Infection by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in a wild Leopardus wiedii (Carnivora: Felidae): case report / Infecção por Aelurostrongylus abstrusus em Leopardus wiedii(Carnivora: Felidae) de vida livre: Relato de caso

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, popularly known as "feline pulmonary worm", it is a nematode that affects the respiratory system of felines causing aelurostrongylosis. This parasite can be found in the host's bronchi and pulmonary arteries. The clinical signs presented vary according to the animal's immune response and severity of the infection, the host might present apathy, dyspnea, syncope, wheezing, sneezing, among others. This report aims to describe a case of aelurostrostrilylosis in a feline of wildlife threatened of extinction. The animal, Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821), popularly known as Margay, was found in an urban perimeter in the municipality of Anchieta, state of Santa Catarina (SC) in Brazil and attended at the Veterinary Clinic CLINIVET, of the University of the West of Santa Catarina - UNOESC, campus of São Miguel do Oeste (SC). In the initial clinical evaluation, the patient presented with deambulatory difficulties, biological samples were collected for further investigation. In the coproparasitological exam, parasitism was diagnosed by A. abstrusus, however the animal did not present any clinical signs related to the respiratory system. The results of this report indicate that the species L. wiedii, diagnosed with subclinical infection, can act as a wild reservoir for A. abstrusus, serving as a source of infection for other species of wild felids and also for domestic ones. This highlights the importance of effective public policies for the conservation, management and study of diseases that affect wild cats, especially species that need more urgent attention, that is, those threatened of extinction.(AU)

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, popularmente conhecido como "verme pulmonar felino", é um nematoide que aco-mete o sistema respiratório dos felinos causando aelurostrongilose. Este parasita pode ser encontrado nos brônquios e arté-rias pulmonares do hospedeiro. Os sinais clínicos apresentados variam de acordo com a resposta imune do animal e gravi-dade da infecção, podendo o hospedeiro apresentar apatia, dispneia, síncope, sibilos, espirros, entre outros. Este relato tem como objetivo descrever um caso de aelurostrongilose em um felino silvestres ameaçado de extinção. O animal, Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821), popularmente conhecido como gato maracajá, foi encontrado no perímetro urbano do município de Anchieta, estado de Santa Catarina (SC), Brasil e atendido na Clínica Veterinária CLINIVET, da Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina - UNOESC, campus de São Miguel do Oeste (SC). Na avaliação clínica inicial o paciente apresentava dificuldade de locomoção, foram coletadas amostras biológicas para posterior investigação. No exame coproparasitológico foi diagnosticado parasitismo por A. abstrusus, porém o animal não apresentou nenhum sinal clínico relacionado ao sis-tema respiratório. Os resultados deste relato indicam que a espécie L. wiedii, diagnosticada com infecção subclínica, pode atuar como reservatório silvestre para A. abstrusus, servindo como fonte de infecção para outras espécies de felinos silves-tres e também para os domésticos. Isso destaca a importância de políticas públicas efetivas para a conservação, manejo e estudo das doenças que acometem os felinos selvagens, principalmente as espécies que necessitam de atenção mais urgente, ou seja, aquelas ameaçadas de extinção.(AU)

Surto de endoparasitose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) na Bahia, Brasil / Outbreak of endoparasitosis in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Free-range chickens are quite common in Brazil. In this alternative rearing system, the animals are rustic and raised in an extensive system. Free access to "bare soil" results in the increased occurrence of intestinal parasites since larvae and / or eggs of helminths and protozoa oocysts find favorable conditions for their survival and dissemination in the soil. Although the occurrence and importance of parasitic infections in free-range chickens is well known, the objective of this study is to report an outbreak of endoparasites in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra - BA, in view of bird susceptibility associated with scarcity of studies in western Bahia. Cases: The chickens were kept free, in a bare soil yard in a household at the urban perimeter of the municipality of Barra - BA. Feeding consisted of whole corn grains, thrown directly in the soil. The drinking fountains were dirty and the animals had no history of vaccination or deworming. Symptoms Anorexia, difficulty in eating and in locomotion, presence of seromucous secretion in the oral cavity, emaciation and diarrhea were all observed symptoms. One of the birds presented excessive vocalization, drowsiness and flaccid paralysis of the neck. Necropsy was performed on 3 chickens: 2 females (cases 1 and 2) and 1 male (case 3). Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of seromucous secretion in the upper respiratory tract of all animals. Specimens of Ascaridia galli were observed in cases 1 and 2, Heterakis gallinarum in cases 2 and 3, Raillietina sp. in cases 2 and 3 and Davainea proglottina in case 1. Microscopically, the animals had an inflammatory infiltrate in the liver and intestines. Some animals presented necrosis of the tracheal epithelial cells, as well as of the epithelial cells present at the apex of the villi. No significant results were found in the coproparasitological exam. Discussion: The diagnosis of endoparasitosis in this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in free-range chickens is linked to factors such as age, high animal density, absence of sanitary hygienic measures, as well as environmental temperature and humidity. The appearance of injuries in the intestinal mucosa is influenced by characteristics such as parasitic load, concomitant infections, age and the host's immune status. During necropsy of the birds were found 2 helminths of the Nematoda class (Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum) and 2 of the Cestoda class (Davainea proglottina and Raillietina sp.). A. galli, seen in 2 cases, is considered low pathogenicity for adult chickens, however young birds are susceptible and can die due to intestinal obstruction and hemorrhages. H. gallinarum is responsible for causing typhlitis, with diarrhea and weight loss, this helminth was found in 2 animals in the present study, however only 1 had changes in the digestive tract. Davainea proglotina and Raillietina spp. might cause, respectively, severe hemorrhagic enteritis and nodule formation in the small intestine mucosa. In Brazil, even though it is notable that intestinal parasitism is one of the key problems in alternative poultry farming, there are few studies that evaluate the presence of endoparasites in chickens raised in alternative production systems, with animals being more frequently exposed to nematodes and cestodes. The multiparasitism observed in this study probably stems from flaws in the rearing system, mainly related to sanitary hygiene management. Therefore, the reduction in the occurrence of these helminths is closely related to the performance of basic prophylactic measures, such as offering good quality food and water in clean containers, separating lots by age, performing sanitary emptiness and deworming.(AU)

