente, não existem vacinas ou tratamentos específicos para tais infecções. A testagem de centenas, ou mesmo milhares, de moléculas promissoras é um desafio para a ciência. Neste trabalho, nós integramos propriedades biológicas, estruturais e físico-químicas para treinar e aplicar o conceito de inteligência artificial (IA) capaz de prever flavonoides com potencial atividade anti-hRSV. Durante as etapas de treinamento e simulação, a IA produziu resultados com taxas de acerto superiores a 83%, sendo capaz de prever flavonoides ativos ou inativos contra o hRSV. No futuro, avaliações in vitro e/ou in vivo desses flavonoides poderão acelerar os testes de novas drogas anti-RSV, reduzir hospitalizações, mortes e morbidade causadas por essa infecção. Além disso, a validação futura destes dados poderá determinar qual parâmetro tem maior peso na decisão da inteligência.

Applications of livestock monitoring devices and machine learning algorithms in animal production and reproduction: an overview

Some sectors of animal production and reproduction have shown great technological advances due to the development of research areas such as Precision Livestock Farming (PLF). PLF is an innovative approach that allows animals to be monitored, through the adoption of cutting-edge technologies that continuously collect real-time data by combining the use of sensors with advanced algorithms to provide decision tools for farmers. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field that merges computer science and large datasets to create expert systems that are able to generate predictions and classifications similarly to human intelligence. In a simplified manner, Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of AI, and can be considered as a broader field that encompasses Deep Learning (DL, a Neural Network formed by at least three layers), generating a hierarchy of subsets formed by AI, ML and DL, respectively. Both ML and DL provide innovative methods for analyzing data, especially beneficial for large datasets commonly found in livestock-related activities. These approaches enable the extraction of valuable insights to address issues related to behavior, health, reproduction, production, and the environment, facilitating informed decision-making. In order to create the referred technologies, studies generally go through five steps involving data processing: acquisition, transferring, storage, analysis and delivery of results. Although the data collection and analysis steps are usually thoroughly reported by the scientific community, a good execution of each step is essential to achieve good and credible results, which impacts the degree of acceptance of the proposed technologies in real life practical circumstances. In this context, the present work aims to describe an overview of the current implementations of ML/DL in livestock reproduction and production, as well to identify potential challenges and critical points in each of the five steps mentioned, which can affect results and application of AI techniques by farmers in practical situations.(AU)

Eugenol and its liposome-based nano carrier reduce anxiety by inhibiting glyoxylase-1 expression in mice / Eugenol e seu nanocarreador à base de lipossoma reduzem a ansiedade ao inibir a expressão de glioxalase 1 em camundongos

Abstract The most common form of psycho-social dysfunction is anxiety with depression being related closely without any age bar. They are present with combined state of sadness, confusion, stress, fear etc. Glyoxalase system contains enzyme named glyoxalase 1 (GLO1).It is a metabolic pathway which detoxifies alpha-oxo-aldehydes, particularly methylglyoxal (MG). Methylglyoxal is mainly made by the breakdown of the glycolytic intermediates, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Glyoxylase-1 expression is also related with anxiety behavior. A casual role or GLO-1 in anxiety behavior by using viral vectors for over expression in the anterior cingulate cortex was found and it was found that local GLO-1 over expression increased anxiety behavior. The present study deals with the molecular mechanism of protective activity of eugenol against anxiolytic disorder. A pre-clinical animal study was performed on 42 BALB/c mice. Animals were given stress through conventional restrain model. The mRNA expression of GLO-1 was analyzed by real time RT-PCR. Moreover, the GLO-1 protein expression was also examined by immunohistochemistry in whole brain and mean density was calculated. The mRNA and protein expressions were found to be increased in animals given anxiety as compared to the normal control. Whereas, the expressions were decreased in the animals treated with eugenol and its liposome-based nanocarriers in a dose dependent manner. However, the results were better in animals treated with nanocarriers as compared to the compound alone. It is concluded that the eugenol and its liposome-based nanocarriers exert anxiolytic activity by down-regulating GLO-1 protein expression in mice.

Resumo A forma mais comum de disfunção psicossocial é a ansiedade intimamente relacionada com a depressão, sem qualquer barreira de idade. Elas estão presentes em um estado combinado de tristeza, confusão, estresse, medo etc. O sistema de glioxalase contém uma enzima chamada glioxalase 1 (GLO1). É uma via metabólica que desintoxica alfa-oxo-aldeídos, particularmente metilglioxal (MG). O metilglioxal é produzido principalmente pela quebra dos intermediários glicolíticos, gliceraldeído-3-fosfatos e fosfato de diidroxiacetona. A expressão da glioxalase 1 também está relacionada ao comportamento de ansiedade. Um papel casual ou GLO1 no comportamento de ansiedade usando vetores virais para superexpressão no córtex cingulado anterior foi encontrado e descobriu-se que a superexpressão local de GLO1 aumentava o comportamento de ansiedade. O presente estudo trata do mecanismo molecular da atividade protetora do eugenol contra o transtorno ansiolítico. Um estudo pré-clínico em animais foi realizado em 42 camundongos BALB / c. Os animais foram submetidos ao estresse por meio do modelo de contenção convencional. A expressão de mRNA de GLO1 foi analisada por RT-PCR em tempo real. Além disso, a expressão da proteína GLO1 também foi examinada por imuno-histoquímica em todo o cérebro e a densidade média foi calculada. Verificou-se que as expressões de mRNA e proteínas estavam aumentadas em animais que receberam ansiedade em comparação com o controle normal. Considerando que as expressões foram diminuídas nos animais tratados com eugenol e seus nanocarreadores baseados em lipossomas de forma dependente da dose. No entanto, os resultados foram melhores em animais tratados com nanocarreadores em comparação com o composto sozinho. Conclui-se que o eugenol e seus nanocarreadores baseados em lipossomas exercem atividade ansiolítica por regulação negativa da expressão da proteína GLO1 em camundongos.

