Parasitism rate of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in greenhouse by Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females at different densities / Taxa de parasitismo de lagartas Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) em estufa por fêmeas de Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em diferentes densidades

Parasitoids control insect pests, but their number per host affects their efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the best density of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) individuals parasitizing fourth instar Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in greenhouse conditions. These larvae were exposed to parasitism by T. howardi females with 1:1, 3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1, 15:1 and 18:1 parasitoid/host ratios with 10 replications during 96 hours. After this period the larvae were kept on host plants (Brassica oleracea) until pupa formation. Tetrastichus howardi parasitized and reproduced in P. xylostella larvae at all its densities tested, but with higher values, 84% and 10 ± 2.4 individuals, respectively, with 9:1 parasitoids/host. Nine T. howardi females per P. xylostella larvae are the adequate number to manage this insect pest.

Os parasitoides controlam os insetos pragas, mas o seu número por hospedeiro afeta a sua eficiência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a melhor densidade de Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitando o quarto instar de larvas de Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) em condições de estufa. Estas lagartas foram expostas ao parasitismo por fêmeas T. howardi com densidades 1:1, 3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1, 15:1 e 18:1 de parasitoide/hospedeiro com 10 repetições durante 96 horas. Após este período, as lagartas foram mantidas em plantas hospedeiras (Brassica oleracea) até à formação de pupas. Tetrastichus howardi parasitaram e reproduziram em lagartas P. xylostella em todas as suas densidades testadas, mas com valores mais elevados de 84% e 10 ± 2.4 indivíduos, respectivamente, com 9:1 parasitoides/hospedeiro. Nove fêmeas de T. howardi por lagarta de P. xylostella são o número adequado para controlar está praga de inseto.

Distribution of galling insects and their parasitoids on Caryocar brasiliense tree crowns

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian savanna and its fruits are used by humans for food, production of cosmetics, lubricants, and in the pharmaceutical industry. This plant is damaged by galling insects. Number of these galling insects and their parasitoids was recorded, in the field (galls) and in the laboratory (adults emerged from the galls), from three C. brasiliense crown heights, during three years. Numbers of adults of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), galling insect (younger attack) and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (a parasitoid of Eurytoma sp.), were greater on the apical parts of C. brasiliense tree crowns. Numbers and groups of Eurytoma sp. globoid galls (older attack) were higher in the median and basal crown parts. The numbers of Eurytoma sp. galls were higher on apical part of C. brasiliense tree crown and also of their parasitoids.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é, amplamente, distribuída no cerrado brasileiro e seus frutos são utilizados para alimentação humana, produção de cosméticos, lubrificantes e na indústria farmacêutica, no entanto, é danificada por insetos galhadores. O número de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides foram avaliados, em campo (galhas) e em laboratório (emergência de adultos das galhas), em três alturas do dossel de C. brasiliense, durante três anos. Os números de adultos Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), inseto galhador (galhas novas) e de Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), parasitoide de Eurytoma sp., foram maiores na parte apical do dossel da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense. A quantidade de galhas globoides de Eurytoma sp., isoladas ou em grupo (galhas velhas), foi maior na parte mediana e basal da copa. Os números de adultos do galhador Eurytoma sp. e de seus parasitoides, que os seguem, foram maiores na parte apical da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense.

Distribution of galling insects and their parasitoids on Caryocar brasiliense tree crowns / Distribuição de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides em copas de pequizeiros (Caryocar brasiliense)

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian savanna and its fruits are used by humans for food, production of cosmetics, lubricants, and in the pharmaceutical industry. This plant is damaged by galling insects. Number of these galling insects and their parasitoids was recorded, in the field (galls) and in the laboratory (adults emerged from the galls), from three C. brasiliense crown heights, during three years. Numbers of adults of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), galling insect (younger attack) and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (a parasitoid of Eurytoma sp.), were greater on the apical parts of C. brasiliense tree crowns. Numbers and groups of Eurytoma sp. globoid galls (older attack) were higher in the median and basal crown parts. The numbers of Eurytoma sp. galls were higher on apical part of C. brasiliense tree crown and also of their parasitoids.

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é, amplamente, distribuída no cerrado brasileiro e seus frutos são utilizados para alimentação humana, produção de cosméticos, lubrificantes e na indústria farmacêutica, no entanto, é danificada por insetos galhadores. O número de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides foram avaliados, em campo (galhas) e em laboratório (emergência de adultos das galhas), em três alturas do dossel de C. brasiliense, durante três anos. Os números de adultos Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), inseto galhador (galhas novas) e de Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), parasitoide de Eurytoma sp., foram maiores na parte apical do dossel da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense. A quantidade de galhas globoides de Eurytoma sp., isoladas ou em grupo (galhas velhas), foi maior na parte mediana e basal da copa. Os números de adultos do galhador Eurytoma sp. e de seus parasitoides, que os seguem, foram maiores na parte apical da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense.

