Histopathological examination of the protective effect of intense exercise in apoptotic germ cell damage due to diabetes

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the protective and antioxidative effects of intensive exercise on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced testicular damage, apoptotic spermatognial cells death, and oxidative stress. Methods: 36 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetes, and diabetes+intensive exercise (IE) groups. Testicular tissues were examined histopathologically and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, as well as serum testosterone level, were measured. Results: Seminiferous tubules and germ cells were found to be better in the testis tissue of the intense exercise group than in the diabetes group. Diabetes suppressed antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GPx and testosterone levels were significantly decreased, and increased MDA level in the diabetic group compared to diabetes+IE group (p < 0.001). Following four weeks of treatment, intensive exercise improved the antioxidant defense, significantly decreased MDA activity, and increased testosterone levels in testicular tissue in the diabetic group compared to diabetes+IE group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: STZ-induced diabetes causes damage to the testis tissue. In order to prevent these damages, exercise practice has become very popular nowadays. In present study, our intensive exercise protocol, histological, and biochemical analysis of the effect of diabetes on the testicular tissues is shown.

Eletrocardiografia basal e após exercício em cães braquicefálicos / Baseline and post exercise electrocardiography in brachycephalic dogs

Background: The brachycephalic dog breeds have been increasing in Brazil, and these animals are predisposed to present the brachycephalic dog syndrome, consisting of anatomical defects that lead to physiological changes and clinical signs such as wheezing, dyspnea, and hypoxia. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple test that can detect disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart, including changes present in hypoxia. The brachycephalic dog syndrome can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the ECG of brachycephalic dogs in search of significant changes in heart rhythm, ECG waves, and cardiac axis. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated in this study, 19 brachycephalic and 10 mesaticephalic, after approval by an ethics committee the animals were selected. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed in 2 stages, at rest and immediately after a 3-min trot. The exam was performed with a computerized electrocardiograph, with a standard time of 5 min. The standard positioning for performing the examination was the right lateral decubitus position. To improve the electrical conductivity, 70% alcohol was used between the animal's skin and the electrodes. In statistical analysis, paired t test was performed for comparison of the same group before and after exercise and unpaired t test between groups at the same moments, considering P < 0.05 as significant. Nineteen brachycephalic animals were evaluated, 10 Pugs and 9 French Bulldogs, 9 males and 10 females. The mean age was 3.4 ± 1.8 years; and the mean weight was 12.5 kg ± 2.7 kg. In the control group, consisting of ten mesaticephalic animals, all were non-breed, three males and seven females; the mean age and weight in this group were 4.4 ± 1.5 years and 7.5 kg ± 0.5 kg, respectively. There was a significant increase in heart rate (bpm) after exercise in brachycephalic dogs (baseline: 119.3 ± 4.3; after exercise: 135.1 ± 4.9; P = 0.0005). The same occurred for P wave amplitude (mV) (baseline: 0.20 ± 0.01; after exercise: 0.22 ± 0.01; P = 0.0001). These differences were not found in the control group. There were no alterations in the duration of the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, and QT interval, and all were within normal values for the species in both groups. The R-wave amplitude remained unaltered and within normal values in both the control and brachycephalic groups. Discussion: The elevation in heart rate may be associated with the chemoreflex secondary to the increased demand for oxygenation during exercise and the hypoxia generated by it. The increase in P amplitude suggests right atrial overload. The P wave corresponds to the atrial depolarization and its amplitude corresponds to the electrical activity in the right atrium. Thus, it is possible to relate the increase in P amplitude and heart rate to the hypoxia caused by exercise in brachycephalic, since this hypoxia results in chemoreceptor activation that increases chronotropism and heart rate. Also, there may be increased pressure in the pulmonary trunk, this increased pressure occurs due to vasoconstriction generated as a reflex to hypoxia in the pulmonary alveoli, leading to a possible picture of acute pulmonary hypertension that, in a cascade effect, leads to hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, increased strength of contractility and ejection affecting the tricuspid valve causing a reflux and consequent overload of the right atrium.

Assessment of stress and anxiety in mice with colorectal cancer submitted to physical exercise

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of physical exercise on the behavior of rodents with colorectal cancer induced through the use of elevated plus maze. Methods: We used 40 male hairless mice induced to colorectal cancer, divided into five groups: G1) submitted to pre- and post-induction swimming; G2) pre- and post-induction ladder; G3) post-induction swimming; G4) post-induction ladder; G5) sedentary. At the end of the 14th week, the animals were submitted to the plus maze test. Results: The mean length of stay in the open arm for G1 was 4.17 ± 6.50; G2 37.52 ± 40.7; G3 85.84 ± 42.5; G4 32.92 ± 23.17; and G5 4.09 ± 4.43. In the closed arm, it was 264 ± 23.43 in G1, 187.60 ± 47.73 in G2, 147.50 ± 40.03 in G3, 182.00 ± 40.40 in G4, and in G5 235.36 ± 14.28. In the center, G1 remained 31.86 ± 20.18, G2 74.85 ± 28.37, G3 66.69 ± 19.53, G4 60.55 ± 10.46, and G5 60.55 ± 23.65. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise for seven weeks after tumor induction showed less impact on the behavior of the animals. On the other hand, it significantly increased the animals' stress level when applied for 14 weeks before and after tumor induction. Key words

Relationship between vitamin D and physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis / Relação entre vitamina D e atividade física: revisão sistemática e meta análise

Vitamin D plays an important role in immune function and inflammation and the physical activity demonstrate relationship near to syntheses of vitamin D, considering to necessary to factors immunologics, environmental and physical. We searched five databases through February 20, 2021. Two reviewers screened the studies, collected data, assessed the risk of bias, and ranked the evidence for each outcome across the studies, independently and in duplicate. The prespecified endpoints of interest were Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Sunlight Exposure; Body Mass Index (BMI). We only included data from peer-reviewed articles in our primary analyses. In our primary analysis, there was a positive trend between serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml and body mass index, this result should be interpreted with caution, considering confidence intervals (RR 1.10 95% CI 0.37 to 1.83. We identified 4 high quality evidence that vitamin D levels and high physical activity required a direct relationship considering (four trials with 2,253) ; RR 0. (RR 0.0; 95% CI -0.15 to 0.15) (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.75. Although the evidence available so far, from observational studies of medium quality, can be seen as showing a trend towards an association between sufficient serum levels of 25(OH)D and physical activity, this relationship has been shown. have a stimulating effect on vitamin D synthesis, the relationship of low body mass index with sufficient vitamin D levels is not based on solid evidence. We await results from ongoing studies to determine this effectiveness.