Detection of coffee fruits on tree branches using computer vision

Coffee farmers do not have efficient tools to have sufficient and reliable information on the maturation stage of coffee fruits before harvest. In this study, we propose a computer vision system to detect and classify the Coffea arabica (L.) on tree branches in three classes: unripe (green), ripe (cherry), and overripe (dry). Based on deep learning algorithms, the computer vision model YOLO (You Only Look Once), was trained on 387 images taken from coffee branches using a smartphone. The YOLOv3 and YOLOv4, and their smaller versions (tiny), were assessed for fruit detection. The YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-tiny showed better performance when compared to YOLOv3, especially when smaller network sizes are considered. The mean average precision (mAP) for a network size of 800 × 800 pixels was equal to 81 %, 79 %, 78 %, and 77 % for YOLOv4, YOLOv4-tiny, YOLOv3, and YOLOv3-tiny, respectively. Despite the similar performance, the YOLOv4 feature extractor was more robust when images had greater object densities and for the detection of unripe fruits, which are generally more difficult to detect due to the color similarity to leaves in the background, partial occlusion by leaves and fruits, and lighting effects. This study shows the potential of computer vision systems based on deep learning to guide the decision-making of coffee farmers in more objective ways.

Influence of thawing temperature on sperm motility, structure, and metabolism of frozen bovine semen / Influência da temperatura de descongelamento na motilidade, estrutura e metabolismo do sêmen bovino congelado

ABSTRACT: The heating rate used during semen thawing plays an important role in reducing structural and functional damage to spermatozoa. In this study, we evaluated the influence of thawing temperature on semen quality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial activity of cryopreserved bovine semen. A total of 195 straws of 0.5 mL from five Holstein Friesian bulls were used (39 straws per bull). Samples underwent 8 to 22 years of storage; they were processed under a standard protocol with tris-egg yolk and stored in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed for 30 seconds in a water bath at T1: 36 °C, T2: 38 °C or T3: 40 °C. Sperm motility and kinematics, morphology, structural membrane integrity (SMI), functional membrane integrity (FMI), acrosome integrity (AI), ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) of post-thawing bovine sperm were evaluated. Generalized linear models were fitted to the data. Each model included the effects of bull, storage time, and treatment. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, and means were compared using the Tukey test. T2 and T3 showed better results for sperm motility and kinematic parameters, SMI (%) (T1 41.9 ± 2.3; T2 45.7 ± 1.9; T3 47.4 ± 2.8), ROS (RFU/min) (T1 0.026 ± 0.007; T2 0.032 ± 0.001; T3 0.031 ± 0.001) and high-ΔΨM (RFU x 103) (67.1± 0,4; 71.3 ± 0.4; 74.2 ± 0.4) (P < 0.05). However, T1 had higher FMI (39.3 ± 2.3) than T2 (34.0 ± 1.9) (P < 0.05), though not significantly (P > 0.05) different from T3 (38.4 ± 2.2). Thawing temperatures of 38 °C and 40 °C increases motility, kinetics, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and ROS of cryopreserved bovine semen, compared with more conventional thawing at 36 °C.

RESUMO: A taxa de aquecimento usada durante o descongelamento do sêmen desempenha um papel importante na redução dos danos estruturais e funcionais nos espermatozóides. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da temperatura de descongelamento na qualidade do sêmen, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen bovino criopreservado. Foram utilizados 195 palhetas de 0,5 mL de cinco touros Holstein Friesian (39 palhetas por touro). As amostras passaram por oito a 22 anos de armazenamento e foram processadas sob protocolo padrão com Tris-gema de ovo e armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido. As temperaturas de descongelamento foram T1: 36 °C, T2: 38 °C, T3: 40 °C, cada uma por 30 segundos em banho-maria. Pós-descongelamento, a motilidade e cinética dos espermatozoides, morfologia, integridade estrutural da membrana (SMI), integridade funcional da membrana (FMI), integridade acrossomal (AI), ROS e potencial de membrana mitocondrial (ΔΨM) foram avaliados. Modelos lineares generalizados foram ajustados. Cada modelo incluiu os efeitos de touro, tempo de armazenamento e tratamento. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. T2 e T3 apresentaram resultados mais elevados para a maioria dos parâmetros de motilidade e cinemática espermática, SMI (%) (T1 41,9 ± 2,3; T2 45,7 ± 1,9; T3 47,4 ± 2,8), ROS (RFU/min) (T1 0,026 ± 0,007; T2 0,032 ± 0,001; T3 0,031 ± 0,001) e alto ΔΨM (RFU x 103) (67,1 ± 0,4; 71,3 ± 0,4; 74,2 ± 0,4) (P < 0,05). No entanto, T1 apresentou maior FMI (%) (39,3 ± 2,3) em comparação a T2 (34,0 ± 1,9) (P < 0,05), mas não foi diferente do T3 (38,4 ± 2,2) (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que as temperaturas de descongelamento de 38 °C e 40 °C produzem um aumento na motilidade, cinética, integridade de membrana, atividade mitocondrial e ROS do sêmen bovino criopreservado, em comparação com o uso mais convencional de uma temperatura de descongelamento de 36 °C.