Drug-induced panniculitis due to deworming in a dog ­ case report / Paniculite farmacodérmica decorrente de vermifugação em um cão - relato de caso

Outpatient clinics, clinics, and veterinary hospitals in the state of São Paulo and other Brazilian states commonly prescribe broad-spectrum vermicidal agents. The prescriptions are not based on coproparasitological examination results and drugs, including those used for the elimination of enteric parasites, are not innocuous and can potentially cause health hazards. Therefore, we report a clinical case of drug-induced panniculitis caused by deworming and show the actual occurrence of endoparasites in canine and feline outpatients at HOVET-USP.(AU)

É prática corrente em ambulatórios, consultórios, clínicas e hospitais veterinários paulistas, por não dizer brasileiros, a prescrição de ativos com ação vermicida, no senso lato, sem o embasamento do, hoje até prosaico, exame coproparasitológico. É sabido há muito que todo e qualquer fármaco não é inócuo e pode potencialmente acarretar agravos à saúde, e dentre estes incluem-se os ativos destinados à erradicação de parasitos entéricos. Decidiu-se assim por se relatar um caso clínico de paniculite farmacodérmica decorrente de vermifugação, bem como situar a real ocorrência de endoparasitas em pacientes, caninos e felinos, trazidos para atendimento ambulatorial no HOVET-USP.(AU)

Drug-induced panniculitis due to deworming in a dog ­ case report / Paniculite farmacodérmica decorrente de vermifugação em um cão - relato de caso

Outpatient clinics, clinics, and veterinary hospitals in the state of São Paulo and other Brazilian states commonly prescribe broad-spectrum vermicidal agents. The prescriptions are not based on coproparasitological examination results and drugs, including those used for the elimination of enteric parasites, are not innocuous and can potentially cause health hazards. Therefore, we report a clinical case of drug-induced panniculitis caused by deworming and show the actual occurrence of endoparasites in canine and feline outpatients at HOVET-USP.(AU)

É prática corrente em ambulatórios, consultórios, clínicas e hospitais veterinários paulistas, por não dizer brasileiros, a prescrição de ativos com ação vermicida, no senso lato, sem o embasamento do, hoje até prosaico, exame coproparasitológico. É sabido há muito que todo e qualquer fármaco não é inócuo e pode potencialmente acarretar agravos à saúde, e dentre estes incluem-se os ativos destinados à erradicação de parasitos entéricos. Decidiu-se assim por se relatar um caso clínico de paniculite farmacodérmica decorrente de vermifugação, bem como situar a real ocorrência de endoparasitas em pacientes, caninos e felinos, trazidos para atendimento ambulatorial no HOVET-USP.(AU)

Prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais em mamíferos selvagens do Jardim Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro / Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild mammals from Zoological Garden of Rio de Janeiro

