Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in shelter-housed cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, Brazil / Inquérito sorológico para Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii em um abrigo de gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina, Brasil

Felines play a leading role in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection, but there is scarce information about the epidemiology of Neospora caninum, particularly in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. Cats seropositive to T. gondii do not usually show symptoms unless they are immunosuppressed, such as FIV-infected cats. The same relationship remains poorly known for N. caninum, although it has been associated with neurological disorders in HIV-infected people. Since FIV-infected cats are prone to develop encephalitis of unknown etiology, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum in a shelter for stray cats naturally infected with FIV. A total of 104 serum samples from cats living in a shelter, located in São Paulo city (Brazil), was assessed for T. gondii and N. caninum specific antibody by indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT). Of the 104 cats, 25 (24%) were infected with FIV and, aside from these, 8 (32%) had antibodies against T. gondii (titers from 16 to 128). Only 1 (4%) of the FIV-infected cats had antibodies against N. caninum, which was the first record of coinfection. Among the FIV-naïve cats, 11 (14%) were positive for T. gondii(titers from 16 to 256) and only 1 (1.2%) had antibodies against N. caninum. Serologically positive reactions to T. gondii and N. caninum were not correlated with age or sex (p>0.05), and there was no correlation between FIV and the occurrence of anti-T. gondii or anti-N. caninum antibodies (p>0.05). Further studies encompassing larger cat populations from different origins and locations are essential to clarify the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies in FIV-positive cats.(AU)

Os felinos têm um papel importante na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii, mas pouco se sabe sobre a epidemiologia da infecção por Neospora caninum em gatos, particularmente em gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Gatos soropositivos para Toxoplasma gondii geralmente não apresentam sintomas a não ser que estejam imunossuprimidos, como gatos infectados com FIV. A mesma relação ainda é pouco conhecida para N. caninum, embora tenha sido associada a distúrbios neurológicos em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Considerando que gatos infectados com FIV são propensos a desenvolver encefalite de etiologia desconhecida, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de anticorpos específicos para T. gondii e N. caninum em gatos infectados com FIV. Um total de 104 amostras de soro de gatos residentes em um abrigo na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram avaliadas para a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Dos 104 gatos, 25 (24%) estavam infectados com FIV e destes 8, (32%) tinham anticorpos contra T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 128). Apenas 1 (4%) dos gatos infectados com FIV apresentava anticorpos contra N. caninum, sendo este o primeiro registro dessa coinfecção. Entre os gatos não infectados com FIV, 11 (14%) foram positivos para T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 256) e apenas 1 (1,2%) tinha anticorpos contra N. caninum. A reação sorologicamente positiva para T. gondii e N. caninum não foi correlacionada com a idade ou sexo (p> 0,05), nem houve correlação entre FIV e ocorrência de anticorpos para T. gondii ou N. caninum(p> 0,05). Estudos subsequentes abrangendo populações maiores de gatos de diferentes origens e locais são essenciais para esclarecer a prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum em animais acometidos por FIV.(AU)

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats in tropical region of Serra da Tiririca State Park, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro / [Soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii em gatos domésticos na região tropical do Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro]

The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in cats of the Serra da Tiririca State Park region using the IFAT to evaluate the sex and age variables. The cats were domiciled in the region of Serra da Tiririca State Park (PESET-RJ), Rio de Janeiro. Between 2015 and 2016, a total of 86 blood samples were collected from 35 female and 51 male semi-domiciled cats that were attended to by a spay-neuter program of UFF. Samples were evaluated for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G by the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IFAT) with a cut-off point of 1:40. Of the samples analyzed, 29.07% (25/86) presented anti-T gondii antibodies. There was no significant association (P> 0.05) between the variables sex and age of the animals with serology results. The results obtained in this study suggest that T. gondii has a considerable distribution among the cats of the studied region (PESET-RJ). This is the first report of the seroprevalence of T. gondii in cats from this area. Age and gender were not considered risk factors for infection by T. gondii in this group of animals studied.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em felinos da região do Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (PESET-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, utilizando a IFAT para avaliar as variáveis de sexo e idade. Os gatos são oriundos da região do Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (PESET-RJ), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Entre 2015 e 2016, um total de 86 amostras de sangue de felinos foi coletado de 35 fêmeas e 51 machos semidomiciliados, atendidos pelo Programa de Esterilização da UFF. As amostras foram avaliadas para pesquisa de anticorpos da classe imunoglobulina G (IgG) anti-T. gondii pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) com ponto de corte de 1:40. Das amostras analisadas, 29,07% (25/86) apresentaram anticorpos anti-T gondii. Não se observou associação significativa (P>0,05) entre as variáveis sexo e idade dos animais com os resultados da sorologia. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que T. gondii possui uma distribuição considerável entre os felinos da região estudada (PESET-RJ). Este é o primeiro relato de soroprevalência de T. gondii em felinos desta área. Idade e sexo não foram considerados fatores de risco para infecção por T. gondii neste grupo de animais estudados.

