Effect of evaporated ethyl pyruvate on reducing salmonella enteritidis in raw chicken meat

In this study, the effect of evaporated ethyl pyruvate (EP) was evaluated for the decontamination of Salmonella Enteritidis on chicken leg meat as a safe alternative to antimicrobial agent. Also, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli and yeast-mold counts samples were investigated. Subsequently, the samples were injected with 0, 42, 105 and 420 mg evaporated EP/L air to the paper filter attached to the container cover and stored at +4 °C for 10 days. According to the results, 42 mg EP/L concentration did not cause a significant decrease in Salmonella Enteritidis count (p>0.05). However, it was determined that 105 and 420 mg EP/L treatments reduced the number of Salmonella Enteritidis by more than 1 and 2 log, respectively. EP application also significantly influenced the number of TAMB, Enterobacteriaceae and yeast-mold. These results indicate that EP is an effective antimicrobial that could be used to enhance the safety of chicken meat.(AU)

Effect of evaporated ethyl pyruvate on reducing salmonella enteritidis in raw chicken meat

In this study, the effect of evaporated ethyl pyruvate (EP) was evaluated for the decontamination of Salmonella Enteritidis on chicken leg meat as a safe alternative to antimicrobial agent. Also, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli and yeast-mold counts samples were investigated. Subsequently, the samples were injected with 0, 42, 105 and 420 mg evaporated EP/L air to the paper filter attached to the container cover and stored at +4 °C for 10 days. According to the results, 42 mg EP/L concentration did not cause a significant decrease in Salmonella Enteritidis count (p>0.05). However, it was determined that 105 and 420 mg EP/L treatments reduced the number of Salmonella Enteritidis by more than 1 and 2 log, respectively. EP application also significantly influenced the number of TAMB, Enterobacteriaceae and yeast-mold. These results indicate that EP is an effective antimicrobial that could be used to enhance the safety of chicken meat.

Ethyl-pyruvate reduces lung injury matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines and improves survival in experimental model of severe acute pancreatitis

PURPOSE: To investigate if the ethyl-pyruvate solution could reduce mortality in AP and/or diminish the acute lung injury. METHODS: Forty male rats, weighing between 270 to 330 grams were operated. An experimental model of severe AP by injection of 0.1ml/100g of 2.5% sodium taurocholate into the bilio-pancreatic duct was utilized. The rats were divided into two groups of ten animals each: CT - control (treatment with 50ml/kg of Ringer's solution, intraperitoneal) and EP (treatment with 50ml/kg of Ringer ethyl- pyruvate solution, intra-peritoneal), three hours following AP induction. After six hours, a new infusion of the treatment solution was performed in each group. Two hours later, the animals were killed and the pulmonary parenchyma was resected for biomolecular analysis, consisting of: interleukin, myeloperoxidase, MDA, nitric oxide, metalloproteinases and heat shock protein. In the second part of the experiment, another, 20 rats were randomly divided into EP and CT groups, in order to evaluate a survival comparison between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in IL-1B,IL-10, MMP-9, HSP70, nitric oxide, MPO, MDA (lipidic peroxidation) concerning both groups. The levels of IL-6 were significantly diminished in the EP group. Furthermore, the MMP-2 levels were also reduced in the EP group (p<0.05). The animals from the EP treatment groups had improved survival, when compared to control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ethyl-pyruvate diminishes acute lung injury inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis and ameliorates survival when compared to control group, in the experimental model of necrotizing acute pancreatitis.(AU)

Propriedades enzimáticas da enzima ALS de Cyperus difformis e mecanismo de resistência da espécie ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Cyperus difformis L. is a weed that occurs in flooded rice, which has presented difficulty in controlling due to the resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides. The objectives of this research were to investigate kinetic characteristics of ALS enzyme from C. difformis biotypes and to determine the biochemical bases of resistance from the species to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicide. For that, experiments were conducted at the BIOAGRO/UFV laboratory. The method used was based on the methodology used by CAREY et al. (1997) and adapted by VARGAS et al. (1999), with some modifications. It was evaluated substratum concentration (pyruvate) that provides initial velocity equal to half the speed reaction (K M) and maximum velocity of reaction (Vmáx), as well the activity of the ALS enzyme in the presence of the inhibitor (pyrazosulfuron-ethyl). According to the results, it is possible to observe that C. difformis resistance to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl is due to the insensibility of the ALS enzyme to the herbicide, however without penalty to K M and Vmáx kinetic parameters of the ALS enzyme.