Durante o período de janeiro a novembro de 2016 foi avaliada a prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais em mamíferos selvagens do Jardim Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro S/A (RioZoo). Amostras fecais de cento e trinta e três mamíferos selvagens, incluindo setenta e um primatas, vinte e dois felídeos, cinco roedores, cinco procionídeos, quatro taiassuinídeos, quatro mustelídeos, três quirópteros,três canídeos, dois mirmecofagídeos, dois camelídeos, dois tapirídeos, dois cervídeos, dois proboscídeos, dois hipopotamídeos, um otarídeo, um herpestídeo, um erinaceomorfídeo e um dasipodídeo, foram processadas por uso das técnicas de Gordon & Whitlock, Sheather e Baermann-Moraes. A prevalência de animais positivos para pelo menos uma espécie de parasito foi de 16,5 % (22/133) e a prevalência específica para cada grupo de hospedeiros positivos foi de: 100% (1/1) em dasipodídeos, 100% (1/1) em herpestídeos, 50% (1/2) em camelídeos, 21,1% (15/71) em primatas, 20% (1/5) em procionídeos, 13,6% (3/22) em felídeos e 0% em outros grupos (tapirídeos, canídeos, roedores, taiassuinídeos, cervídeos, proboscídeos, mustelídeos, artiodactilídeos, suinídeos, otarídeos, erinaceomorfos, mirmecofagídeos e quirópteros). Das amostras positivas, foram encontrados ovos e larvas de nematóides da Superfamília Rhabdiasoidea em 36,4% (8/22), ovos da Superfamília Ascaroidea em 31,8% (7/22), ovos da Superfamília Trichuroidea em 4,5% (1/22) e ovos da Superfamília Strongyloidea em 4,5% (1/22). O parasitismo por pentastomídeos (subClasse Pentastomida) apresentou prevalência de 4,5 % (1/22) e por acantocéfalos (Filo Acantocephala) 4,5% (1/22). Cistos ou trofozoitas de protozoários (Reino Protozoa) não foram encontrados.(AU)

During the period from January to November/2016 the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild mammals from the Zoological Garden of Rio de Janeiro (RioZoo) were evaluated. Stool samples of one hundred and thirty-three wild mammals, among these seventy one primates, twenty-two felids, five rodents, five procionids, four taiassuinids, four mustelids, three canids, three chiropterids, two camelids, two tapirids, two cervids, two proboscids, two hipopotamids, one otarid, one herpestid, one erinaceomorfid, two mirmecofagids, one dasypodoid, were processed using Gondon & Whitlock, Sheather and Baermann-Moraes techniques. Theprevalence of the positive animals to at least one specie of parasite was 16,5% (22/133) and the specific prevalence for each positive host group was: 100% (1/1) in dasipodids, 100% (1/1) in herpestids, 50% (1/2) in camelids, 21,1% (15/71) in primates, 20%(1/5) in procionids, 13,6% (3/22) in felids and 0% in the others groups (tapirids, canids, rodents, taiassuinids, cervids, proboscids, mustelids, hipopotamids, otarids, erinaceomorfids, mirmecofagids and chiropterids). Among the positive samples, eggs and larvae from Superfamily Rhabdiasoidea were observed in 36,4% (8/22), eggs from the Superfamily Ascaroidea in 31,8% (7/22), eggs from Superfamily Trichuroidea in 4,5% (1/22) and eggs from Superfamily Strongyloidea in 4,5% (1/22). The parasitism by pentastomids (subClass Pentastomida) presented prevalence of 4,5% (1/22) and acantocephals (Phylum Acanthocephala) of 4,5% (1/22).Prozoan (Kingdom Protozoa) cysts and trofozoits were not present.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DA SANIDADE E DETECÇÃO DE PATÓGENOS EM QUATIS Nasua nasua (LINNAEUS 1766) DE VIDA LIVRE EM FRAGMENTOS DA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

Objetivou-se avaliar a sanidade das populações de Nasua nasua da Mata Atlântica do Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco (CEPE) e verificar seu papel como sentinelas de parasitos de importância na Medicina da Conservação e Saúde Única. Foram estudados 57 quatis de três fragmentos antropizados do CEPE: Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos (PEDI), cercanias do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres Tangará (CETAS) e Estação Ecológica do Tapacurá (EET). Os animais foram submetidos à coleta de amostras e ao exame físico, onde 36,4% deles apresentaram alterações. Em todos os fragmentos, foi encontrado o piolho Neotrichodectes pallidus e os carrapatos Amblyomma spp., A. sculptum (PEDI, EET) e A. ovale (CETAS). No exame coproparasitológico, a prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais foi 88,7%, identificados como Ancylostoma sp., Capillaria sp., Strongyloides sp., coccídios, Oncicola luehei e Atriotaenia sandgroundi, esses dois últimos, também identificados na necropsia de dois quatis. Em todas as áreas, os animais apresentaram anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii (20,4%), mas não foram detectados anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum nem DNA de Leishmania infantum. Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos foram descritos, identificando aumento de leucócitos. Os parasitos não influenciaram o hematócrito dos indivíduos, mas adultos apresentaram valores menores. Variações no perfil proteico, neutrófilos e linfócitos, foram influenciadas pela classe etária, infecções por Ancylostoma spp. ou infestações por Amblyomma spp. Nesse estudo pioneiro, as populações de coati de vida livre avaliadas, mostraram-se saudáveis, possivelmente adaptadas para enfrentar os desafios da antropização e das infecções/infestações parasitárias, além de serem sentinelas competentes para os parasitos detectados.