Antibody frequency for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. in domiciliated and stray cats from Araguaína, Tocantins, Eastern Amazonia / Frequência de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora spp. em gatos domiciliados e errantes de Araguaína, Tocantins, Amazônia Oriental

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. are protozoa that have a significant impact on animal health due to the diseases they cause in domestic and wild animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against T. gondii and Neospora spp. in cats from northern Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 180 cats in the municipality of Araguaína, Tocantins and used to evaluate the presence of anti-T. gondii and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, with a cutoff of 1:64 and 1:25, respectively. The association between infection and individual animal characteristics (age, sex, origin, breed, and clinical signs) was tested using univariate analysis, followed by multivariate logistic regression. We found that 48.3% (87/180) of the animals had anti-T. gondii (95% CI: 40.8%­55.90%) and 3.9% (7/180) had anti-Neospora spp. (95% CI: 1.6%­7.8%) antibodies. There was no association between age, sex, breed origin, clinical signs, and seropositivity for T. gondii. Cats of defined breeds were more likely to be infected by Neospora spp. (OR = 10.7). Therefore, we found a high rate of seropositivity for T. gondii and a high rate of occurrence of Neospora infections in cats from the Araguaína region. The exposure of the feline population to the studied coccidia indicates the need to monitor the feline population for these infections and underscores the importance of effective sanitary measures against such pathogens.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora spp. são protozoários com impacto relevante na saúde animal devido às doenças que causam em animais domésticos e silvestres. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii e Neospora spp. em gatos do norte do Brasil. Amostras de soro foram coletadas de 180 gatos no município de Araguaína, Tocantinse utilizadas para avaliar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-Neospora spp. pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta, utilizando um ponto de corte de 1:64 e 1:25, respectivamente. Associação da infecção com as caracteristicas individuais dos animais (idade, sexo, origem, raça e sinais clínicos) foram testadas por meio de análise univariada, seguida de análise multivariada por regressão logistica. Como resultado, 48,3% (87/180) dos animais apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii (IC 95%: 40,8% -55,90%) e 3,9% (7/180) anti-Neospora spp. (IC 95%: 1,6% -7,8%). Não foi encontrada associação entre idade, sexo, raça, origem e presença de sinais clínicos e a soropositividade para T. gondii. Gatos com raça definida apresentaram maior chance de infecção por Neospora spp. (OR=10,7). Portanto, registra-se elevada soropositividade de gatos para T. gondii e a ocorrência de infecção por Neospora em gatos da região de Araguaína, Tocantins. A exposição da população felina aos coccídios estudados indica a necessidade de monitoramento da população de felinos quanto a estas infecções e aplicação de medidas sanitárias eficazes contra tais patógenos.(AU)

Meningomielite eosinofílica provavelmente associada à toxoplasmose em um gato / Eosinophilic meningomyelitis probably associated with toxoplasmosis in a cat