Distribution of galling insects and their parasitoids on Caryocar brasiliense tree crowns / Distribuição de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides em copas de pequizeiros (Caryocar brasiliense)

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian savanna and its fruits are used by humans for food, production of cosmetics, lubricants, and in the pharmaceutical industry. This plant is damaged by galling insects. Number of these galling insects and their parasitoids was recorded, in the field (galls) and in the laboratory (adults emerged from the galls), from three C. brasiliense crown heights, during three years. Numbers of adults of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), galling insect (younger attack) and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (a parasitoid of Eurytoma sp.), were greater on the apical parts of C. brasiliense tree crowns. Numbers and groups of Eurytoma sp. globoid galls (older attack) were higher in the median and basal crown parts. The numbers of Eurytoma sp. galls were higher on apical part of C. brasiliense tree crown and also of their parasitoids.

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é, amplamente, distribuída no cerrado brasileiro e seus frutos são utilizados para alimentação humana, produção de cosméticos, lubrificantes e na indústria farmacêutica, no entanto, é danificada por insetos galhadores. O número de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides foram avaliados, em campo (galhas) e em laboratório (emergência de adultos das galhas), em três alturas do dossel de C. brasiliense, durante três anos. Os números de adultos Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), inseto galhador (galhas novas) e de Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), parasitoide de Eurytoma sp., foram maiores na parte apical do dossel da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense. A quantidade de galhas globoides de Eurytoma sp., isoladas ou em grupo (galhas velhas), foi maior na parte mediana e basal da copa. Os números de adultos do galhador Eurytoma sp. e de seus parasitoides, que os seguem, foram maiores na parte apical da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense.

Distribution of galling insects and their parasitoids on Caryocar brasiliense tree crowns / Distribuição de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides em copas de pequizeiros (Caryocar brasiliense)

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian savanna and its fruits are used by humans for food, production of cosmetics, lubricants, and in the pharmaceutical industry. This plant is damaged by galling insects. Number of these galling insects and their parasitoids was recorded, in the field (galls) and in the laboratory (adults emerged from the galls), from three C. brasiliense crown heights, during three years. Numbers of adults of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), galling insect (younger attack) and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (a parasitoid of Eurytoma sp.), were greater on the apical parts of C. brasiliense tree crowns. Numbers and groups of Eurytoma sp. globoid galls (older attack) were higher in the median and basal crown parts. The numbers of Eurytoma sp. galls were higher on apical part of C. brasiliense tree crown and also of their parasitoids.(AU)

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é, amplamente, distribuída no cerrado brasileiro e seus frutos são utilizados para alimentação humana, produção de cosméticos, lubrificantes e na indústria farmacêutica, no entanto, é danificada por insetos galhadores. O número de insetos galhadores e seus parasitoides foram avaliados, em campo (galhas) e em laboratório (emergência de adultos das galhas), em três alturas do dossel de C. brasiliense, durante três anos. Os números de adultos Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), inseto galhador (galhas novas) e de Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), parasitoide de Eurytoma sp., foram maiores na parte apical do dossel da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense. A quantidade de galhas globoides de Eurytoma sp., isoladas ou em grupo (galhas velhas), foi maior na parte mediana e basal da copa. Os números de adultos do galhador Eurytoma sp. e de seus parasitoides, que os seguem, foram maiores na parte apical da copa de árvores de C. brasiliense.(AU)

New records and a voucher collection of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) inhabiting agroforestry systems in the colombian amazon basin

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) and copoazú (T. grandiflorum) agroecosystems represent a common source of income or many small-scale farmers in the Colombian Amazon basin. Most of these systems are set in low disturbance environments; they are considered biodiversity-friendly ecosystems inhabited by several groups of insects. In this study, we carried out a preliminary taxonomic inventory of the microhymenopteran parasitoids present in these agroforestry systems. Twenty-six localities of the Amazonian basin of Colombia were sampled using several insect collecting methods (Malaise trap, sweep net, pitfall, and rearing boxes). Collected specimens were curated and cataloged, establishing the first taxonomic voucher collection of parasitoids from the Colombian Amazon basin. We identified 767 specimens representing 64 species, 274 morphospecies, 143 genera and 20 families, 34 genera and 16 species of these being recorded for the first time in the country. The genus Gbelcia is reported for the first time from the Neotropical region. A new parasitoid-host relationship was found for Horismenus cupreus (Eulophidae) attacking larvae of Phyllocnistis sp. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), which feeds on Annona montana (Annonaceae) leaves.(AU)

Immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini): biology, morphology and behavior

ABSTRACT The biology, morphology and behavior of the immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) are herein described from specimens collected in an anthropized area of Caatinga biome. The larva of N. macarius passes through six larval instars with the development time from egg to adult lasted between 31 and 35 days. Except for the first instar larva, which is easily recognized by the presence of evident primary setae on the head, there are few distinctive morphological characters among the larvae of different instars. The head capsule width proved to be the most effective character to differentiate them. Two different types of shelters are built by larvae: center-cut shelters (type 3) built by larvae from the first to the third instars and two-cut shelters (type 5) built by larvae from the fourth to the sixth instars. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) is recorded as larval host plant of N. macarius for the first time. A Eulophidae wasp was found as parasitoid of the earlier larval instars of N. macarius, this being the second record of the family as parasitoid in the genus Nisoniades.