A vitamina D desempenha um papel importante na função imunológica e na inflamação e a atividade física demonstra relação próxima à síntese de vitamina D, sendo necessária a fatores imunológicos, ambientais e físicos. Pesquisamos cinco bancos de dados até 20 de fevereiro de 2021. Dois revisores examinaram os estudos, coletaram dados, avaliaram o risco de viés e classificaram as evidências para cada resultado nos estudos, de forma independente e em duplicata. Os endpoints de interesse pré-especificados foram aptidão cardiorrespiratória; Exposição à luz solar; Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Incluímos apenas dados de artigos revisados ​​por pares em nossas análises primárias. Em nossa análise primária, houve uma tendência positiva entre 25(OH)D sérico <20 ng/ml e índice de massa corporal., esse resultado deve ser interpretado com cautela, considerando os intervalos de confiança (RR 1,10 IC 95% 0,37 a 1,83. Identificamos 4 evidências de alta qualidade de que níveis de vitamina D e atividade física alta exigiam uma relação direta considerando (quatro ensaios com 2.253) ; RR 0 . (RR 0,0; IC 95% -0,15 a 0,15) (RR 0,59; IC 95% 0,43 a 0,75. Embora as evidências disponíveis até agora, de estudos observacionais de qualidade média, possam ser vistas como uma tendência de associação entre níveis séricos suficientes de 25(OH)D e atividade física, essa relação foi demonstrada. têm um efeito estimulante na síntese de vitamina D, a relação de baixo índice de massa corporal com níveis suficientes de vitamina D não é baseada em evidências sólidas. Aguardamos resultados de estudos em andamento para determinar essa eficácia.

Physiological effects of land and water treadmill exercise in dogs / Efeitos do exercício em esteira terrestre ou aquática sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães

The application of hydrotherapy is growing in the field of animal rehabilitation to improve strength, endurance, fitness, and range of motion, in addition to reducing pain. In the same way, land-based activity is recommended for various conditions, including hypertension, muscle atrophy, and obesity. There is a lack of studies that evaluate the safety of incremental exercise in American Pit Bull Terriers. This study assessed the influence of activity on underwater and dry land treadmills on the physiological parameters of dogs. In this regard, 12 adult, male, healthy, and untrained American Pit Bull Terriers were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) on the underwater treadmill (Group I) and the dry land treadmill (Group II). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and electrocardiographic evaluation, were evaluated before activity (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 min after (T2), and 90 min after the end of exercise (T3), and plasmatic lactate concentrations were measured at T0, T1, and T2 time points. Results obtained were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey's test, considering P<0.05. Water activity induced a reduction in RR (P=0.00674) in all examinations after the test on the underwater treadmill and proved to be more demanding than activity on the land treadmill, considering the presence of a deeper and slower RR. Exercise sessions in both groups did not elevate the lactate concentration. The IET can be performed safely on an underwater or dry land treadmill in healthy American Pit Bulls.

A hidroterapia apresenta crescente aplicação no ramo da reabilitação animal, com o intuito de aumentar a força, resistência muscular e amplitude de movimento articular, além de reduzir a dor e melhorar o condicionamento físico do paciente. Assim como a hidroterapia, a atividade desenvolvida em solo é indicada para diversas afecções, inclusive para pacientes hipertensos, com atrofia muscular ou com sobrepeso. São escassos os estudos que avaliam a segurança de testes incrementais em esteira aquática e em esteira seca em American Pit Bull Terriers. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade em esteira aquática e em esteira seca sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães. Para isto, cães da raça American Pit Bull Terrier (n=12) machos, adultos, saudáveis e não treinados foram submetidos a teste de esforço incremental (TEI) em hidroesteira com água (Grupo I) e sem água (Grupo II). A frequência cardíaca (FR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e avaliação eletrocardiográfica, foram aferidas antes da atividade (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos após (T2) e 90 minutos após o exercício (T3), e a concentração plasmática de lactato foi dosada nos momentos T0, T1 e T2. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo Teste de Tukey, considerando significativo o valor de P < 0.05. Houve diminuição da frequência respiratória (P = 0,00674) após a atividade em esteira aquática, que se mostrou mais exigente que a atividade em esteira terrestre, considerando a apresentação de padrão respiratório mais lento e profundo. As sessões de exercício em ambos os grupos não elevaram a concentração de lactato. O teste de esforço incremental em esteira aquática, ou em esteira seca, pode ser desenvolvido com segurança por cães American Pit Bull saudáveis.

Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Exercícios físicos como incremento na qualidade de vida de cães idosos / Physical exercises as an increase in the quality of life of elderly dogs

A prática regular de exercícios físicos é uma estratégia preventiva, atrativa e eficaz, para manter e melhorar o estado de saúde física e psíquica em qualquer idade, tendo efeitos benéficos diretos e indiretos para prevenir e retardar as perdas funcionais do envelhecimento, reduzindo o risco de enfermidades e transtornos frequentes em idosos. Nos últimos anos, o interesse na saúde geriátrica de cães e gatos aumentou significativamente devido à crescente longevidade desses animais provocada pelos avanços na medicina veterinária como incremento das especialidades médico-veterinárias, desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias nas indústrias farmacêuticas e oferta de alimentos para animais. Todos estes avanços são estimulados pela alta demanda de tutores interessados no bem-estar animal e em proporcionar maior qualidade de vida. No caso dos animais idosos, entende-se como qualidade de vida manutenção da mobilidade, controle de dor, continência urinária e fecal, apetite e interação com humanos. A realização de exercícios físicos por pacientes geriátricos envolve melhor controle da dor, preservar a mobilidade e deambulação postergando o avanço do envelhecimento e proporcionando maior qualidade de vida. Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão da literatura abordando a compreensão atual das práticas de exercícios físicos na qualidade de vida de cães idosos, em paralelo à prática de exercícios físicos em idosos.

The regular practice of physical exercises is a preventive, attractive and effective strategy, to maintain and improve the state of physical and mental health at any age, having direct and indirect beneficial effects to prevent and delay the functional losses of aging, reducing the risk of diseases and frequent disorders in the elderly. In recent years, interest in the geriatric health of dogs and cats has increased significantly due to the increasing longevity of these animals caused by advances in veterinary medicine such as the increase in veterinary specialties, development of new technologies in industries pharmaceutical and animal feed. All these advances are stimulated by the high demand of guardians interested in animal welfare and in providing a better quality of life. In the case of elderly animals, quality of life is understood as maintenance of mobility, pain control, urinary and fecal continence, appetite, and interaction with humans. The performance of physical exercises by geriatric patients involves better pain control, preserving mobility and walking, delaying the advancement of aging and providing a better quality of life. This paper aims to make a literature review addressing the current understanding of exercise practices in the quality of life of elderly dogs.

Investigation of stress in primates maintained in zoo and its main implications on behavior and well-being

Brazil is considered the country which holds the largest number of known primate species. At captives without environmental enrichment program, especially in zoos, it is common for the animals to be easily discouraged from captive life, being bound to develop chronic stress condition. This review aimed to provide veterinary professionals and students with updated bibliography on stress in zoo captive primates, focusing on reactions resulting from these changes, as well as their implications for behavior and well-being. Integrative literature review using descriptors "Captivity", "Stress", "Primates", "Zoos" and "Wellbeing", on the main scientific research bases. The present work highlighted stress responses and its consequences on primate’s health and behavior captive in zoo through bibliographic survey, performing selected articles analysis, results interpretation, and discussion. It is concluded behavioral profile individual variations expose primates differently to stressful conditions. Public visitation, lack of structure, reduced enclosure, improper nutritional management, and unstimulated environment may be potential stress sources for some housed primates in zoo.

Yield potential of hybrid castor bean plants in different plant densities in the off season in a stressful environment / Potencial produtivo de híbridos de mamona em diferentes densidades de plantas na segunda safra em ambiente estressante

A mamona (Ricinus communis L.) tem proporcionado relevância no plano agroindustrial do país pela qualidade do óleo produzido. A obtenção de híbridos adaptados às condições de cultivo em segunda safra e com características apropriadas ao cultivo mecanizado é visado através do melhoramento. Assim sendo, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar híbridos precoces de mamona em função de populações de plantas cultivados na região da Nova Alta Paulista em segunda safra. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo três híbridos de mamona (AGIMA 110204, MIA e TAMAR) e quatro densidades de plantas por metro linear (2, 4, 6 e 8), com quatro repetições por tratamento. No dia 12 de abril de 2017 aconteceu a semeadura na fazenda de pesquisa da UNESP/FCAT – Campus de Dracena. As avaliações de desenvolvimento de plantas e características reprodutivas foram realizadas aos 138 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE). Altura de plantas, números de racemos por planta, massa de cem grãos e leitura SPAD de clorofila nos tratamentos testados tiveram médias semelhantes. O híbrido TAMAR apresentou a maior altura de inserção do primeiro racemo, e junto com o hibrido MIA tiveram os maiores racemos produzidos. O diâmetro do caule de todos os híbridos apresentou redução linear em função do aumento da população de plantas na linha de semeadura. A produtividade de grãos dos híbridos foi de 1.784 kg ha-1 (TAMAR), 1.659 kg ha-1(AGIMA 110204) e 1.547 kg ha-1 (MIA).

The relevance of the castor bean plant in Brazil's agribusiness plan lies in the quality of the oil it produces. That is why, to improve its quality, there is interest in obtaining hybrid plants adapted to off-season growing conditions and with the appropriate characteristics for mechanized cultivation. This study was conducted to examine the premature growth of hybrid castor bean plants as a function of plant populations cultivated in the off season in the Nova Alta Paulista region of the state of São Paulo. A randomized complete block design with a 3x4 factorial arrangement, three hybrid castor bean plants (AGIMA 110204, MIA, and TAMAR) and four individuals per linear meter (2, 4, 6, and 8), was adopted, and four replications wereperformed for each treatment. The seeds were sown on April 12, 2017, at the UNESP/FCAT research farm in Dracena, São Paulo. Assessments on plant development and reproductive traits were made 138 days after emergence (DAE). The plants’ height, number of racemes per plant, 100-grain weight, and SPAD chlorophyll reading in the treatments resulted in similar averages. The TAMAR hybrid presented the highest insertion point for the primary raceme and, along with the MIA hybrid, produced the largest racemes. The stem diameter of all the hybrids presented a linear decrease as the plant population increased along the line the seeds were sown. The grain yields of the hybrids were 1,784 kg ha-1(TAMAR), 1,659 kg ha-1 (AGIMA 110204), and 1,547 kg ha-1 (MIA).