The objective was to assess Nasua nasua population´s health, from the Atlantic Forest of the Pernambuco Center of Endemism (CEP), and to verify the role of the coatis as sentinels of important parasites for Conservation Medicine and One Health. Fifty-seven coatis were captured from three anthropized fragments of CEP: Dois Irmãos State Park (PEDI), surrounding areas of the Tangará Wildlife Rescue Center (CETAS) and Tapacurá Ecological Station (EET). The animals were subjected to sample collection and physical examination, where 36.4% of them showed at least one abnormality. The louse Neotrichodectes pallidus and Amblyomma spp. ticks were found in all fragments, A. sculptum (PEDI, EET) and A. ovale (CETAS). In the coproparasitological exam, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 88.7%, identified as Ancylostoma sp., Capillaria sp., Strongyloides sp., coccidia, Oncicola luehei, and Atriotaenia sandgroundi, whether the two last ones were also identified in necropsied animals. In all studied areas, the animals showed anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (20.4%), but neither anti-Neospora caninum antibodies nor Leishmania infantum DNA were detected. Hematology and serum biochemistry parameters were described and identified an increase in white cells count. Parasites did not influence the packed cell volume of the individuals, but a decrease was evident in adults. Variations in protein profile, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, were predicted by age, Ancylostoma spp. infection or Amblyomma spp. infestation. In this pioneering study, the free-living coati populations, proved to be healthy, adapted to face the challenges of anthropization and parasitic infections/infestations, as well as been competent parasite sentinels.

Prosthesis nozzle for defect correction in Gnatotheca parrot charão (Amazona pretrei) / Uso de prótese de bico na correção de defeito em gnatoteca de papagaio charão (Amazona pretrei)

Background: Birds beaks can be affected by a lot of abnormalities due to nutritional problems, infections, changes related to the development and trauma. Considering the treatment of fractures or other birds beaks injuries, the use of prosthesis can be an alternative treatment. Among the numerous kind of prosthetics for this propose, homologous, synthetic and mixedare frequently used. Birds cadavers are the suppliers of homologous prostetic. This study aims to report the treatment of a gnatotheca disjunction in a parrot (Amazona pretrei) using homologous gnatotheca prosthesis.Case: A red-spectacled parrot (Amazona pretrei) was sent to the zoo after an apprehension conducted by IBAMA, at this moment the animal was in a good clinical condition. After a few months, in a routine check of the birds for deworming and coproparasitological exam, it was observed a gnatotheca bifurcation. The specifi c cause was not identifi ed. Bifurcation of gnatotheca was diagnosed in one parrot. For surgery reconstruction it was implanted homologous gnatotheca prosthesis. After pre anesthetic medication with cetamine (5 mg.kg-1, IM) and midazolam (0.25 mg.kg-1, IM), the animal was kept under inhalational anesthesia with isofl urane vaporized in 100% oxygen in an open circuit, using a mask. It was administered butorphanol (0.5 mg.kg-1, IM, TID, for two days). The prosthesis was implanted using the

Background: Birds beaks can be affected by a lot of abnormalities due to nutritional problems, infections, changes related to the development and trauma. Considering the treatment of fractures or other birds beaks injuries, the use of prosthesis can be an alternative treatment. Among the numerous kind of prosthetics for this propose, homologous, synthetic and mixed are frequently used. Birds cadavers are the suppliers of homologous prostetic. This study aims to report the treatment of a gnatotheca disjunction in a parrot (Amazona pretrei) using homologous gnatotheca prosthesis.Case: A red-spectacled parrot (Amazona pretrei) was sent to the zoo after an apprehension conducted by IBAMA, at this moment the animal was in a good clinical condition. After a few months, in a routine check of the birds for deworming and coproparasitological exam, it was observed a gnatotheca bifurcation. The specifi c cause was not identifi ed. Bifurcation of gnatotheca was diagnosed in one parrot. For surgery reconstruction it was implanted homologous gnatotheca prosthesis. After pre anesthetic medication with cetamine (5 mg.kg-1, IM) and midazolam (0.25 mg.kg-1, IM), the animal was kept under inhalational anesthesia with isofl urane vaporized in 100% oxygen in an open circuit, using a mask. It was administered butorphanol (0.5 mg.kg-1, IM, TID, for two days). The prosthesis was implanted using the