RESUMO A biologia, morfologia e comportamento dos estágios imaturos de Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) são aqui descritos a partir de espécimes coletados em uma área antropizada do bioma Caatinga. A larva de N. macarius passa por seis ínstares larvais com tempo de desenvolvimento variando entre 31 e 35 dias. Exceto o primeiro, que é facilmente reconhecido pela presença de cerdas primárias evidentes na cabeça, há pouca variação morfológica entre os instares larvais. A medida da cápsula cefálica mostrou-se mais eficaz na diferenciação dos ínstares. Dois tipos de abrigo são construídos pelas larvas: abrigo de corte central (tipo 3) construído pelas larvas de primeiro a terceiro ínstares e abrigo de dois cortes (tipo 5) pelas larvas de quarto a sexto ínstares. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) é registrada como planta hospedeira da larva de N. macarius pela primeira vez. Uma vespa Eulophidae foi encontrada como parasitoide dos primeiros ínstares larvais de N. macarius, sendo este o segundo registro da família como parasitoide no gênero Nisoniades.

Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): first report of parasitism in Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) / Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): primeiro relato de parasitismo em Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

The adaptation of native lepidopteran species to eucalyptus plantations reduces the productivity of this crop in Brazil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a secondary pest, frequently reported in eucalyptus plantations with population outbreaks and economic damages. Methods of biological control of this pest may include the use of the exotic pupae endoparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), reported as efficient to controlling lepidopteran pests. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 20% humidity and 12:12 h L:D). Each O. vesulia caterpillar or pupae was individually placed in a flat-bottom tube with 10 and 15 females of T. howardi for 48h, respectively. The parasitoids were removed after that period, the caterpillars were fed and the pupae were maintained until emergence of the parasitoid or formation of pupae and emergence of adults of this pest. The fourth-instar caterpillars of O. vesulia, after the parasitism period, were kept in pots with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, changed daily until the end of the experiment. A total of 40% of the caterpillars died before the pre-pupae stage, 40% reached the pupae stage and died due to inadequate adult formation and 20% generated moths, but none adult parasitoid emerged from the caterpillars. All pupae of O. vesulia were parasitized and showed emergence of parasitoids. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi shows the potential of this natural enemy for the integrated management of this defoliator pest in eucalyptus plantations.

A adaptação de espécies nativas de lepidópteros a plantios de eucalipto reduz a produtividade dessa cultura no Brasil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) é praga-secundária, frequentemente, relatada em plantios de eucalipto com surtos populacionais e danos econômicos. Métodos de controle biológico, dessa praga, podem incluir o uso do endoparasitoide exótico de pupas Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) relatado como eficiente para o controle de lepidópteros-pragas. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi foi avaliado em condições controladas (25 ± 1º C, 60 ± 20% umidade e 12h fotoperíodo). Cada lagarta ou pupa de O. vesulia foi colocada individualmente em tubos de fundo chato com 10 e 15 fêmeas de T. howardi por 48h, respectivamente e, após esse período, os parasitoides foram removidos, as lagartas alimentadas e as pupas mantidas até a emergência do parasitoide ou formação de pupas ou de adultos dessa praga. As lagartas de quarto ínstar de O. vesulia, após o período de parasitismo, foram mantidas em potes com folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla trocadas, diariamente, até o fim do experimento. Um total de 40% das lagartas de O. vesulia morreu antes da fase de pré-pupa, 40% atingiram o estágio de pupa e morreram devido à má formação ou problemas e 20% originaram mariposas, porém nenhum parasitoide adulto emergiu das lagartas. Todas as pupas de O. vesulia foram parasitadas e tiveram emergência de parasitoides. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi mostra o potencial desse inimigo natural para o manejo integrado desse desfolhador em cultivos de eucalipto.

Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): first report of parasitism in Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) / Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): primeiro relato de parasitismo em Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

The adaptation of native lepidopteran species to eucalyptus plantations reduces the productivity of this crop in Brazil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a secondary pest, frequently reported in eucalyptus plantations with population outbreaks and economic damages. Methods of biological control of this pest may include the use of the exotic pupae endoparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), reported as efficient to controlling lepidopteran pests. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 20% humidity and 12:12 h L:D). Each O. vesulia caterpillar or pupae was individually placed in a flat-bottom tube with 10 and 15 females of T. howardi for 48h, respectively. The parasitoids were removed after that period, the caterpillars were fed and the pupae were maintained until emergence of the parasitoid or formation of pupae and emergence of adults of this pest. The fourth-instar caterpillars of O. vesulia, after the parasitism period, were kept in pots with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, changed daily until the end of the experiment. A total of 40% of the caterpillars died before the pre-pupae stage, 40% reached the pupae stage and died due to inadequate adult formation and 20% generated moths, but none adult parasitoid emerged from the caterpillars. All pupae of O. vesulia were parasitized and showed emergence of parasitoids. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi shows the potential of this natural enemy for the integrated management of this defoliator pest in eucalyptus plantations.(AU)