Use of new recombinant proteins for ovarian stimulation in ruminants

Currently, gonadotropin products (follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) used in animal reproduction are produced by extraction and purification from abattoir-derived pituitary glands. This method, relying on animal-derived materials, carries the potential risk of hormone contamination and pathogen transmission. Additionally, chorionic gonadotropins are extracted from the blood of pregnant mares (equine chorionic gonadotropin; eCG) or the urine of pregnant women (human chorionic gonadotropin; hCG). However, recent advancements have introduced recombinant gonadotropins for assisted animal reproduction therapies. The traditional use of FSH for superovulation has limitations, including labor requirements and variability in superovulation response, affecting the success of in vivo (SOV) and in vitro (OPU/IVEP) embryo production. FSH treatment for superstimulation before OPU can promote the growth of a homogenous follicular population and the recovery of competent oocytes suitable for IVEP procedures. At present, a single injection of a preparation of long-acting bovine recombinant FSH (rFSH) produced similar superovulation responses resulting in the production of good-quality in vivo and in vitro embryos. Furthermore, the treatment with eCG at FTAI protocol has demonstrated its efficacy in promoting follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI, mainly in heifers and anestrous cows. Currently, treatment with recombinant glycoproteins with eCG-like activity (r-eCG) have shown promising results in increasing follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI in cows submitted to P4/E2 -based protocols. Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a naturally occurring hormone found in cows. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), produced through genetic engineering techniques, has shown potential in enhancing reproductive outcomes in ruminants. Treatment with rbST has been found to improve P/IA, increase donor embryo production, and enhance P/ET in recipients. The use of recombinant hormones allows to produce non-animal-derived products, offering several advantages in assisted reproductive technologies for ruminants. This advancement opens up new possibilities for improving reproductive efficiency and success rates in the field of animal reproduction.(AU)

Artificial neural networks for the management of poultry industry: a simulation based on the broiler production chain / Redes neurais artificiais para o gerenciamento da indústria avícola: uma simulação baseada na cadeia de produção de frangos de corte

The aim of this study was to predict production indicators and to determine their potential economic impact on a poultry integration system using artificial neural networks (ANN) models. Forty zootechnical and production parameters from broiler breeder farms, one hatchery, broiler production flocks, and one slaughterhouse were selected as variables. The ANN models were established for four output variables: "saleable hatching", "weight at the end of week 5," "partial condemnation," and "total condemnation" and were analyzed in relation to the coefficient of multiple determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R), mean error (E), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The production scenarios were simulated and the economic impacts were estimated. The ANN models were suitable for simulating production scenarios after validation. For "saleable hatching", incubator and egg storage period are likely to increase the financial gains. For "weight at the end of the week 5" the lineage (A) is important to increase revenues. However, broiler weight at the end of the first week may not have a significant influence. Flock sex (female) may influence the "partial condemnation" rates, while chick weight at first day may not. For "total condemnation", flock sex and type of chick may not influence condemnation rates, but mortality rates and broiler weight may have a significant impact.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi predizer os indicadores de produção e determinar o seu potencial impacto econômico em um sistema de integração utilizando as redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Quarenta parâmetros zootécnicos e de produção de granjas de matrizes e de frango de corte, um incubatório e um abatedouro foram selecionados como variáveis. Os modelos de RNA foram estabelecidos para quatro variáveis de saída ("eclosão vendável", "peso ao final da quinta semana", "condenações parciais" e "condenações totais") e foram analisados em relação ao coeficiente de determinação múltipla (R2), coeficiente de correlação (R), erro médio (E), erro quadrático médio (EQM) e raiz do erro quadrático médio (REQM). Os cenários produtivos foram simulados e os impactos foram estimados. Os modelos de RNA gerados foram adequados para simular diferentes cenários produtivos após o treinamento. Para "eclosão vendável", o modelo de incubadora e o período de incubação aumentaram os ganhos financeiros. Para "peso ao final da quinta semana", a linhagem também demonstrou influencia no retorno financeiro, o que não aconteceu com o peso ao final da primeira semana. O sexo do lote possui influência nas taxas de "condenação parcial", ao contrário do peso do frango no primeiro dia. As taxas de mortalidade e o peso do frango apresentaram influência na "condenação total", mas o sexo do lote e o tipo de pinto não tiverem influência.