Investigation of stress in primates maintained in zoo and its main implications on behavior and well-being

Brazil is considered the country which holds the largest number of known primate species. At captives without environmental enrichment program, especially in zoos, it is common for the animals to be easily discouraged from captive life, being bound to develop chronic stress condition. This review aimed to provide veterinary professionals and students with updated bibliography on stress in zoo captive primates, focusing on reactions resulting from these changes, as well as their implications for behavior and well-being. Integrative literature review using descriptors "Captivity", "Stress", "Primates", "Zoos" and "Wellbeing", on the main scientific research bases. The present work highlighted stress responses and its consequences on primates health and behavior captive in zoo through bibliographic survey, performing selected articles analysis, results interpretation, and discussion. It is concluded behavioral profile individual variations expose primates differently to stressful conditions. Public visitation, lack of structure, reduced enclosure, improper nutritional management, and unstimulated environment may be potential stress sources for some housed primates in zoo.(AU)

Yield potential of hybrid castor bean plants in different plant densities in the off season in a stressful environment / Potencial produtivo de híbridos de mamona em diferentes densidades de plantas na segunda safra em ambiente estressante

A mamona (Ricinus communis L.) tem proporcionado relevância no plano agroindustrial do país pela qualidade do óleo produzido. A obtenção de híbridos adaptados às condições de cultivo em segunda safra e com características apropriadas ao cultivo mecanizado é visado através do melhoramento. Assim sendo, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar híbridos precoces de mamona em função de populações de plantas cultivados na região da Nova Alta Paulista em segunda safra. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo três híbridos de mamona (AGIMA 110204, MIA e TAMAR) e quatro densidades de plantas por metro linear (2, 4, 6 e 8), com quatro repetições por tratamento. No dia 12 de abril de 2017 aconteceu a semeadura na fazenda de pesquisa da UNESP/FCAT Campus de Dracena. As avaliações de desenvolvimento de plantas e características reprodutivas foram realizadas aos 138 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE). Altura de plantas, números de racemos por planta, massa de cem grãos e leitura SPAD de clorofila nos tratamentos testados tiveram médias semelhantes. O híbrido TAMAR apresentou a maior altura de inserção do primeiro racemo, e junto com o hibrido MIA tiveram os maiores racemos produzidos. O diâmetro do caule de todos os híbridos apresentou redução linear em função do aumento da população de plantas na linha de semeadura. A produtividade de grãos dos híbridos foi de 1.784 kg ha-1 (TAMAR), 1.659 kg ha-1(AGIMA 110204) e 1.547 kg ha-1 (MIA).(AU)

The relevance of the castor bean plant in Brazil's agribusiness plan lies in the quality of the oil it produces. That is why, to improve its quality, there is interest in obtaining hybrid plants adapted to off-season growing conditions and with the appropriate characteristics for mechanized cultivation. This study was conducted to examine the premature growth of hybrid castor bean plants as a function of plant populations cultivated in the off season in the Nova Alta Paulista region of the state of São Paulo. A randomized complete block design with a 3x4 factorial arrangement, three hybrid castor bean plants (AGIMA 110204, MIA, and TAMAR) and four individuals per linear meter (2, 4, 6, and 8), was adopted, and four replications wereperformed for each treatment. The seeds were sown on April 12, 2017, at the UNESP/FCAT research farm in Dracena, São Paulo. Assessments on plant development and reproductive traits were made 138 days after emergence (DAE). The plants height, number of racemes per plant, 100-grain weight, and SPAD chlorophyll reading in the treatments resulted in similar averages. The TAMAR hybrid presented the highest insertion point for the primary raceme and, along with the MIA hybrid, produced the largest racemes. The stem diameter of all the hybrids presented a linear decrease as the plant population increased along the line the seeds were sown. The grain yields of the hybrids were 1,784 kg ha-1(TAMAR), 1,659 kg ha-1 (AGIMA 110204), and 1,547 kg ha-1 (MIA).(AU)

Exercise on a vibratory platform increases blood perfusion on the stifle joint and rectal temperature in healthy dogs / Exercício em plataforma vibratória aumenta a perfusão sanguínea da articulação do joelho e a temperatura retal de cães saudáveis

The effects of two vibration platform (VP) exercise protocols on stifle and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Eleven animals participated in two exercise protocols, different in duration in each exercise. Exercise protocol 1 (EP1) took 30 seconds and EP2, 60 seconds, with different vibratory levels in both cases (L1 = acceleration ≅ 1g, L4 = acceleration ≅ 2.5g, and L7 = acceleration ≅ 5g). The animals were evaluated before and 1 minute after the exercise, using infrared thermography to obtain stifle temperatures. The rectal temperature (RT) was also checked at each moment. The dogs had higher stifle temperatures in EP1 at all vibratory levels compared to the time before the exercise; EP2 resulted in higher temperature only at maximum vibration intensity (L7). Increase in TR was observed only in EP2. The results suggested that the short duration protocol (EP1) increased the muscular and peripheral vascular activities of the joint, regardless of the vibration intensity. The long duration protocol (EP2) with maximum vibration intensity increased the RT, demonstrating activity beyond the stifle muscle group. It is concluded that exercises on the VP can be used as complementary therapy for low-impact muscle activity in dogs and may be adequate for efficient energy consumption.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois protocolos de exercício em plataforma vibratória (PV) sobre as temperaturas dos joelhos e retais. Onze animais participaram de dois protocolos de exercício, diferentes na duração de cada exercício. O protocolo de exercício 1 (PE1) foi de 30 segundos e o PE2 foi de 60 segundos, com diferentes níveis vibratórios em ambos (L1 = aceleração ≅ 1g; L4 = aceleração ≅ 2,5g; e L7 = aceleração ≅ 5g). Os animais foram avaliados antes e um minuto após os exercícios, por meio de termografia infravermelha para a obtenção das temperaturas dos joelhos. A temperatura retal (TR) foi aferida em cada momento. Os cães apresentaram temperaturas dos joelhos mais elevadas em PE1, em todos os níveis vibratórios, em comparação a antes do exercício; o PE2 resultou em temperatura mais alta apenas na intensidade máxima de vibração (L7). Aumento na TR foi observado apenas no PE2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de curta duração (PE1) aumentou as atividades muscular e vascular periférica da articulação, independentemente da intensidade da vibração; o protocolo de longa duração (PE2) com intensidade máxima de vibração aumentou a TR demonstrando atividade além do grupo muscular do joelho. Conclui-se que os exercícios na PV podem ser utilizados como terapia complementar para atividade muscular de baixo impacto em cães e pode ser adequada para o consumo eficiente de energia.(AU)