Cyperus difformis L. é uma planta daninha ocorrente em lavouras de arroz irrigado, que tem apresentado dificuldade de controle devido à resistência a herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar características cinéticas da enzima ALS de biótipos de C. difformis e determinar as bases bioquímicas da resistência da espécie ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos em laboratório do BIOAGRO/UFV. O método utilizado baseou-se na metologia utilizada por CAREY et al. (1997) e adaptada por VARGAS et al. (1999), com algumas modificações. Foram avaliadas a concentração de substrato (piruvato) que fornece velocidade inicial igual à metade da velocidade máxima de reação (K M) e velocidade máxima de reação (Vmáx), bem como a atividade da enzima ALS na presença do inibidor (pyrazosulfuron-ethyl). Diante dos resultados, pode-se observar que a resistência de C. difformis a pyrazosulfuron-ethyl é decorrente da insensibilidade da enzima ALS ao herbicida, não acarretando, porém, prejuízo aos parâmetros cinéticos K M e Vmáx da enzima ALS.

Propriedades enzimáticas da enzima ALS de Cyperus difformis e mecanismo de resistência da espécie ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Cyperus difformis L. is a weed that occurs in flooded rice, which has presented difficulty in controlling due to the resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides. The objectives of this research were to investigate kinetic characteristics of ALS enzyme from C. difformis biotypes and to determine the biochemical bases of resistance from the species to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicide. For that, experiments were conducted at the BIOAGRO/UFV laboratory. The method used was based on the methodology used by CAREY et al. (1997) and adapted by VARGAS et al. (1999), with some modifications. It was evaluated substratum concentration (pyruvate) that provides initial velocity equal to half the speed reaction (K M) and maximum velocity of reaction (Vmáx), as well the activity of the ALS enzyme in the presence of the inhibitor (pyrazosulfuron-ethyl). According to the results, it is possible to observe that C. difformis resistance to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl is due to the insensibility of the ALS enzyme to the herbicide, however without penalty to K M and Vmáx kinetic parameters of the ALS enzyme.

Cyperus difformis L. é uma planta daninha ocorrente em lavouras de arroz irrigado, que tem apresentado dificuldade de controle devido à resistência a herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar características cinéticas da enzima ALS de biótipos de C. difformis e determinar as bases bioquímicas da resistência da espécie ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos em laboratório do BIOAGRO/UFV. O método utilizado baseou-se na metologia utilizada por CAREY et al. (1997) e adaptada por VARGAS et al. (1999), com algumas modificações. Foram avaliadas a concentração de substrato (piruvato) que fornece velocidade inicial igual à metade da velocidade máxima de reação (K M) e velocidade máxima de reação (Vmáx), bem como a atividade da enzima ALS na presença do inibidor (pyrazosulfuron-ethyl). Diante dos resultados, pode-se observar que a resistência de C. difformis a pyrazosulfuron-ethyl é decorrente da insensibilidade da enzima ALS ao herbicida, não acarretando, porém, prejuízo aos parâmetros cinéticos K M e Vmáx da enzima ALS.

Bioensaio rápido de determinação da sensibilidade da acetolactato sintase (ALS) a herbicidas inibidores

In order to compare the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity of resistant and susceptible biotypes of Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus quitensis to ALS inhibitor herbicides, a method based on ciclopronocarboxilic acid (CPCA) to inhibit the enzyme ketoacidredutoisomerase (KARI) is used. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction after acetolactate in the biosynthesis reaction chain of the aminoacids valine, leucine and isoleucine. In the presence of a KARI inhibitor, carbon from pyruvate flows through the branched chain aminoacid biosynthetic pathway and accumulates in acetolactate, which in the presence of sulfuric acid can be converted to acetoin. The base to distinguish between the resistant and susceptible biotypes is the amount of acetoin formed, which will be much higher in the biotype where the ALS was not inhibited by the herbicide. If acetoin is mixed with naphtol and creatine the solution will develop a reddish color, so that it is possible to quantify indirectly the sensitivity of the ALS to the herbicide by the color of the solution formed. An experiment was carried out with suspected resistant biotypes of Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus quitensis using this method after spraying the plants at the two pair leaf stage with chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr. The ALS of the resistant biotype has insensitivity to ALS inhibitor herbicides.