Effect of assisted calving on uterine puerperal disorders occurrence, and on reproductive efficiency in crossbred dairy cows / Efeito do parto assistido na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras mestiças

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of calving (normal or assisted) on the occurrence of puerperal uterine disorders and on the number of artificial inseminations (AI) per conception and pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum (PPD). Cows were observed during parturition and the type of calving was classified as normal or assisted. Normal calving required no human interference, while assisted calving required a calf removal aid via vaginal access. There were 825 births, 7 stillbirths (0.85%) and 17 twins (2.06%). We analyzed 801 single births, from which 766 (95.63%) were normal and 35 (4.36%) assisted. Were evaluated the uterine disorders occurrence such as retained placenta combined with metritis (PR/ME) and clinical endometritis (CE). The overall occurrences were 10.24% (82/801) of RP/ME, 12.86% for CE and 5.12% for RP/ME and CE. Most of normal calving cows had healthy puerperium (73.89%), whereas a majority of assisted calving cows had uterine disorders (74.29%). The number of AI per conception was similar for cows that had either normal or assisted calving (2.39±0.08 and 3.00±0.43, P = 0.16). There was no evidence of negative influence of calving type on the 150 PPD pregnancy rate of lactating crossbreed dairy cows (P = 0.44). Healthy cows had higher 150 PPD pregnancy rate than cows affected by puerperium uterine disorders (51.65 vs. 42.92%). Normal calving crossbred dairy cows had a healthier puerperium, compared to cows with assisted calving which were more susceptible to puerperium uterine disorders. And cows with a health puerperium have a higher pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum.

Objetivou-se avaliar em vacas leiteiras mestiças que pariram um bezerro vivo, o efeito do tipo de parto (normal ou assistido) na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e no número de inseminações artificiais (IA) por concepção e taxa de prenhez 150 dias pós-parto (DPP). As vacas foram monitoradas durante o parto e o tipo de parto foi classificado como normal ou assistido. O parto normal não precisou de interferência humana, enquanto o parto assistido precisou de auxílio para retirada do bezerro por via vaginal. Foram registrados 825 partos, sendo 7 natimortos (0,85%) e 17 gemelares (2,06%). Foram analisados 801 partos simples, dos quais 766 (95,63%) foram normais e 35 (4,36%) foram assistidos. Foram avaliadas a ocorrência de desordens uterinas como a retenção de placenta associada com metrite (RP/ME) e endometrite clínica (EC). A ocorrência das doenças foi de 10,24% (82/801) para RP/ME, 12,86% para EC e 5.12% para RP/ME com CE. A maioria das vacas com parto normal tiveram puerpério saudável (73,89%), enquanto a maioria das vacas com parto assistido apresentaram desordens uterinas (74,29%). O número de IA por concepção foi semelhante nas vacas que tiveram parto normal ou assistido (2,39±0,08 e 3,00±0,43, P = 0,16). Não houve evidência de influência negativa do tipo de parto na taxa de prenhez 150 DPP de vacas leiteiras mestiças em lactação (P = 0,44). Vacas saudáveis apresentaram maior taxa de prenhez 150 DPP do que vacas afetadas por desordens uterinas no puerpério (51,65 vs. 42,92%). Vacas leiteiras mestiças com parto normal tiveram um puerpério saudável, comparadas às que tiveram parto assistido, por sua vez foram mais susceptíveis as desordens uterinas no puerpério. E vacas com puerpério saudável resultaram em maiores taxas de prenhez aos 150 dias pós parto.

Retrieval of leaf chlorophyll content in Gannan navel orange based on fusing hyperspectral vegetation indices using machine learning algorithms / Recuperação do teor de clorofila de folhas em laranja do umbigo Gannan com base na fusão de índices de vegetação hiperespectral usando algoritmos de inteligência artificial

Estimating leaf chlorophyll contents through leaf reflectance spectra is efficient and nondestructive. The literature base regarding optical indices (particularly chlorophyll indices) is wide ranging and extensive. However, it is without much consensus regarding robust indices for Gannan navel orange. To address this problem, this study investigated the performance of 19 published indices using RDS (raw data spectrum), FDS (first derivative data spectrum) and SDS (second derivative data spectrum) for the estimation of chlorophyll content in navel orange leaves. The single spectral index and combination of multiple spectral indices were compared for their accuracy in predicting chlorophyll a content (Chla), chlorophyll b content (Chlb) and total chlorophyll content (Chltot) content in navel orange leaves by using partial least square regression (PLSR), adaboost regression (AR), random forest regression (RFR), decision tree regression (DTR) and support vector machine regression (SVMR) models. Through the comparison of the above data in three datasets, the optimal modeling data set is RDS data, followed by FDS data, and the worst is SDS data. In modeling with multiple spectral indices, good results were obtained for Chla (NDVI750, NDVI800), Chlb (Datt, DD, Gitelson 2) and Chltot (Datt, DD, Gitelson2) by corresponding index combinations. Overall, we can find that the AR is also the best regression method judging by prediction performance from the results of single spectral index models and multiple spectral indices models. In comparison, result of multiple spectral indices models is better than single spectral index models in predicting Chla and Chltot content using FDS data and SDS data, respectively.