Exercise on a vibratory platform increases blood perfusion on the stifle joint and rectal temperature in healthy dogs / Exercício em plataforma vibratória aumenta a perfusão sanguínea da articulação do joelho e a temperatura retal de cães saudáveis

The effects of two vibration platform (VP) exercise protocols on stifle and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Eleven animals participated in two exercise protocols, different in duration in each exercise. Exercise protocol 1 (EP1) took 30 seconds and EP2, 60 seconds, with different vibratory levels in both cases (L1 = acceleration ≅ 1g, L4 = acceleration ≅ 2.5g, and L7 = acceleration ≅ 5g). The animals were evaluated before and 1 minute after the exercise, using infrared thermography to obtain stifle temperatures. The rectal temperature (RT) was also checked at each moment. The dogs had higher stifle temperatures in EP1 at all vibratory levels compared to the time before the exercise; EP2 resulted in higher temperature only at maximum vibration intensity (L7). Increase in TR was observed only in EP2. The results suggested that the short duration protocol (EP1) increased the muscular and peripheral vascular activities of the joint, regardless of the vibration intensity. The long duration protocol (EP2) with maximum vibration intensity increased the RT, demonstrating activity beyond the stifle muscle group. It is concluded that exercises on the VP can be used as complementary therapy for low-impact muscle activity in dogs and may be adequate for efficient energy consumption.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois protocolos de exercício em plataforma vibratória (PV) sobre as temperaturas dos joelhos e retais. Onze animais participaram de dois protocolos de exercício, diferentes na duração de cada exercício. O protocolo de exercício 1 (PE1) foi de 30 segundos e o PE2 foi de 60 segundos, com diferentes níveis vibratórios em ambos (L1 = aceleração ≅ 1g; L4 = aceleração ≅ 2,5g; e L7 = aceleração ≅ 5g). Os animais foram avaliados antes e um minuto após os exercícios, por meio de termografia infravermelha para a obtenção das temperaturas dos joelhos. A temperatura retal (TR) foi aferida em cada momento. Os cães apresentaram temperaturas dos joelhos mais elevadas em PE1, em todos os níveis vibratórios, em comparação a antes do exercício; o PE2 resultou em temperatura mais alta apenas na intensidade máxima de vibração (L7). Aumento na TR foi observado apenas no PE2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de curta duração (PE1) aumentou as atividades muscular e vascular periférica da articulação, independentemente da intensidade da vibração; o protocolo de longa duração (PE2) com intensidade máxima de vibração aumentou a TR demonstrando atividade além do grupo muscular do joelho. Conclui-se que os exercícios na PV podem ser utilizados como terapia complementar para atividade muscular de baixo impacto em cães e pode ser adequada para o consumo eficiente de energia.(AU)

Heart structure, serum cholesterol, and adiposity of rats treated with a hypercaloric diet: effectiveness of Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck and swimming / Estrutura cardíaca, colesterol sérico e adiposidade de ratos submetidos a dieta hipercalórica: eficácia da Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck e da natação

This study evaluated the effects of the herbal medicine red orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and swimming for 84 days on the animal, heart, and abdominal fat weight and the histomorphometric aspects of heart and total cholesterol of Wistar rats. The rats were divided into seven experimental groups of 12 animals each, consisting of a normocaloric diet (Dn), hypercaloric diet (Dh), normocaloric diet and herbal medicine (DnH), hypercaloric diet and herbal medicine (DhH), normocaloric diet and swimming (DnS), hypercaloric diet and swimming (DhS), and hypercaloric diet, swimming, and herbal medicine (DhSH). The data were analyzed statistically by the Tukey test and considered significant when p < 0.05. Groups treated with the normocaloric diet had lower abdominal fat weight. The normocaloric diet and herbal medicine (DnH) provided the smallest thickness of the right ventricle. The hypercaloric diet (Dh) reduced the number of cardiomyocytes and the perimeter of cardiac muscle fibers. Swimming and the red orange extract acted synergistically by reducing the deleterious effects of the hypercaloric diet and increasing the thickness of the cardiac chambers and the number of cardiomyocytes. Only the supplementation with the red orange extract did not reduce abdominal fat in rats treated with a hypercaloric diet. Therefore, red orange alone did not promote beneficial changes in the studied data, but its association with swimming increased the number of cardiomyocytes and thickness of muscle fibers, which could contribute to preventing cardiovascular diseases and maintaining health, as well as the regular swimming and a normocaloric diet, which provided less adiposity.