ANÁLISE DO PERFIL DE METILAÇÃO DO GENE SLC11a1 EM EQUINOS NATURALMENTE INFECTADOS POR CIATOSTOMÍNEOS

Os ciatostomíneos são os parasitos nematóides mais prevalentes em equinos. A infecção por esses parasitos causa prejuízos na criação de equinos, prejudicando o desempenho dos animais, podendo levar ao óbito. O gene SLC11a1 (Solute Like Carrier Family 11a1) está relacionado com a resistência natural do hospedeiro aos patógenos. As características fenotípicas dos animais podem ser influenciadas por mecanismos epigenéticos, como a metilação do DNA. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de metilação do DNA no gene SLC11a1 em equinos com alta e baixa contagem de ovos de ciatostomíneos por grama de fezes (OPG). Realizou-se esse exame coproparasitológico de 30 animais da raça Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) e de 44 cavalos Crioulo. Destes, selecionou-se alguns animais de cada raça, sendo 6 PSI e 3 Crioulo. Os animais selecionados foram os que apresentaram as menores e as maiores contagens de OPG. Desses animais foram pesquisados o perfil de metilação do gene SLC11a1. Além disso, desses e outros animais foram realizados um teste ELISA para detectar IgGs contra as formas larvares de ciatostomíneos encistadas na mucosa. Foram observadas correlações entre a OPG e o ELISA fraca, moderada e forte para as categorias de animais PSI com OPG menores, intermediários e maiores respectivamente com R=0,189; R=0,372 e R=-0,547 respectivamente. Nas mesmas três categorias dos animais Crioulos (menores, intermediários e maiores OPG) as correlações entre os dois testes foram fracas com R=0,136; R=0,280 e R=0,025 respectivamente (sendo que abaixo de 0,3 é baixa; entre 0,3 e 0,5 é moderada; acima de 0,5 é alta; e zero é sem relação). Somente para os animais da raça PSI, avaliou-se também o hematócrito (Ht), contagem diferencial de leucócitos (CDL) e número de prêmios em corridas (somente para éguas PSI adultas). Os resultados de Ht (var. 34 46) e CDL se mostraram dentro dos valores de referência na quase totalidade dos animais. As análises in sílico mostraram que o gene SLC11a1 possui duas ilhas de CpG no corpo do gene de equinos. Após a coleta do sangue dos animais, realizou-se a extração do DNA leucocitário e posterior tratamento com bissulfito de sódio. Ambas as ilhas de CpG foram amplificadas por PCR, purificadas, clonadas e sequenciadas. Os resultados do sequenciamento demonstraram o mesmo padrão de metilação entre os animais com as maiores e as menores contagens de OPG na ilha um (com P=1.0) e na ilha dois (com P=0.105) do gene. A raça dos animais também não influenciou nos resultados de metilação do DNA tanto para a ilha um (P=0.595) quanto para a ilha dois (P=0.639). Houve diferença significativa entre o perfil de metilação da ilha um de CpG e da ilha dois, com P=0.0001. A ilha um do gene se apresentou hipermetilada (>75%) enquanto a ilha dois mostrou-se hipometilada (<30%). Os achados permitiram concluir a ausência de correlação forte entre OPG e o ELISA, a ausência de influência da metilação do DNA na contagem de OPG e indicam uma possibilidade de haver regulação epigenética por metilação do DNA no gene SLC11a1 em equinos.

Cyathostomins are the most prevalent nematodes parasites in horses. The infection by these parasites causes damages in the breeding of horses, damaging the performance of the animals, and can lead to death. The gene SLC11a1 (Solute Like Carrier Family 11a1) is related to the host's natural resistance to pathogens. The phenotypic characteristics of the animals may be influenced by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the profile of DNAs methylation on the SLC11a1 gene in horses with high and low egg counts of cyathostomins per gram of feces (EPG). This coproparasitological exam was performed on 30 animals of the Thoroughbred and on 44 Crioulos horses. Of these, some animals of each breed were selected, being 6 Thoroughbred and 3 Crioulo. The animals selected were the ones with the lowest and the highest EPG counts. From these animals, It was studied the profile of methylation of the SLC11a1 gene. Besides that, from these and another animals they were performed the ELISA test to detect IgGs against the encisted larval forms of cyathostomins. They were observed weak, moderate and strong correlations between the EPG and the ELISA for the categories of PSI animals with lower, intermediate and higher EPG, respectively, with R=0.189; R=0.372 and R=-0.547 respectively. In the same three categories of Crioulo animals (lower, intermediate and higher EPG) the correlations between the two tests were weak with R=0.136; R=0.280 and R=0.025 (being below 0.3 is low, between 0.3 and 0.5 is moderate, above 0.5 is high, and 0 is unrelated). Only for the PSI animals, the hematocrit (Ht), differential leukocyte count (CDL) and number of prizes in races (only for adult Thoroughbred mares) were also evaluated. The results of Ht (var. 34-46) and CDL were within the reference values in almost all animals. In silico analyzes showed that the SLC11a1 gene has two CpG islands in the body of the gene. After collection of blood from the animals, the leukocyte DNA was extracted and then treated with sodium bisulfite. Both CpG islands were amplified by PCR, purified, cloned and sequenced. Sequencing results showed the same pattern of methylation between the animals with the highest and lowest EPG counts on island 1 (with P = 1.0) and island 2 (with P = 0.105). The breed of the animals did not influence the DNAs methylation results for both island 1 (P = 0.595) and island 2 (P = 0.639). There was a significant difference between the DNAs methylation of island 1 of CpG and island 2, with P = 0.0001. Island 1 of the gene was hypermethylated (>75%) while island 2 was hypomethylated (<30%). The findings made it possible to conclude the absence of strong correlation between EPG and the ELISA, the absence of DNAs methylation influence on the EPG counts and indicate a possibility of epigenetic regulation by DNAs methylation on the SLC11a1 gene in horses.