Estimar os teores de clorofila foliar através de espectros de refletância foliar é eficiente e não destrutivo, a base da literatura sobre índices ópticos (principalmente índices de clorofila) é ampla e extensa. No entanto, não há muito consenso sobre índices robustos para a laranja de Gannan. O estudo investigou o desempenho de 19 índices publicados usando RDS (espectro de dados brutos), FDS (espectro de dados de primeira derivada) e SDS (espectro de dados de segunda derivada) para a estimativa do teor de clorofila em folhas de laranja de umbigo. Os índices espectrais foram comparados quanto à sua precisão na previsão do teor de clorofila a (Chla), teor de clorofila b (Chlb) e teor de clorofila total (Chltot) em folhas de laranja de umbigo usando regressão dos mínimos quadrados parcial (PLSR), regressão adaboost (AR), modelos de regressão de floresta aleatória (RFR), regressão de árvore de decisão (DTR) e regressão de máquina de vetor de suporte (SVMR). Através da comparação dos dados acima em três conjuntos de dados, o conjunto de dados de modelagem ideal são os dados RDS, seguidos pelos dados FDS, e o pior são os dados SDS. Na modelagem com vários índices espectrais, bons resultados foram obtidos para Chla (NDVI750, NDVI800), Chlb (Datt, DD, Gitelson 2) e Chltot (Datt, DD, Gitelson2) por combinações de índices correspondentes. No geral, podemos descobrir que o AR também é o melhor método de regressão a julgar pelo desempenho de previsão dos resultados de modelos de índice espectral único e modelos de índices espectrais múltiplos. Em comparação, o resultado de modelos de índices espectrais múltiplos é melhor do que os modelos de índices espectrais únicos na previsão do conteúdo de Chla e Chltot usando dados FDS e dados SDS, respectivamente.

Influence of thawing temperature on sperm motility, structure, and metabolism of frozen bovine semen / Influência da temperatura de descongelamento na motilidade, estrutura e metabolismo do sêmen bovino congelado

The heating rate used during semen thawing plays an important role in reducing structural and functional damage to spermatozoa. In this study, we evaluated the influence of thawing temperature on semen quality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial activity of cryopreserved bovine semen. A total of 195 straws of 0.5 mL from five Holstein Friesian bulls were used (39 straws per bull). Samples underwent 8 to 22 years of storage; they were processed under a standard protocol with tris-egg yolk and stored in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed for 30 seconds in a water bath at T1: 36 °C, T2: 38 °C or T3: 40 °C. Sperm motility and kinematics, morphology, structural membrane integrity (SMI), functional membrane integrity (FMI), acrosome integrity (AI), ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) of post-thawing bovine sperm were evaluated. Generalized linear models were fitted to the data. Each model included the effects of bull, storage time, and treatment. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, and means were compared using the Tukey test. T2 and T3 showed better results for sperm motility and kinematic parameters, SMI (%) (T1 41.9 ± 2.3; T2 45.7 ± 1.9; T3 47.4 ± 2.8), ROS (RFU/min) (T1 0.026 ± 0.007; T2 0.032 ± 0.001; T3 0.031 ± 0.001) and high-ΔΨM (RFU x 103) (67.1± 0,4; 71.3 ± 0.4; 74.2 ± 0.4) (P < 0.05). However, T1 had higher FMI (39.3 ± 2.3) than T2 (34.0 ± 1.9) (P < 0.05), though not significantly (P > 0.05) different from T3 (38.4 ± 2.2). Thawing temperatures of 38 °C and 40 °C increases motility, kinetics, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and ROS of cryopreserved bovine semen, compared with more conventional thawing at 36 °C.

A taxa de aquecimento usada durante o descongelamento do sêmen desempenha um papel importante na redução dos danos estruturais e funcionais nos espermatozóides. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da temperatura de descongelamento na qualidade do sêmen, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen bovino criopreservado. Foram utilizados 195 palhetas de 0,5 mL de cinco touros Holstein Friesian (39 palhetas por touro). As amostras passaram por oito a 22 anos de armazenamento e foram processadas sob protocolo padrão com Tris-gema de ovo e armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido. As temperaturas de descongelamento foram T1: 36 °C, T2: 38 °C, T3: 40 °C, cada uma por 30 segundos em banho-maria. Pós-descongelamento, a motilidade e cinética dos espermatozoides, morfologia, integridade estrutural da membrana (SMI), integridade funcional da membrana (FMI), integridade acrossomal (AI), ROS e potencial de membrana mitocondrial (ΔΨM) foram avaliados. Modelos lineares generalizados foram ajustados. Cada modelo incluiu os efeitos de touro, tempo de armazenamento e tratamento. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. T2 e T3 apresentaram resultados mais elevados para a maioria dos parâmetros de motilidade e cinemática espermática, SMI (%) (T1 41,9 ± 2,3; T2 45,7 ± 1,9; T3 47,4 ± 2,8), ROS (RFU/min) (T1 0,026 ± 0,007; T2 0,032 ± 0,001; T3 0,031 ± 0,001) e alto ΔΨM (RFU x 103) (67,1 ± 0,4; 71,3 ± 0,4; 74,2 ± 0,4) (P < 0,05). No entanto, T1 apresentou maior FMI (%) (39,3 ± 2,3) em comparação a T2 (34,0 ± 1,9) (P < 0,05), mas não foi diferente do T3 (38,4 ± 2,2) (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que as temperaturas de descongelamento de 38 °C e 40 °C produzem um aumento na motilidade, cinética, integridade de membrana, atividade mitocondrial e ROS do sêmen bovino criopreservado, em comparação com o uso mais convencional de uma temperatura de descongelamento de 36 °C.