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do fitoterápico Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck e da natação durante 84 dias sobre o peso dos animais, do coração e da gordura abdominal e aspectos histomorfométricos do coração e colesterol total de ratos Wistar. Sete grupos experimentais, de 12 animais cada, que consistiram em dieta normocalórica (Dn), hipercalórica (Dh), dieta normocalórica e fitoterápico (DnF), dieta hipercalórica e fitoterápico (DhF), dieta normocalórica e natação (DnN), dieta hipercalórica e natação (DhN), e dieta hipercalórica, natação e fitoterápico (DhNF). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de Tukey e considerados significativos quando p < 0,05. Os grupos tratados com dieta normocalórica tiveram menor peso da gordura abdominal. A dieta normocalórica e fitoterápico (grupo DnF) proporcionou menor espessura do ventrículo direito. A dieta hipercalórica (Dh) reduziu o número de cardiomiócitos e o perímetro das fibras musculares cardíacas. A natação e o extrato de laranja agiram de forma sinérgica ao reduzir os efeitos deletérios da dieta hipercalórica e aumentou a espessura das câmaras cardíacas e o número de cardiomiócitos. Somente a suplementação com extrato de laranja vermelha não reduziu a gordura abdominal em ratos tratados com dieta rica em calorias. Conclui-se que a laranja vermelha sozinha não promoveu alterações benéficas nos dados estudados, entretanto, associada com a natação, promoveu aumento no número de cardiomiócitos e espessura das fibras musculares, o que poderia contribuir com a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e a manutenção da saúde, assim como a prática regular de natação e dieta normocalórica, que proporcionaram uma menor adiposidade.

Laminite endocrinopática em equinos com síndrome metabólica: características clínicas, tratamento e evolução em três pacientes ˗ relato de caso / [Endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with metabolic syndrome: clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution in three patients ˗ case report]

Laminite endocrinopática designa os casos de laminite cuja etiologia está associada a uma endocrinopatia. Cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina (SME) apresentam adiposidade regional e obesidade. Existe uma correlação positiva entre obesidade e resistência à insulina. Este relato descreve três casos de laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com SME. Os pacientes apresentaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) variando de 8 a 9 (escala de 1 a 9), sensibilidade ao teste de pinçamento do casco e claudicação de grau 3 ou 4 (escala de 1 a 4). Não havia histórico de cólica recente, trauma ou excesso de exercício. O tratamento incluiu medicação anti-inflamatória não esteroidal, repouso na baia, restrição energética para perda de peso, revestimento e bandagem dos membros, conforme a necessidade de cada paciente. A restrição alimentar ajudou no tratamento da SME e reduziu o ECC. Tratamento medicamentoso, casqueamento e bandagem diminuíram o grau de claudicação. Conclui-se que o tratamento anti-inflamatório não esteroidal, a restrição energética, o repouso em baia, o casqueamento e a bandagem do casco são eficazes no tratamento da laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina.(AU)

Endocrinopathic laminitis refers to cases of laminitis whose etiology is associated with an endocrinopathy. Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) have regional adiposity and obesity. There is a positive correlation between obesity and insulin resistance. This report describes three cases of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with EMS. Patients had body condition score (BCS) ranging from 8 to 9 (scale from 1 to 9), sensitivity to the hoof clamping test and claudication grade 3 or 4 (scale from 1 to 4). There was no history of recent colic, trauma or over exercise. Treatment included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, stall rest, energy restriction for weight loss, hoofing and hoof bandage as needed by each patient. Dietary restriction helped in the treatment of EMS and reduced BCS. Drug treatment, hoofing and hoof bandage decreased the degree of lameness. It is concluded that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment, energy restriction, stall rest, hoofing and hoof bandage are effective in the treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.(AU)

Heart structure, serum cholesterol, and adiposity of rats treated with a hypercaloric diet: effectiveness of Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck and swimming / Estrutura cardíaca, colesterol sérico e adiposidade de ratos submetidos a dieta hipercalórica: eficácia da Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck e da natação

This study evaluated the effects of the herbal medicine red orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and swimming for 84 days on the animal, heart, and abdominal fat weight and the histomorphometric aspects of heart and total cholesterol of Wistar rats. The rats were divided into seven experimental groups of 12 animals each, consisting of a normocaloric diet (Dn), hypercaloric diet (Dh), normocaloric diet and herbal medicine (DnH), hypercaloric diet and herbal medicine (DhH), normocaloric diet and swimming (DnS), hypercaloric diet and swimming (DhS), and hypercaloric diet, swimming, and herbal medicine (DhSH). The data were analyzed statistically by the Tukey test and considered significant when p < 0.05. Groups treated with the normocaloric diet had lower abdominal fat weight. The normocaloric diet and herbal medicine (DnH) provided the smallest thickness of the right ventricle. The hypercaloric diet (Dh) reduced the number of cardiomyocytes and the perimeter of cardiac muscle fibers. Swimming and the red orange extract acted synergistically by reducing the deleterious effects of the hypercaloric diet and increasing the thickness of the cardiac chambers and the number of cardiomyocytes. Only the supplementation with the red orange extract did not reduce abdominal fat in rats treated with a hypercaloric diet. Therefore, red orange alone did not promote beneficial changes in the studied data, but its association with swimming increased the number of cardiomyocytes and thickness of muscle fibers, which could contribute to preventing cardiovascular diseases and maintaining health, as well as the regular swimming and a normocaloric diet, which provided less adiposity.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do fitoterápico Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck e da natação durante 84 dias sobre o peso dos animais, do coração e da gordura abdominal e aspectos histomorfométricos do coração e colesterol total de ratos Wistar. Sete grupos experimentais, de 12 animais cada, que consistiram em dieta normocalórica (Dn), hipercalórica (Dh), dieta normocalórica e fitoterápico (DnF), dieta hipercalórica e fitoterápico (DhF), dieta normocalórica e natação (DnN), dieta hipercalórica e natação (DhN), e dieta hipercalórica, natação e fitoterápico (DhNF). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de Tukey e considerados significativos quando p < 0,05. Os grupos tratados com dieta normocalórica tiveram menor peso da gordura abdominal. A dieta normocalórica e fitoterápico (grupo DnF) proporcionou menor espessura do ventrículo direito. A dieta hipercalórica (Dh) reduziu o número de cardiomiócitos e o perímetro das fibras musculares cardíacas. A natação e o extrato de laranja agiram de forma sinérgica ao reduzir os efeitos deletérios da dieta hipercalórica e aumentou a espessura das câmaras cardíacas e o número de cardiomiócitos. Somente a suplementação com extrato de laranja vermelha não reduziu a gordura abdominal em ratos tratados com dieta rica em calorias. Conclui-se que a laranja vermelha sozinha não promoveu alterações benéficas nos dados estudados, entretanto, associada com a natação, promoveu aumento no número de cardiomiócitos e espessura das fibras musculares, o que poderia contribuir com a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e a manutenção da saúde, assim como a prática regular de natação e dieta normocalórica, que proporcionaram uma menor adiposidade.(AU)