Uso de prótese de bico na correção de defeito em gnatoteca de papagaio charão (Amazona pretrei) / Prosthesis Nozzle for Defect Correction in Gnatotheca Parrot Charão (Amazona pretrei)

Background: Birds' beaks can be affected by a lot of abnormalities due to nutritional problems, infections, changes related to the development and trauma. Considering the treatment of fractures or other birds' beaks injuries, the use of prosthesis can be an alternative treatment. Among the numerous kind of prosthetics for this propose, homologous, synthetic and mixed are frequently used. Bird's cadavers are the suppliers of homologous prostetic. This study aims to report the treatment of a gnatotheca disjunction in a parrot (Amazona pretrei) using homologous gnatotheca prosthesis. Case: A red-spectacled parrot (Amazona pretrei) was sent to the zoo after an apprehension conducted by IBAMA, at this moment the animal was in a good clinical condition. After a few months, in a routine check of the birds for deworming and coproparasitological exam, it was observed a gnatotheca bifurcation. The specific cause was not identified. Bifurcation of gnatotheca was diagnosed in one parrot. For surgery reconstruction it was implanted homologous gnatotheca prosthesis. After pre anesthetic medication with cetamine (5 mg.kg-¹, IM) and midazolam (0.25 mg.kg-¹, IM), the animal was kept under inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen in an open circuit, using a mask. It was administered butorphanol (0.5 mg.kg-¹, IM, TID, for two days). The prosthesis was implanted using the overlap technique. The tip was withdrawn from the donor bird, measured, cut and polished using micro grinding. Then, it was cleaned with a 0.9% NaCl to posterior deployment over the residual gnatotheca. After preparing prosthesis, residual gnatotheca's edges were sanded to modeling and correct positioning of the prosthesis at the methyl methacrylate. Drillings were performed on donor and receptor fragments using a drill (nº1) to put steel wire no4 cerclages. The implant was covered with methyl methacrylate for better stability and to avoid contamination. The procedure lasted 30 min and it was uneventful. The animal returned anesthesia showing no apparent discomfort with the prosthesis. The day after the procedure, the animal showed excellent recovery with immediate return of nozzle's function, starting feeding itself with grain. The bird remained stable for 22 days. It had adapted to the prosthesis, feeding with regular ration and seeds, until it was found dead in her room due to an attack of a pampas fox that escaped from its jail. Discussion: Although injuries in birds' rhamphotheca are not uncommon, the number of professionals trained on its treatment is reduced, as well as different forms of therapy are scarce. This case report supports literature in which the use of prosthesis associated with cerclages, or depending on the case, with resin are described as a better method in matters of fixation. The rhamphotheca is a structure consisting of smooth surface, filled with branched bone fiber. These structures may be not adequately supported with cerclage wires or may be susceptible to loosening. For these reasons, it was decided to use cerclage covered with methyl methacrylate to promote better fixation and structures embedding. Unfortunately, it was not possible to follow the evolution of the patient in the long term. This report demonstrates that the proposed technique can be suitable for gnatotheca's defect correction in charão parrot and provides an excellent progress in short term.

FREQUÊNCIA DE PARASITOS GASTROINTESTINAIS E AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICÁCIA ANTI-HELMÍNTICA EM EQUINOS SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES REGIMES DE CRIAÇÃO

As helmintoses gastrointestinais dos equinos são consideradas um dos principais problemas de saúde nestes animais, sendo responsáveis por ocasionar quadros de desconforto abdominal seguido de cólica e morte, gerando perdas diretas e indiretas. A utilização indiscriminada de fármacos anti-helmínticos no controle dessas parasitoses tem levado ao aparecimento da resistência anti-helmíntica, o que representa um problema crescente na indústria equina. Tendo em vista a carência de informações relacionadas as helmintoses e a eficácia dos tratamentos anti-helmínticos em rebanhos de equinos no estado de Pernambuco, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência de parasitos gastrointestinais e avaliar a eficácia anti-helmíntica em equinos. Para tanto, foram coletadas inicialmente amostras fecais de equinos de diferente raças e gênero submetidas a diferentes regimes de criação, procedente de seis haras do estado de Pernambuco e analisadas através da técnica de FLOTAC. Posteriormente foi realizada a avaliação da eficácia dos principais produtos anti-helmínticos em cinco propriedades (Ivermectina e fenbendazole), através do teste de redução na contagem de ovos fecais. O resultado do exame coproparasitológico revelou uma positividade geral de 87,1% (148/170) para parasitos gastrointestinais com uma prevalência maior de Estrongilídeos (97,97%), sendo que, os animais criados em sistemas de manejo extensivo foram os mais acometidos (100%), sem apresentar diferenças significativas quando comparado com os outros sistemas de manejo. Por outro lado, o fenbendazole apresentou resistência em 100% das propriedades estudadas e a ivermectina em apenas uma das propriedades (25%). Em conclusão, a técnica de FLOTAC pode ser empregada no diagnóstico de helmintos gastrointestinais de equinos, sendo que a frequência de helmintos não sofre influência do regime de criação. Nas propriedades estudadas não é indicado a utilização fenbendazole no tratamento anti-helmíntico.