The embryo non-invasive pre-implantation diagnosis era: how far are we?

Advancements in assisted reproduction (AR) methodologies have allowed significant improvements in live birth rates of women who otherwise would not be able to conceive. One of the tools that allowed this improvement is the possibility of embryo selection based on genetic status, performed via preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Even though the widespread use of PGT from TE biopsy helped to decrease the interval from the beginning of the AR intervention to pregnancy, especially in older patients, in AR, there are still many concerns about the application of this invasive methodology in all cycles. Therefore, recently, researchers started to study the use of cell free DNA (cfDNA) released by the blastocyst in its culture medium to perform PGT, in a method called non-invasive PGT (niPGT). The development of a niPGT would bring the diagnostics power of conventional PGT, but with the advantage of being potentially less harmful to the embryo. Its implementation in clinical practice, however, is under heavy discussion since there are many unknowns about the technique, such as the origin of the cfDNA or if this genetic material is a true representative of the actual ploidy status of the embryo. Available data indicates that there is high correspondence between results observed in TE biopsies and the ones observed from cfDNA, but these results are still contradictory and highly debatable. In the present review, the advantages and disadvantages of niPGT are presented and discussed in relation to tradition TE biopsy-based PGT. Furthermore, there are also presented some other possible non-invasive tools that could be applied in the selection of the best embryo, such as quantification of other molecules as quality biomarkers, or the use artificial intelligence (AI) to identify the best embryos based on morphological and/or morphokitetic parameters.(AU)

Colheita de sêmen e inseminação artificial em onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) / Semen collection and artificial insemination in jaguars (Panthera onca)

A onça-pintada encontra-se classificada como "quase ameaçada" na lista vermelha de animais ameaçados da União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), com tendência ao declínio na América Latina, o que pode afetar o fluxo gênico elevando o risco de endogamia. Técnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) como colheita de sêmen e inseminação artificial (IA), são ferramentas que podem se tornar essenciais a manutenção da diversidade genética desses animais. A colheita de sêmen pode ser realizada por eletroejaculação (EEJ) ou colheita farmacológica (CF), sendo que podem ser aplicadas individualmente ou associadas, embora EEJ tenha se mostrado mais eficiente em inseminação artificial (IA) com sêmen a fresco. Para realização de IA a utilização de progestina oral (altrenogest), seguida da aplicação de gonadotropinas exógenas (Gonadotropina Coriônica equina-eCG e Hormônio Luteinizante suíno-pLH), tem se mostrado eficiente, promovendo ovulações consistentes. IA intratubárica (IA-IT) mostrou-se eficiente, tendo a vantagem de utilizar sêmen com baixo número de espermatozoides. O sucesso alcançado com o nascimento do primeiro filhote de Panthera onca utilizando TRAs se deve a vários fatores, dentre eles, a utilização de um novo protocolo hormonal ajustado à espécie; e a utilização da IA-IT, que possibilitou a utilização de sêmen com reduzido número de espermatozoides viáveis por inseminação.(AU)

The jaguar is classified as "near threatened" according International Union for Conservation of Nature red list, with a decreasing trend in the population of Latin America, increasing the risk of inbreeding. Assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs), such as semen collection and artificial insemination (AI), are tools that can become essential to maintain the genetic diversity of jaguars. Semen collection can be performed by electroejaculation (EEJ) or pharmacological collection (PC); and can be applied individually or associated, however EEJ was more efficient for artificial insemination (AI) with fresh semen. To perform Artificial Insemination (AI), oral progestin (altrenogest) followed exogenous gonadotropins (Gonadotropin Chorionic equine-eCG e Hormone Luteinizing porcine-pLH) application was efficient, promoting consistent ovulations. Similarly, laparoscopic oviductal insemination (IA-IT) was efficient, with the advantage to use low viable spermatozoa number by insemination. The success of jaguar cub birth using ARTs is due to several factors, among than, a new hormonal protocol adjusted to the species; and the use of IA-IT, which allowed the reduction in the number of sperm by insemination.(AU)

Prostaglandin F2α treatment concurrent with artificial insemination does not affect bovine embryo production / Administração de prostaglandina F2 alfa no momento da inseminação artificial não afeta a produção de embriões bovinos