Laminite endocrinopática em equinos com síndrome metabólica: características clínicas, tratamento e evolução em três pacientes - relato de caso / [Endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with metabolic syndrome: clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution in three patients - case report]

Laminite endocrinopática designa os casos de laminite cuja etiologia está associada a uma endocrinopatia. Cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina (SME) apresentam adiposidade regional e obesidade. Existe uma correlação positiva entre obesidade e resistência à insulina. Este relato descreve três casos de laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com SME. Os pacientes apresentaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) variando de 8 a 9 (escala de 1 a 9), sensibilidade ao teste de pinçamento do casco e claudicação de grau 3 ou 4 (escala de 1 a 4). Não havia histórico de cólica recente, trauma ou excesso de exercício. O tratamento incluiu medicação anti-inflamatória não esteroidal, repouso na baia, restrição energética para perda de peso, revestimento e bandagem dos membros, conforme a necessidade de cada paciente. A restrição alimentar ajudou no tratamento da SME e reduziu o ECC. Tratamento medicamentoso, casqueamento e bandagem diminuíram o grau de claudicação. Conclui-se que o tratamento anti-inflamatório não esteroidal, a restrição energética, o repouso em baia, o casqueamento e a bandagem do casco são eficazes no tratamento da laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina.(AU)

Endocrinopathic laminitis refers to cases of laminitis whose etiology is associated with an endocrinopathy. Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) have regional adiposity and obesity. There is a positive correlation between obesity and insulin resistance. This report describes three cases of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with EMS. Patients had body condition score (BCS) ranging from 8 to 9 (scale from 1 to 9), sensitivity to the hoof clamping test and claudication grade 3 or 4 (scale from 1 to 4). There was no history of recent colic, trauma or over exercise. Treatment included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, stall rest, energy restriction for weight loss, hoofing and hoof bandage as needed by each patient. Dietary restriction helped in the treatment of EMS and reduced BCS. Drug treatment, hoofing and hoof bandage decreased the degree of lameness. It is concluded that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment, energy restriction, stall rest, hoofing and hoof bandage are effective in the treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas e status de hidratação em equinos após dois percursos de três tambores

Studies on biochemical constituents and hydration of horses in training or competitions are essential for the knowledge of their adaptive physiological and metabolic responses to the type of exercise inherent to the sport. The present research evaluated the effects of exercise on hydric status and physiologic and biochemical profiles in Quarter Horses during a barrel race training session. The design consisted of three evaluation times (T): at rest, before the start of physical activity (T0); immediately after a 10-minute warm-up trot and then running the barrel race courses twice with a 10-minute interval (T1); and after one hour's rest after the second course (T2). The parameters analyzed were: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and mucose color; the capillary refill time (CRT), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma proteins (TPP), serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated and used to infer water status; plasma osmolarity (Osm) was measured; the electrolytes sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg) and phosphorus (P), plasma glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) and the muscle enzymes creattine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) completed the evaluated parameters. The data for the variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% probability. After exercise (in T1), HR, RR, BT, PCV, TPP, Glu, Lac, Cre increased (P<0.05), there was also increase in phosphorus and decrease in K (P<0.05), but there was no hypophosphatemia and hipokalemia, respectively. After rest (in T2), only glucose returned to baseline levels (T0) and, with lower mean values, HR, RR, BT, PCV, K and Lac did not return to baseline levels (T0), while P decreased (P<0.05). Osm, BUN, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK and AST did not change between times (P>0.05). It was concluded that the maximum intensity exercise performed on two barrel race courses caused mild hemoconcentration, did not changed plasma osmolality or concentrations of important electrolytes and muscle enzymes of horses, but caused hyperlactatemia without the plasma lactate concentrations being fully recomposed after resting.(AU)

O perfil bioquímico e o status de hidratação de equinos em treinamentos ou competições fornecem dados importantes das suas respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas em relação ao tipo específico de exercício em uma modalidade esportiva. No presente estudo, o status hídrico e o perfil fisiológico-bioquímico de equinos foram avaliados durante treinamento de três tambores, em três tempos (T): em repouso, antes do início da atividade física (T0); imediatamente após 10 minutos de aquecimento ao trote seguido de duas corridas na pista de tambor, intervaladas em 10 minutos (T1); e após uma hora de descanso do segundo percurso (T2). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (BT) e cor da mucosa; o tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC), volume globular ou hematócrito (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), creatinina sérica (Cre) e a ureia (Ure) foram avaliados e utilizados para inferir o estado hídrico dos animais; a osmolaridade plasmática (Osm) também foi mensurada; as concentrações dos eletrólitos sódio (Na), potássio (K), cloreto (Cl), cálcio total (tCa), magnésio total (tMg) e fósforo (P), e das enzimas musculares foram mensurados no soro, e as de glicose (Gli) e lactato (Lac) no plasma. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o exercício (T1), a FC, FR, TC, VG, TPP, Gli, Lac, Cre aumentaram. O P também aumentou (P<0,05), mas não alcançou nível de hiperfosfatemia, e o K diminuiu (P<0,05), mas não ao nível de hipocalemia. Embora com médias menores, a FC, FR, TC, VG, K e o Lac não retornaram aos níveis basais (T0) após o repouso (T2), apenas a Gli, enquanto o fósforo diminuiu (P<0,05). A Osm, ureia, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK e AST não variaram entre os tempos (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, o exercício de intensidade máxima realizado em dois percursos de três tambores causou leve hemoconcentração, não alterou a osmolaridade plasmática nem importantes concentrações de eletrólitos e de enzimas musculares dos equinos, porém, causou hiperlactatemia, sem completa recomposição da concentração do lactato após uma hora de descanso.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas e status de hidratação em equinos após dois percursos de três tambores