Foi avaliada a atividade da acetolactato sintase (ALS), em plantas resistentes e suscetíveis de B. pilosa e A. quitensis após a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da ALS. O método baseia-se na utilização do ácido ciclopropanodicarboxílico (CPCA) para inibir a cetoácido reductoisomerase (KARI), enzima que catalisa a reação seguinte do acetolactato na cadeia de biossíntese dos aminoácidos valina, leucina e isoleucina, provocando assim, o acúmulo de acetolactato, que na presença de um ácido forte forma acetoína. A base para a distinção entre os biotipos resistentes e suscetíveis é a quantidade de acetoína formada, que será maior nos biotipos em que a enzima ALS não sofreu inibição, ou seja, nos biotipos resistentes. A quantificação da acetoína acumulada ocorreu através da formação de um complexo colorido vermelho, devido a reação entre acetoína, creatina e naftol, cuja densidade ótica a 530 nm é proporcional à concentração do acetolactato formado na reação. Sendo assim, foi desenvolvido um ensaio utilizando este método após a aplicação dos herbicidas chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr nos biotipos R e S de Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus quitensis no estádio de dois pares de folhas. O bioensaio demonstrou que a enzima ALS dos biotipos resistentes é insensível aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e que este tipo de bioensaio é uma forma rápida e eficaz de diferenciação entre biotipos resistentes e suscetíveis.

Bioensaio rápido de determinação da sensibilidade da acetolactato sintase (ALS) a herbicidas inibidores

In order to compare the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity of resistant and susceptible biotypes of Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus quitensis to ALS inhibitor herbicides, a method based on ciclopronocarboxilic acid (CPCA) to inhibit the enzyme ketoacidredutoisomerase (KARI) is used. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction after acetolactate in the biosynthesis reaction chain of the aminoacids valine, leucine and isoleucine. In the presence of a KARI inhibitor, carbon from pyruvate flows through the branched chain aminoacid biosynthetic pathway and accumulates in acetolactate, which in the presence of sulfuric acid can be converted to acetoin. The base to distinguish between the resistant and susceptible biotypes is the amount of acetoin formed, which will be much higher in the biotype where the ALS was not inhibited by the herbicide. If acetoin is mixed with naphtol and creatine the solution will develop a reddish color, so that it is possible to quantify indirectly the sensitivity of the ALS to the herbicide by the color of the solution formed. An experiment was carried out with suspected resistant biotypes of Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus quitensis using this method after spraying the plants at the two pair leaf stage with chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr. The ALS of the resistant biotype has insensitivity to ALS inhibitor herbicides.

Foi avaliada a atividade da acetolactato sintase (ALS), em plantas resistentes e suscetíveis de B. pilosa e A. quitensis após a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da ALS. O método baseia-se na utilização do ácido ciclopropanodicarboxílico (CPCA) para inibir a cetoácido reductoisomerase (KARI), enzima que catalisa a reação seguinte do acetolactato na cadeia de biossíntese dos aminoácidos valina, leucina e isoleucina, provocando assim, o acúmulo de acetolactato, que na presença de um ácido forte forma acetoína. A base para a distinção entre os biotipos resistentes e suscetíveis é a quantidade de acetoína formada, que será maior nos biotipos em que a enzima ALS não sofreu inibição, ou seja, nos biotipos resistentes. A quantificação da acetoína acumulada ocorreu através da formação de um complexo colorido vermelho, devido a reação entre acetoína, creatina e naftol, cuja densidade ótica a 530 nm é proporcional à concentração do acetolactato formado na reação. Sendo assim, foi desenvolvido um ensaio utilizando este método após a aplicação dos herbicidas chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr nos biotipos R e S de Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus quitensis no estádio de dois pares de folhas. O bioensaio demonstrou que a enzima ALS dos biotipos resistentes é insensível aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e que este tipo de bioensaio é uma forma rápida e eficaz de diferenciação entre biotipos resistentes e suscetíveis.