Treatment with prostaglandin F2α (PGF) induces ovulation and increases conception rates in cows, while improving embryo production in buffalos. However, its effect on superovulated cows is unknown. This study verified whether single PGF administration concurrent with artificial insemination (AI) improves fertilization and embryo production rates in superovulated cows. In each replicate, embryo donor cows were equally allocated to two groups: the untreated control and PGF groups. The latter of which received 482 µg of cloprostenol concurrent with the first AI. Each cow (n = 35) was subjected to two superovulations (SOV) in a crossover design (total = 70 embryo collections). In the control and PGF groups, respectively, the observed responses were [median (95% CI)]: 12 (10-18) and 15 (12-18) total structures, 9 (7-11) and 7 (6-10) viable embryos, 1 (0-1) and 1 (1-3) degenerated embryos, and 1 (0-3) and 2 (0-5) oocytes (P > 0.05). In conclusion, single PGF treatment concurrent with the first AI did not affect embryo production in superovulated cows.

A prostaglandina F2α (PGF) pode induzir a ovulação e melhorar tanto a concepção em vacas, como a produção de embriões em búfalas, mas o efeito em vacas superovuladas é desconhecido. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a administração de uma dose de PGF na inseminação artificial (IA) após a superovulação (SOV) melhora as taxas de fecundação e produção embrionária em vacas. Em cada replicação, vacas doadoras de embriões foram equilibradamente alocadas em dois grupos: controle, não tratado, ou PGF, que recebeu 482 µg de cloprostenol no momento da primeira IA. Cada doadora (n = 35) foi submetida a duas SOV em um delineamento crossover (total = 70 coletas de embriões). Nos grupos controle e PGF, respectivamente, foram observados [medianas (IC 95%)]: 12 (10-18) e 15 (12-18) estruturas totais; 9 (7-11) e 7 (6-10) embriões viáveis; 1 (0-1) e 1 (1-3) embriões degenerados; e 1 (0-3) e 2 (0-5) ovócitos (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que uma única administração de PGF no momento da primeira IA não afeta a produção embrionária de vacas superovuladas.

Perfil profissional e técnico dos fiscais de inspeção sanitária do RS relacionado à cisticercose bovina / Professional and technical profile health inspection inpectors in RS related to bovine cysticercosis

A cisticercose bovina é responsável por elevados prejuízos na cadeia produtiva da carne, estando relacionada a uma das principais enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer o perfil de Médicos Veterinários atuantes no sistema de inspeção oficial sobre questões ligadas à inspeção sanitária de carcaças bovinas e ao complexo teníase-cisticercose, bem como a sua interpretação da legislação (Decreto n o 9013/2017) relacionada à cisticercose. No período de junho a julho de 2020 foi realizado um levantamento sob forma de questionário a médicos veterinários que trabalhavam na inspeção do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sobre questões ligadas a carcaças bovinas e ao complexo teníasecisticercose. Foram entrevistados 58 médicos veterinários que atuam no Sistema de Inspeção Estadual (SIE), em relação à legislação. Desses, 46,55% não consideram a legislação aplicada aos casos de cisticercose clara e de fácil interpretação. Sobre a rotina de inspeção, 25% não realizam treinamento de reciclagem e 6,90% dos fiscais não monitoram as atividades dos seus auxiliares durante a rotina de inspeção dos sítios pré-determinados. Sobre o método de inspeção, 70,69% afirmam ser insuficiente a pesquisa de cisticercos realizada na linha de abate para garantir a sanidade da carcaça. A decisão de liberar a carcaça com apenas um cisticerco calcificado após inspeção completa é considerada errada por 55,17%. De acordo com a interpretação dos Médicos Veterinários, observou-se que a legislação vigente deve ser questionada e que os estudos contribuem para uma melhora da qualidade do sistema de Inspeção Estadual nos produtos de origem animal.(AU)

Bovine cysticercosis is responsible for high losses in the meat production chain, being related to one of the main diseases transmitted by food. The objective of this work is to know the profile of Veterinarians in the official inspection system on issues related to the health notification of bovine carcasses and the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex and their interpretation of the legislation (Decree No. 9013/2017) related to cysticercosis. From June to July 2020, a survey was carried out in the form of care for veterinarians who attended surveillance in the State of Rio Grande do Sul on issues related to bovine carcasses and the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex. There were 58 veterinarians who work in the State Inspection System (SIE), in relation to legislation, 46.55% of doctors do not consider the legislation applied to cases of cysticercosis clear and easy to interpret. About the maintenance routine, 25% did not call for refresher training and 6.90% of the inspectors do not monitor the activities of their assistants during the maintenance routine of the predetermined sites. Regarding the method of protection, 70.69% claim that the survey of cysticerci carried out on the slaughter line is insufficient to guarantee the health of the carcass. The decision to release the carcass with only one calcified cysticercus after complete verification is considered wrong by 55.17%. According to the interpretation of the Veterinarians, it was observed that the current legislation must be questioned and that the studies obeyed to improve the quality of the State Inspection system in products of animal origin.(AU)

O que análises avançadas do sêmen podem contribuir de fato para a os resultados da IA em suínos? / What advanced semen analyzes can contribute to AI results in pigs?