Studies on biochemical constituents and hydration of horses in training or competitions are essential for the knowledge of their adaptive physiological and metabolic responses to the type of exercise inherent to the sport. The present research evaluated the effects of exercise on hydric status and physiologic and biochemical profiles in Quarter Horses during a barrel race training session. The design consisted of three evaluation times (T): at rest, before the start of physical activity (T0); immediately after a 10-minute warm-up trot and then running the barrel race courses twice with a 10-minute interval (T1); and after one hour's rest after the second course (T2). The parameters analyzed were: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and mucose color; the capillary refill time (CRT), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma proteins (TPP), serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated and used to infer water status; plasma osmolarity (Osm) was measured; the electrolytes sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg) and phosphorus (P), plasma glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) and the muscle enzymes creattine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) completed the evaluated parameters. The data for the variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% probability. After exercise (in T1), HR, RR, BT, PCV, TPP, Glu, Lac, Cre increased (P<0.05), there was also increase in phosphorus and decrease in K (P<0.05), but there was no hypophosphatemia and hipokalemia, respectively. After rest (in T2), only glucose returned to baseline levels (T0) and, with lower mean values, HR, RR, BT, PCV, K and Lac did not return to baseline levels (T0), while P decreased (P<0.05). Osm, BUN, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK and AST did not change between times (P>0.05). It was concluded that the maximum intensity exercise performed on two barrel race courses caused mild hemoconcentration, did not changed plasma osmolality or concentrations of important electrolytes and muscle enzymes of horses, but caused hyperlactatemia without the plasma lactate concentrations being fully recomposed after resting.(AU)

O perfil bioquímico e o status de hidratação de equinos em treinamentos ou competições fornecem dados importantes das suas respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas em relação ao tipo específico de exercício em uma modalidade esportiva. No presente estudo, o status hídrico e o perfil fisiológico-bioquímico de equinos foram avaliados durante treinamento de três tambores, em três tempos (T): em repouso, antes do início da atividade física (T0); imediatamente após 10 minutos de aquecimento ao trote seguido de duas corridas na pista de tambor, intervaladas em 10 minutos (T1); e após uma hora de descanso do segundo percurso (T2). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (BT) e cor da mucosa; o tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC), volume globular ou hematócrito (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), creatinina sérica (Cre) e a ureia (Ure) foram avaliados e utilizados para inferir o estado hídrico dos animais; a osmolaridade plasmática (Osm) também foi mensurada; as concentrações dos eletrólitos sódio (Na), potássio (K), cloreto (Cl), cálcio total (tCa), magnésio total (tMg) e fósforo (P), e das enzimas musculares foram mensurados no soro, e as de glicose (Gli) e lactato (Lac) no plasma. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o exercício (T1), a FC, FR, TC, VG, TPP, Gli, Lac, Cre aumentaram. O P também aumentou (P<0,05), mas não alcançou nível de hiperfosfatemia, e o K diminuiu (P<0,05), mas não ao nível de hipocalemia. Embora com médias menores, a FC, FR, TC, VG, K e o Lac não retornaram aos níveis basais (T0) após o repouso (T2), apenas a Gli, enquanto o fósforo diminuiu (P<0,05). A Osm, ureia, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK e AST não variaram entre os tempos (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, o exercício de intensidade máxima realizado em dois percursos de três tambores causou leve hemoconcentração, não alterou a osmolaridade plasmática nem importantes concentrações de eletrólitos e de enzimas musculares dos equinos, porém, causou hiperlactatemia, sem completa recomposição da concentração do lactato após uma hora de descanso.(AU)

Análise estatística multivariada da expressão de microRNAs no exercício exaustivo em Rattus norvegicus / Multivariate statistical analysis of expression of microRNAs in the exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus

MicroRNAs são pequenas moléculas de RNA que atuam na regulação e silenciamento gênico em organismos eucariotos. Na atividade física a compreensão da expressão de microRNAs pode ser relevante para entendimento da sua fisiologia. Feito o transcriptoma do exercício exaustivo agudo em Rattus norvegicus, buscou-se analisar a expressão diferencial (através do valor obtido de Fold-Change) de microRNAs, com o auxílio de avaliação estatística multivariada, em ambiente R. Os métodos usados mostraram expressão de 71 miRNAs. Destes, destacaram-se 6 (por análise PCoA) e dois microRNAs: mir145 e mir186 (por análise de expressão diferencial, EBseq). Concluiu-se que com os métodos usados (PCoA, Permanova e Simper) foi possível analisar a expressão diferencial de microRNAs e destacar possíveis alvos de estudo para o exercício experimental extenuante.

MicroRNAs are small molecules of RNA that act on the regulation and gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. In physical activity the understanding of the expression of microRNAs may be relevant to understanding their physiology. The transcriptome of acute exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus was used to analyze the differential expression (through the Fold-Change value obtained) of microRNAs, with the aid of multivariate statistical evaluation, in the R environment. The methods used showed expression of 71 miRNAs. Of these, six (by PCoA analysis) and two microRNAs: mir145 and mir186 (by differential expression analysis, EBseq) were highlighted. It was concluded that with the methods used (PCoA, Permanova and Simper) it was possible to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs and to highlight possible study targets for the strenuous experimental exercise.