A adaptação de espécies nativas de lepidópteros a plantios de eucalipto reduz a produtividade dessa cultura no Brasil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) é praga-secundária, frequentemente, relatada em plantios de eucalipto com surtos populacionais e danos econômicos. Métodos de controle biológico, dessa praga, podem incluir o uso do endoparasitoide exótico de pupas Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) relatado como eficiente para o controle de lepidópteros-pragas. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi foi avaliado em condições controladas (25 ± 1º C, 60 ± 20% umidade e 12h fotoperíodo). Cada lagarta ou pupa de O. vesulia foi colocada individualmente em tubos de fundo chato com 10 e 15 fêmeas de T. howardi por 48h, respectivamente e, após esse período, os parasitoides foram removidos, as lagartas alimentadas e as pupas mantidas até a emergência do parasitoide ou formação de pupas ou de adultos dessa praga. As lagartas de quarto ínstar de O. vesulia, após o período de parasitismo, foram mantidas em potes com folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla trocadas, diariamente, até o fim do experimento. Um total de 40% das lagartas de O. vesulia morreu antes da fase de pré-pupa, 40% atingiram o estágio de pupa e morreram devido à má formação ou problemas e 20% originaram mariposas, porém nenhum parasitoide adulto emergiu das lagartas. Todas as pupas de O. vesulia foram parasitadas e tiveram emergência de parasitoides. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi mostra o potencial desse inimigo natural para o manejo integrado desse desfolhador em cultivos de eucalipto.(AU)

Immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini): biology, morphology and behavior / Estágios imaturos de Nisoniades macarius (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini): biologia, morfologia e comportamento

The biology, morphology and behavior of the immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) ​​are herein described from specimens collected in an anthropized area of Caatinga biome. The larva of N. macarius passes through six larval instars with the development time from egg to adult lasted between 31 and 35 days. Except for the first instar larva, which is easily recognized by the presence of evident primary setae on the head, there are few distinctive morphological characters among the larvae of different instars. The head capsule width proved to be the most effective character to differentiate them. Two different types of shelters are built by larvae: center-cut shelters (type 3) built by larvae from the first to the third instars and two-cut shelters (type 5) built by larvae from the fourth to the sixth instars. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) is recorded as larval host plant of N. macarius for the first time. A Eulophidae wasp was found as parasitoid of the earlier larval instars of N. macarius, this being the second record of the family as parasitoid in the genus Nisoniades.(AU)

A biologia, morfologia e comportamento dos estágios imaturos de Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) são aqui descritos a partir de espécimes coletados em uma área antropizada do bioma Caatinga. A larva de N. macarius passa por seis ínstares larvais com tempo de desenvolvimento variando entre 31 e 35 dias. Exceto o primeiro, que é facilmente reconhecido pela presença de cerdas primárias evidentes na cabeça, há pouca variação morfológica entre os instares larvais. A medida da cápsula cefálica mostrou-se mais eficaz na diferenciação dos ínstares. Dois tipos de abrigo são construídos pelas larvas: abrigo de corte central (tipo 3) construído pelas larvas de primeiro a terceiro ínstares e abrigo de dois cortes (tipo 5) pelas larvas de quarto a sexto ínstares. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) é registrada como planta hospedeira da larva de N. macarius pela primeira vez. Uma vespa Eulophidae foi encontrada como parasitoide dos primeiros ínstares larvais de N. macarius, sendo este o segundo registro da família como parasitoide no gênero Nisoniades.(AU)

Immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini): biology, morphology and behavior / Estágios imaturos de Nisoniades macarius (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini): biologia, morfologia e comportamento

The biology, morphology and behavior of the immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) ​​are herein described from specimens collected in an anthropized area of Caatinga biome. The larva of N. macarius passes through six larval instars with the development time from egg to adult lasted between 31 and 35 days. Except for the first instar larva, which is easily recognized by the presence of evident primary setae on the head, there are few distinctive morphological characters among the larvae of different instars. The head capsule width proved to be the most effective character to differentiate them. Two different types of shelters are built by larvae: center-cut shelters (type 3) built by larvae from the first to the third instars and two-cut shelters (type 5) built by larvae from the fourth to the sixth instars. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) is recorded as larval host plant of N. macarius for the first time. A Eulophidae wasp was found as parasitoid of the earlier larval instars of N. macarius, this being the second record of the family as parasitoid in the genus Nisoniades.