The gastrointestinal helminths of equines are considered one of the major health problems in the animals, being responsible for causing the abdominal discomfort followed of colic and death, generating direct and indirect losses. The indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs in the control of these parasites has led to the appearance of anthelmintic resistance, which is a growing problem in the equine industry. Given the lack of information related to helminths and efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in horse herds in the state of Pernambuco, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites and to evaluate of anthelmintic efficacy in equines. Therefore, were collected fecal samples of horses from different races, gender under different husbandry systems from six farms in the Pernambuco state and analyzed by FLOTAC technique. Posteriorly it was realized the evaluation efficacy of main anthelmintic products in five properties (Ivermectina and fenbendazol), by fecal egg count reduction test. The results of coproparasitological exam showed an overall positivity of 87.1% (148/170) for gastrointestinal parasites with a higher prevalence of Strongyles (97.97%), being that, animals kept in extensive management systems were the most affected (100%), without presenting significant differences when compared to other management systems. On the other hand, fenbendazole showing resistance in 100% of the properties analyzed and ivermectin in only one properties (25%). In conclusion, the FLOTAC technique can be applied for diagnose of gastrointestinal parasites in horses, being that the frequency of gastrointestinal helminths it is not influenced by husbandry system. The use of fenbendazole in the anthelmintic treatment it is not indicate in the studied properties. Palavras-Chaves do Abstrat: Equidaes, Helminths, Anthelmintic resistance, management.

Nervous coccidiosis in adult gir cow case report / Coccidiose nervosa em vaca gir adulta relato de caso

There is a large amount of neurological diseases in cattle. The causes may be physical, inflammatory/infectious, nutritional, metabolic, toxic, degenerative, congenital anomalies or neoplasic. The nervous coccidiosis is one of these diseases, which neuropathy occurs at the same time of enteropathy. The coccidiosis is an intestinal parasitism caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. After the infection, a specific immunity, for each coccidia species, is developed, for this reason; the young animals are much more susceptible than the adult animals. In this report, an adult Gir cow was examined at the Large Animals Clinical Service, of the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, showing bloody diarrhea and deficit of equilibrium. The coproparasitological exam showed the presence of 300 oocysts per gram of feces. The animal was treated with sulfadoxin (15 mg/kg), associated to trimetoprim (3 mg/kg), and showed fast improvement on the enteric condition and gradual improvement on the neurological condition. Based on the clinical signs, on the laboratorial findings and on the response to the treatment, it may be affirmed that this animal had nervous coccidiosis, although this disease has been described as a trouble only for calves.KEY WORDS: Cattle, Eimeria, nervous coccidiosis.

Existe uma grande variedade de enfermidades neurológicas nos bovinos. As causas podem ser físicas, inflamatórias/infecciosas, nutricionais, metabólicas, tóxicas, degenerativas, anomalias congênitas ou neoplásicas. Uma dessas afecções é a coccidiose nervosa, assim denominada por causar encefalopatia concomitante com enterite. A coccidiose é uma parasitose intestinal causada por protozoários do gênero Eimeria. Após a infecção, desenvolve-se imunidade espécie-específica para cada espécie de coccídio e, por essa razão, os animais jovens são muito mais susceptíveis à doença do que os animais adultos. Neste relato, uma vaca adulta, da raça Gir, foi atendida pelo Serviço de Clínica de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário de Uberaba apresentando diarreia sanguinolenta e déficit de equilíbrio. O exame coproparasitológico de fezes demonstrou a presença de trezentos oocistos por grama de fezes. O animal foi tratado com sulfadoxina (15 mg/kg), associada à trimetoprima (3 mg/kg), e apresentou rápida melhora do quadro entérico e gradativa melhora do quadro neurológico. Com base nos sinais clínicos, nos achados laboratoriais e na resposta ao tratamento, pode-se afirmar que o animal em questão apresentava coccidiose nervosa, embora tal doença tenha sido descrita como importante apenas para bezerros.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Bovino, coccidiose nervosa, Eimeria.