O controle da qualidade seminal produzido por centrais e unidades de disseminação genética permite a maximização da produção de doses inseminantes por ejaculado, bem como organiza o acompanhamento da produtividade de cada macho. Este acompanhamento é crítico tanto quando o reprodutor jovem é introduzido na rotina de coleta de sêmen quanto na determinação do momento do descarte e reposição. Essencialmente, a avaliação do sêmen em suínos é a mesma há décadas, porém novas metodologias de análise individual da célula como a citometria de fluxo e de constituintes de tecidos e fluídos como a proteômica e metabolômica já estão trazendo avanços na andrologia animal. Na presente revisão, são abordados os aspectos técnicos, vantagens e limitações destas três análises avançadas aplicadas ao sêmen suíno, discutindo a sua implementação e impactos no manejo reprodutivo da espécie.(AU)

The quality control of the semen doses produced by artificial insemination centers and allows the maximization of the production of inseminating doses per ejaculate, as well as organizes the monitoring of the productivity of each male. This follow-up is critical when the young male is initiated in routine semen collection and in determining the moment of male replacement. Essentially, semen evaluation in pigs has been the same for decades, but new methodologies for individual cell analysis such as flow cytometry and tissue and fluid constituents such as proteomics and metabolomics are already bringing advances in animal andrology. In this review, the technical aspects, advantages, and limitations of these three advanced analyzes applied to swine semen are addressed, discussing their implementation and impacts on the reproductive management of the species.(AU)

Canine sperm vitrification with nonpermeable cryoprotectants and coconut water extender

This study was aimed to assess the efficiency of coconut water extender with addition of soy lecithin and sucrose as nonpermeable cryoprotectants for canine semen vitrification, using a simple method that yields a high survival rate of spermatozoa for clinical use. Twelve ejaculates from 12 adult normozoospermic dogs were collected separately by digital manipulation and only the second semen fraction was used in this study. After evaluation of volume, concentration, viability, total and progressive motility, velocity parameters and morphology, semen was diluted with a coconut water extender (50% (v/v(volume per volume)) coconut water, 25% (v/v) distilled water and 25% (v/v) 5% anhydrous monosodium citrate solution) with addition of soy lecithin and fructose at 1% and 0.25M sucrose until final concentration of 100x106 spermatozoa/ml. After equilibration at 5ºC for 60 minutes, semen was vitrified by "direct dropping method" into liquid nitrogen in spheres with a volume of 30 µl. After a week of storage the spheres were devitrified as three of them were dropped into 0.5 mL of CaniPlus AI medium (Minitüb, Germany), which was previously warmed in a water bath at 42ºC for 2 minutes and evaluated about the above mentioned parameters. It was found that vitrification resulted in a lower percentage of viable sperms, normal morphology, total and progressive motilities (p0.05) compared to fresh semen samples. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that vitrification with coconut water extender with addition of 1% soy lecithin and 0.25M sucrose as cryoprotectants, has an excellent potential for routine canine sperm cryopreservation.(AU)

How does reproduction account for dairy farm sustainability?

Sustainability - the new hype of the 21st century has brought discomfort for the government and society. Sustainable agriculture is essential to face our most concerning challenges: climate change, food security, and the environmental footprint, all of which add to consumers' opinions and choices. Improvements in reproductive indexes can enhance animal production and efficiency, guaranteeing profit and sustainability. Estrus detection, artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), estrus synchronization (ES), and multiple ovulations are some strategies used to improve animal reproduction. This review highlights how reproductive strategies and genetic selection can contribute to sustainable ruminant production. Improved reproductive indices can reduce the number of nonproductive cows in the herd, reducing methane emissions and land use for production while preserving natural resources.(AU)

Prohibition of hormones in animal reproduction: what to expect and what to do?

As our understanding of ovarian function in cattle has improved, our ability to control it has also increased. The development of Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI) protocols at the end of the 20th century has increased exponentially the number of animals inseminated over the last 20 years. The main reasons for this growth were the possibility of obtaining acceptable pregnancy rates without heat detection and, above all, the induction of cyclicity in suckled cows in postpartum anestrus and prepubertal heifers at the beginning of the breeding season. Most FTAI treatments in South America have been based on the use of progesterone (P4) releasing devices and estradiol to synchronize both follicular wave emergence and ovulation, with pregnancy rates ranging from 40 to 60%. These protocols are implemented on a regular basis, allowing producers access to high-quality genetics, and increasing the overall pregnancy rates during the breeding season. In addition, it provided the professionals involved in these programs with a new source of income and the diversification of their practices into activities other than their usual clinical work. Many of these practices are now apparently at risk from restrictions on the use of estradiol by the European Union (EU) and other countries. However, the development of alternative protocols based on GnRH, with P4 devices and eCG and other new products that are not in the market yet will allow us to adapt to the new times that are coming. Logically, the challenge has already been raised and we must learn to use alternative protocols to try to continue increasing the use of this technology in beef and dairy herds. The objective of the present review is to describe the main aspects of banning estradiol in livestock production, the negative impacts on reproductive efficiency, and to present some alternative FTAI protocols for dairy and beef cattle.(AU)