A biologia, morfologia e comportamento dos estágios imaturos de Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) são aqui descritos a partir de espécimes coletados em uma área antropizada do bioma Caatinga. A larva de N. macarius passa por seis ínstares larvais com tempo de desenvolvimento variando entre 31 e 35 dias. Exceto o primeiro, que é facilmente reconhecido pela presença de cerdas primárias evidentes na cabeça, há pouca variação morfológica entre os instares larvais. A medida da cápsula cefálica mostrou-se mais eficaz na diferenciação dos ínstares. Dois tipos de abrigo são construídos pelas larvas: abrigo de corte central (tipo 3) construído pelas larvas de primeiro a terceiro ínstares e abrigo de dois cortes (tipo 5) pelas larvas de quarto a sexto ínstares. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) é registrada como planta hospedeira da larva de N. macarius pela primeira vez. Uma vespa Eulophidae foi encontrada como parasitoide dos primeiros ínstares larvais de N. macarius, sendo este o segundo registro da família como parasitoide no gênero Nisoniades.

Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): first report of parasitism in Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Abstract The adaptation of native lepidopteran species to eucalyptus plantations reduces the productivity of this crop in Brazil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a secondary pest, frequently reported in eucalyptus plantations with population outbreaks and economic damages. Methods of biological control of this pest may include the use of the exotic pupae endoparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), reported as efficient to controlling lepidopteran pests. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 20% humidity and 12:12 h L:D). Each O. vesulia caterpillar or pupae was individually placed in a flat-bottom tube with 10 and 15 females of T. howardi for 48h, respectively. The parasitoids were removed after that period, the caterpillars were fed and the pupae were maintained until emergence of the parasitoid or formation of pupae and emergence of adults of this pest. The fourth-instar caterpillars of O. vesulia, after the parasitism period, were kept in pots with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, changed daily until the end of the experiment. A total of 40% of the caterpillars died before the pre-pupae stage, 40% reached the pupae stage and died due to inadequate adult formation and 20% generated moths, but none adult parasitoid emerged from the caterpillars. All pupae of O. vesulia were parasitized and showed emergence of parasitoids. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi shows the potential of this natural enemy for the integrated management of this defoliator pest in eucalyptus plantations.

Resumo A adaptação de espécies nativas de lepidópteros a plantios de eucalipto reduz a produtividade dessa cultura no Brasil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) é praga-secundária, frequentemente, relatada em plantios de eucalipto com surtos populacionais e danos econômicos. Métodos de controle biológico, dessa praga, podem incluir o uso do endoparasitoide exótico de pupas Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) relatado como eficiente para o controle de lepidópteros-pragas. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi foi avaliado em condições controladas (25 ± 1º C, 60 ± 20% umidade e 12h fotoperíodo). Cada lagarta ou pupa de O. vesulia foi colocada individualmente em tubos de fundo chato com 10 e 15 fêmeas de T. howardi por 48h, respectivamente e, após esse período, os parasitoides foram removidos, as lagartas alimentadas e as pupas mantidas até a emergência do parasitoide ou formação de pupas ou de adultos dessa praga. As lagartas de quarto ínstar de O. vesulia, após o período de parasitismo, foram mantidas em potes com folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla trocadas, diariamente, até o fim do experimento. Um total de 40% das lagartas de O. vesulia morreu antes da fase de pré-pupa, 40% atingiram o estágio de pupa e morreram devido à má formação ou problemas e 20% originaram mariposas, porém nenhum parasitoide adulto emergiu das lagartas. Todas as pupas de O. vesulia foram parasitadas e tiveram emergência de parasitoides. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi mostra o potencial desse inimigo natural para o manejo integrado desse desfolhador em cultivos de eucalipto.

Notes on the bionomy of two spider wasp species in an urban forest fragment in Brazil

Abstract There are few studies dedicated to the natural history of Neotropical spider wasps (Pompilidae). When it comes to urban areas, the knowledge on these wasps is even scarcer. This study sheds light on the natural history of Auplopus cf. rufipes and A. cf. brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Ageniellini) from an urban Atlantic Forest fragment in the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Auplopus cf. rufipes displays a multivoltine pattern and frequently nests in bamboo canes scattered in the open areas, whereas A. cf. brasiliensis is a rare sight, with only a single nest collected from a hose trap-nest. Females of the former species show aggressive behaviour, which suggests a solitary lifestyle. Their nests were partly enveloped in a complex structure, similar to other species that build free-standing, unconcealed nests and display some degree of sociality. Such behaviour could not be observed for A. cf. brasiliensis. Despite that, nests of both species were built using mud pellets, though the brood cells differed regarding arrangement and position in the trap. Two parasites were found attacking the cells: Caenochrysis crotonis (Chrysididae) in a cell of A. cf. rufipes, and Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis (Eulophidae) in two cells of A. cf. brasiliensis, both recorded for the first time. Auplopus cf. rufipes was found to prey on Frigga cf. quintensis (Salticidae), the first record of this genus as a host of Auplopus.