Prosthesis nozzle for defect correction in Gnatotheca parrot charão (Amazona pretrei) / Uso de prótese de bico na correção de defeito em gnatoteca de papagaio charão (Amazona pretrei)

Background: Birds beaks can be affected by a lot of abnormalities due to nutritional problems, infections, changes related to the development and trauma. Considering the treatment of fractures or other birds beaks injuries, the use of prosthesis can be an alternative treatment. Among the numerous kind of prosthetics for this propose, homologous, synthetic and mixedare frequently used. Birds cadavers are the suppliers of homologous prostetic. This study aims to report the treatment of a gnatotheca disjunction in a parrot (Amazona pretrei) using homologous gnatotheca prosthesis.Case: A red-spectacled parrot (Amazona pretrei) was sent to the zoo after an apprehension conducted by IBAMA, at this moment the animal was in a good clinical condition. After a few months, in a routine check of the birds for deworming and coproparasitological exam, it was observed a gnatotheca bifurcation. The specifi c cause was not identifi ed. Bifurcation of gnatotheca was diagnosed in one parrot. For surgery reconstruction it was implanted homologous gnatotheca prosthesis. After pre anesthetic medication with cetamine (5 mg.kg-1, IM) and midazolam (0.25 mg.kg-1, IM), the animal was kept under inhalational anesthesia with isofl urane vaporized in 100% oxygen in an open circuit, using a mask. It was administered butorphanol (0.5 mg.kg-1, IM, TID, for two days). The prosthesis was implanted using the

Background: Birds beaks can be affected by a lot of abnormalities due to nutritional problems, infections, changes related to the development and trauma. Considering the treatment of fractures or other birds beaks injuries, the use of prosthesis can be an alternative treatment. Among the numerous kind of prosthetics for this propose, homologous, synthetic and mixed are frequently used. Birds cadavers are the suppliers of homologous prostetic. This study aims to report the treatment of a gnatotheca disjunction in a parrot (Amazona pretrei) using homologous gnatotheca prosthesis.Case: A red-spectacled parrot (Amazona pretrei) was sent to the zoo after an apprehension conducted by IBAMA, at this moment the animal was in a good clinical condition. After a few months, in a routine check of the birds for deworming and coproparasitological exam, it was observed a gnatotheca bifurcation. The specifi c cause was not identifi ed. Bifurcation of gnatotheca was diagnosed in one parrot. For surgery reconstruction it was implanted homologous gnatotheca prosthesis. After pre anesthetic medication with cetamine (5 mg.kg-1, IM) and midazolam (0.25 mg.kg-1, IM), the animal was kept under inhalational anesthesia with isofl urane vaporized in 100% oxygen in an open circuit, using a mask. It was administered butorphanol (0.5 mg.kg-1, IM, TID, for two days). The prosthesis was implanted using the

NERVOUS COCCIDIOSIS IN ADULT GIR COW CASE REPORT / COCCIDIOSE NERVOSA EM VACA GIR ADULTA RELATO DE CASO

There is a large amount of neurological diseases in cattle. The causes may be physical, inflammatory/infectious, nutritional, metabolic, toxic, degenerative, congenital anomalies or neoplasic. The nervous coccidiosis is one of these diseases, which neuropathy occurs at the same time of enteropathy. The coccidiosis is an intestinal parasitism caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. After the infection, a specific immunity, for each coccidia species, is developed, for this reason; the young animals are much more susceptible than the adult animals. In this report, an adult Gir cow was examined at the Large Animals Clinical Service, of the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, showing bloody diarrhea and deficit of equilibrium. The coproparasitological exam showed the presence of 300 oocysts per gram of feces. The animal was treated with sulfadoxin (15 mg/kg), associated to trimetoprim (3 mg/kg), and showed fast improvement on the enteric condition and gradual improvement on the neurological condition. Based on the clinical signs, on the laboratorial findings and on the response to the treatment, it may be affirmed that this animal had nervous coccidiosis, although this disease has been described as a trouble only for calves.KEY WORDS: Cattle, Eimeria, nervous coccidiosis.

Existe uma grande variedade de enfermidades neurológicas nos bovinos. As causas podem ser físicas, inflamatórias/infecciosas, nutricionais, metabólicas, tóxicas, degenerativas, anomalias congênitas ou neoplásicas. Uma dessas afecções é a coccidiose nervosa, assim denominada por causar encefalopatia concomitante com enterite. A coccidiose é uma parasitose intestinal causada por protozoários do gênero Eimeria. Após a infecção, desenvolve-se imunidade espécie-específica para cada espécie de coccídio e, por essa razão, os animais jovens são muito mais susceptíveis à doença do que os animais adultos. Neste relato, uma vaca adulta, da raça Gir, foi atendida pelo Serviço de Clínica de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário de Uberaba apresentando diarreia sanguinolenta e déficit de equilíbrio. O exame coproparasitológico de fezes demonstrou a presença de trezentos oocistos por grama de fezes. O animal foi tratado com sulfadoxina (15 mg/kg), associada à trimetoprima (3 mg/kg), e apresentou rápida melhora do quadro entérico e gradativa melhora do quadro neurológico. Com base nos sinais clínicos, nos achados laboratoriais e na resposta ao tratamento, pode-se afirmar que o animal em questão apresentava coccidiose nervosa, embora tal doença tenha sido descrita como importante apenas para bezerros.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Bovino, coccidiose nervosa, Eimeria.