Riparian forest fragments in rice fields under different management: differences on hymenopteran parasitoids diversity / Fragmentos de floresta riparia em áreas de cultivo de arroz sob diferentes manejos: diferenças através diversidade de himenópteros parasitoides

Hymenopteran parasitoids are important biological control agents in agroecosystems, and their diversity can be increased with habitat heterogeneity. Thus, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the influence of distance of rice-growing areas from natural fragment, type of crop management (organic and conventional) and crop stages (vegetative and reproductive stages) on parasitoids family diversity. The work took place in two irrigated rice crops, one with organic management (O.M.) and another one with conventional management (C.M.), in the municipality of Nova Santa Rita, RS, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. The parasitoids were collected with Malaise trap arranged at different distances in relation to the native vegetation surrounding the rice crop in both places. Specimens were collected twice a month from seeding until the rice harvest. Average abundance between management, distances and rice development were compared. The most abundant families were Platygastridae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Trichogrammatidae. Parasitoid average abundance was significantly higher on OM only in the second season. There was a negative correlation between distance from native vegetation and parasitoid abundance in C.M. areas. There were differences in the composition of the parasitoid assembly between the phenological stages of rice.(AU)

Os himenópteros parasitoides são importantes agentes de controle biológico em agroecossistemas com sua diversidade variando de acordo com a heterogeneidade de habitat. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da distância de áreas com fragmentos de vegetação natural das áreas de cultivo de arroz, o tipo de manejo (orgânico ou convencional) e os estágios da cultura (vegetativo e reprodutivo) na diversidade de famílias de parasitoides. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas áreas com plantio de arroz irrigado, uma com manejo orgânico (MO) e outra com manejo convencional (CM), no município de Nova Santa Rita, RS, Brasil, durante a safra 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Os parasitoides foram coletados com armadilha Malaise colocadas sob diferentes distâncias em relação a vegetação nativa circundante ao cultivo em ambas as áreas. Os espécimes foram coletados duas vezes ao mês da semeadura até a colheita. Foram comparadas a abundância média entre os manejos, distâncias e estágio de desenvolvimento do arroz. As famílias mais abundantes foram Platygastridae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae e Trichogrammatidae com suas abundâncias variando ao longo da safra. A abundância média de parasitoides foi significativamente maior no MO somente na segunda safra. Houve uma correlação negativa entre a distância da vegetação nativa e a abundância de parasitoides. Houve diferença na composição da assembleia de parasitoides entre os estágios fenológicos do arroz.(AU)

Unveiling the trap-nesting bees and wasps fauna (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) and associated organisms of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract Urban areas, as cities, are frequently overlooked as refuges for the native fauna. However, these places may support several species and house relevant biodiversity contributing to important ecosystemic functions. Wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) are important faunistic elements acting as predators/parasitoids and pollinators, respectively. Therefore, they must be surveyed and inventoried for conservation purposes, especially in cities located in the Atlantic Forest domain, a ravaged Brazilian biome. Accordingly, this study presents a species list of trap-nesting bees and wasps that occurs at the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. The survey was conducted using the trap-nest method. Three types of trap-nests were offered totalizing 1,038 traps: rubber hose, bamboo cane and plastic straw. The plastic straw traps were the most effective followed by the bamboo cane ones at attracting nesting wasps and bees. Between April/2017 and February/2019, 12 foundress species built nests: Tetrapedia curvitarsis (Apidae) (33 nests), Hylaeus sp. (Colletidae) (6), Auplopus cf. rufipes (Pompilidae) (5), Trypoxylon sp. (Crabronidae) (4), Pachodynerus nasidens (Vespidae) (3), Auplopus cf. brasiliensis (Pompilidae), Megachile benigna and Megachile sp. (Megachilidae), Euglossa pleosticta, Euglossa sp., and Eufriesea sp. (Apidae) and Penepodium sp. (Sphecidae) all with one nest. Also, four natural enemies were recorded: Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis (Eulophidae), Gasteruption brachychaetum (Gasteruptiidae), Caenochrysis crotonis (Chrysididae) and Amobia sp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Most bee nests were restrained to the matrix forest and nearby areas, whereas wasps built their nests predominantly in open areas. Regarding seasonality, bees tended to nest in the summer and early autumn influenced by mean temperature, in contrast of wasps that nested in late autumn, winter and spring, influenced by pluviosity. Besides many rare species, which suggests environmental disturbance, the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro showed a fairly diverse fauna and shows how forest fragment in cities may harbour important representatives of the native fauna.

Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) rearing in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) submitted to different diets / Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) criado em Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) submetido a diferentes dietas

The ecological, physiological and behavioral processes of insects are linked to their nutrition. The diet of host insects can modify the development of natural enemies and affect their reproductive performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and reproduction of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing pupae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1785 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) rearing in different diets. Pupae of T. molitor generated in six different diets (wheat bran, cornmeal, pelleted feed for rabbits, and bran, pelleted or crushed feed for laying hens) were individually placed in plastic pots and exposed to parasitism by six females of P. elaeisis during 72 h. The biological variables of P. elaeisis were observed and bromatological analyses were performed with pupae of T. molitor and the diets used. The percentage of parasitism and emergency was 100% in all treatments. There was no difference in the life cycle, the offspring number and longevity of the parasitoid. Pupae of T. molitor obtained from larvae fed with cornmeal were smaller and generated P. elaeisis offspring with low sex ratio and shorter length of the tibia. The T. molitor diet based on cornmeal was not suitable for the reproduction of P. elaeisis in the laboratory.(AU)

Parte dos processos ecológicos, fisiológicos e comportamentais dos insetos está ligada à sua nutrição. O tipo de dieta pode influenciar o desenvolvimento do inimigo natural e afetar seu desempenho reprodutivo. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento e reprodução de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitando pupas de Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1785 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) criadas em diferentes dietas. Pupas de T. molitor geradas em seis diferentes dietas (farelo de trigo, fubá de milho, ração peletizada para coelhos, ração para aves poedeiras: farelada, peletizada e triturada) foram individualizadas em potes plásticos e expostas ao parasitismo por seis fêmeas de P. elaeisis durante 72 h. Foram observadas as variáveis biológicas de P. elaeisis e realizadas análises bromatológicas com pupas de T. molitor e as dietas utilizadas. A porcentagem de parasitismo e emergência de P. elaeisis foi de 100% em todos os tratamentos. Não houve diferença no ciclo de vida, número da prole e longevidade do parasitoide. Pupas de T. molitor formadas com fubá de milho foram menores e geraram prole de P. elaeisis com menor razão sexual e menor comprimento da tíbia. A dieta para T. molitor à base de fubá de milho não foi adequada para a reprodução de P. elaeisis em laboratório.(AU)

Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) rearing in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) submitted to different diets / Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) criado em Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) submetido a diferentes dietas

The ecological, physiological and behavioral processes of insects are linked to their nutrition. The diet of host insects can modify the development of natural enemies and affect their reproductive performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and reproduction of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing pupae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1785 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) rearing in different diets. Pupae of T. molitor generated in six different diets (wheat bran, cornmeal, pelleted feed for rabbits, and bran, pelleted or crushed feed for laying hens) were individually placed in plastic pots and exposed to parasitism by six females of P. elaeisis during 72 h. The biological variables of P. elaeisis were observed and bromatological analyses were performed with pupae of T. molitor and the diets used. The percentage of parasitism and emergency was 100% in all treatments. There was no difference in the life cycle, the offspring number and longevity of the parasitoid. Pupae of T. molitor obtained from larvae fed with cornmeal were smaller and generated P. elaeisis offspring with low sex ratio and shorter length of the tibia. The T. molitor diet based on cornmeal was not suitable for the reproduction of P. elaeisis in the laboratory.(AU)

Parte dos processos ecológicos, fisiológicos e comportamentais dos insetos está ligada à sua nutrição. O tipo de dieta pode influenciar o desenvolvimento do inimigo natural e afetar seu desempenho reprodutivo. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento e reprodução de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitando pupas de Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1785 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) criadas em diferentes dietas. Pupas de T. molitor geradas em seis diferentes dietas (farelo de trigo, fubá de milho, ração peletizada para coelhos, ração para aves poedeiras: farelada, peletizada e triturada) foram individualizadas em potes plásticos e expostas ao parasitismo por seis fêmeas de P. elaeisis durante 72 h. Foram observadas as variáveis biológicas de P. elaeisis e realizadas análises bromatológicas com pupas de T. molitor e as dietas utilizadas. A porcentagem de parasitismo e emergência de P. elaeisis foi de 100% em todos os tratamentos. Não houve diferença no ciclo de vida, número da prole e longevidade do parasitoide. Pupas de T. molitor formadas com fubá de milho foram menores e geraram prole de P. elaeisis com menor razão sexual e menor comprimento da tíbia. A dieta para T. molitor à base de fubá de milho não foi adequada para a reprodução de P. elaeisis em laboratório.(AU)

Notes on the bionomy of two spider wasp species in an urban forest fragment in Brazil

There are few studies dedicated to the natural history of Neotropical spider wasps (Pompilidae). When it comes to urban areas, the knowledge on these wasps is even scarcer. This study sheds light on the natural history of Auplopus cf. rufipes and A. cf. brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Ageniellini) from an urban Atlantic Forest fragment in the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Auplopus cf. rufipes displays a multivoltine pattern and frequently nests in bamboo canes scattered in the open areas, whereas A. cf. brasiliensis is a rare sight, with only a single nest collected from a hose trap-nest. Females of the former species show aggressive behaviour, which suggests a solitary lifestyle. Their nests were partly enveloped in a complex structure, similar to other species that build free-standing, unconcealed nests and display some degree of sociality. Such behaviour could not be observed for A. cf. brasiliensis. Despite that, nests of both species were built using mud pellets, though the brood cells differed regarding arrangement and position in the trap. Two parasites were found attacking the cells: Caenochrysis crotonis (Chrysididae) in a cell of A. cf. rufipes, and Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis (Eulophidae) in two cells of A. cf. brasiliensis, both recorded for the first time. Auplopus cf. rufipes was found to prey on Frigga cf. quintensis (Salticidae), the first record of this genus as a host of Auplopus.

Notes on the bionomy of two spider wasp species in an urban forest fragment in Brazil

There are few studies dedicated to the natural history of Neotropical spider wasps (Pompilidae). When it comes to urban areas, the knowledge on these wasps is even scarcer. This study sheds light on the natural history of Auplopus cf. rufipes and A. cf. brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Ageniellini) from an urban Atlantic Forest fragment in the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Auplopus cf. rufipes displays a multivoltine pattern and frequently nests in bamboo canes scattered in the open areas, whereas A. cf. brasiliensis is a rare sight, with only a single nest collected from a hose trap-nest. Females of the former species show aggressive behaviour, which suggests a solitary lifestyle. Their nests were partly enveloped in a complex structure, similar to other species that build free-standing, unconcealed nests and display some degree of sociality. Such behaviour could not be observed for A. cf. brasiliensis. Despite that, nests of both species were built using mud pellets, though the brood cells differed regarding arrangement and position in the trap. Two parasites were found attacking the cells: Caenochrysis crotonis (Chrysididae) in a cell of A. cf. rufipes, and Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis (Eulophidae) in two cells of A. cf. brasiliensis, both recorded for the first time. Auplopus cf. rufipes was found to prey on Frigga cf. quintensis (Salticidae), the first record of this genus as a host of Auplopus.(AU)

Phenotypic matching in ovipositor size in the parasitoid Galeopsomyia sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) attacking different gall inducers

ABSTRACT Parasitoid ovipositor size importantly affects host choice; those attacking exposed hosts usually have shorter ovipositors compared to those needing drilling deeper through substrates such as plant tissue and gall tissue. Most studies treat this theme at the interspecific level, and the aim of this work was to test for intraspecific variation and phenotypic matching in ovipositor size for Galeopsomyia sp. attacking galls. Galls were sampled from Guapira opposita(Nyctaginaceae), a host plant to five species of Bruggmannia gallers (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in southern Brazil: Bruggmannia elongata, B. robusta, B. acaudata, and two undescribed species of Bruggmannia (sp. 1 and sp. 2). On forest transects, all galls from the 30 first galled plants found were sampled and kept in sealed plastic bags until parasitoid emergence. A total of 15 samples were done along two years. We measured galler last instar larvae length and gall thickness for each galling species, and ovipositor length for all Galeopsomyia sp. individuals emerging from the galls. There were no differences in larval length among galler species. However, Bruggmannia sp. 1 and sp. 2 galls were significantly thicker than those of B. acaudata, and the latter thicker than both B. elongata and B. robusta galls. Wasp ovipositor size differed significantly between those coming from Bruggmannia sp. 1 and sp. 2 galls relative to all others. Host extended phenotype size is thus fundamental to determine parasitoid size, but in this case host (larval) size does not change among species, although gall thickness was different. Thicker galls were attacked by larger parasitoids with longer ovipositors, denoting phenotypic matching. Thicker galls appear to be selecting larger parasitoid individuals, which in the long run can lead to important evolutionary change as well.

RESUMO O tamanho do ovipositor dos parasitoides influencia a escolha do hospedeiro. Parasitoides que atacam hospedeiros expostos tendem a ter ovipositores menores em relação aos que precisam perfurar algum tipo de substratos ou tecidos como o das galhas. Como a maioria dos estudos trata esse assunto em nível interespecífico, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a variação intraespecífica e acoplamento fenotípico no tamanho do ovipositor de Galeopsomyia sp. no ataque a galhas. Foram amostradas galhas coletadas em Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae), planta hospedeira de cinco espécies de galhadores: Bruggmannia elongata, B. robusta, B. acaudatae duas espécies não descritas de Bruggmannia (sp. 1 e sp. 2) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Em cada transecção, todas as galhas das 30 primeiras plantas encontradas foram coletadas e acondicionadas em saco plástico até a emergência dos parasitoides. Foram feitas 15 amostragens ao longo de dois anos. As larvas de último ínstar dos galhadores, espessura das galhas, assim como o tamanho do ovipositor dos indivíduos de Galeopsomyia sp. foram medidos. Não foi encontrada diferença para o tamanho das larvas entre espécies de galhador. Porém, as galhas de Bruggmannia sp. 1 e sp. 2 foram significativamente mais espessas que as de B. acaudata e essas mais espessas que as de B. elongata e B. robusta. Os tamanhos do ovipositor diferiram significativamente para vespas emergidas das galhas de Bruggmannia sp. 1 e sp. 2 em relação às demais. A dimensão do hospedeiro é fundamental para determinar o tamanho do parasitoide, mas neste caso o tamanho do hospedeiro não variou, e sim a espessura do tecido a ser perfurado. Galhas mais espessas foram atacadas por parasitoides maiores e com ovipositor mais longo, indicando acoplamento fenotípico. Assim, espessuras maiores de galha parecem estar selecionando indivíduos maiores da população, o que pode ter consequências evolutivas importantes a longo prazo.