Background: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy cats presents up to 5 cells/µL, with predominance of mononuclear cells and the presence of more than 1% eosinophils is rare and should always be considered an abnormal finding. There is no consensus on the term eosinophilic pleocytosis, as it is used to indicate the presence of more than 10 eosinophils/µL or more than 10% of the total leukocytes. The increase in eosinophils in the CSF may result from infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and idiopathic diseases. The objective of this paper is to report a case of marked pleocytosis in CSF, with 84% eosinophils, probably due to toxoplasmosis, in a cat with paraparesis and diffuse spinal pain. Case: A mixed breed female cat, neutered, adult and domiciled in a rural area was presented due to gait abnormalities in the pelvic limbs that started one day before presentation. The general physical examination was unremarkable. On neurological examination it was observed asymmetric deficit of postural reactions in pelvic limbs, patellar reflex normal to increased and pain elicited on palpation of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Based on these findings, the neurological syndrome was classified as thoracolumbar, but with diffuse pain, and the main differential diagnoses were inflammatory/ infectious and neoplastic diseases. The leukogram showed eosinophilia and the serum biochemistry showed no significant changes. Serological assays for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus were negative. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified marked pleocytosis with 84% eosinophils and increase in protein concentration. Myelography showed no compressive or expansive changes. Fungal culture for CSF cryptococcosis was negative. Serum immunofluorescence antibody titer for Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) was 1:256. There was a marked improvement after treatment with sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim and pyrimethamine and after 3 weeks of treatment, there was almost complete recovery of neurological signs and after 9 months the cat was neurologically normal. Discussion: The most common causes of acute-onset thoracolumbar spinal cord syndrome in cats, with diffuse pain on spinal palpation, are meningomyelitis of inflammatory/infectious origin, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and neoplasms such as lymphoma. Other meningomyelitis of inflammatory origin, such as infectious and immune-mediated meningomyelitis of unknown origin are considered uncommon in cats. Although the clinical, systemic and neurological signs of FIP and toxoplasmosis may have similarities, in the present case FIP was not considered responsible for the observed signs, as the evolution of the case and the analysis of the CSF tend to be different. The peripheral eosinophilia, the cytological analysis of the CSF, characterized by marked eosinophilic pleocytosis, associated with a positive titer for toxoplasmosis, good response to treatment and improvement in the neurological condition, with survival for more than 9 months after treatment, rules out the possibility of FIP. Neurological signs observed in the absence of systemic signs are more common in cases of protozoan reactivation, which probably occurred in the present case. The possibility of toxoplasmosis in the patient in this report was reinforced by the fact that the animal came from a rural area. Eosinophilia of CSF is most commonly associated with parasitic infections, although it can be caused by a variety of infectious agents, but in the cat of the present report, the marked eosinophilic pleocytosis was likely due to toxoplasmosis, which is a rare occurrence in this specie. In conclusion, toxoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal spinal cord lesions in cats. The identification of laboratory findings as well as the appropriate therapy favored the good evolution of the condition.

Evaluation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts shed by cats / Avaliação da reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa para a detecção de oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii eliminados por gatos

Abstract Felines are definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii and can shed oocysts in their feces, contaminating the environment. Sporulated oocysts are highly resistant to the environment and have higher infectivity, which are attributed to many toxoplasmosis outbreaks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for the detection of T. gondii oocysts shed by cats. Twelve cats from a previous vaccine experiment were challenged orally with 600 cysts of the TgDoveBr8 strain on day 72. Fecal samples were collected daily using the centrifugal flotation technique, with microscopic examination (Sheather technique) and qPCR for 20 days after the challenge. Cats from all groups shed oocysts in their feces. Five negative cats in the Sheather were positive according to qPCR on the 3rd day post-inoculation (dpi). Oocysts were detected on the 4th dpi using the Sheather; however, there was no statistical difference between the two methods (p=0.1116). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in oocyst shedding between the groups according to the Sheather technique (p=0.6534) and qPCR (p=0.9670). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that qPCR can be used as an alternative to the Sheather to detect and quantify T. gondii oocysts.

Resumo Felinos são hospedeiros definitivos do Toxoplasma gondii e podem eliminar oocistos nas fezes, contaminando o meio ambiente. Oocistos esporulados são altamente resistentes ao meio ambiente com elevada infectividade, sendo atribuído a muitos surtos de toxoplasmose. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) para a detecção de oocistos de T. gondii eliminados por gatos. Doze gatos de um experimento prévio de vacina foram desafiados por via oral com 600 cistos da cepa TgDoveBr8 no dia 72. Amostras fecais foram coletadas diariamente pela técnica de centrifugo-flutuação seguida de exame microscópico (técnica de Sheather) e qPCR por 20 dias após desafio. Gatos de todos os grupos eliminam oocistos nas fezes. Cinco gatos negativos na técnica Sheather foram positivos de acordo com a qPCR no 3º dia pós-inoculação (dpi). Oocistos foram detectados no 4º dpi no Sheather; entretanto, não houve diferença estatística entre os dois métodos (p=0,1116). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na eliminação de oocistos entre os grupos de acordo com a técnica de Sheather (p = 0,6534) e qPCR (p = 0,9670). Em conclusão, esses resultados demonstram que qPCR pode ser usada como uma alternativa ao Sheather para detectar e quantificar oocistos de T. gondii.

Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in Jordanian women who had a recent spontaneous abortion / Soroprevalências de infecções por Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em mulheres jordanianas que tiveram um aborto espontâneo recente

Abstract This cross-sectional study investigates Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum among 445 recently spontaneously aborted (RSA) Jordanian women using ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody (at a cut-off value of 1/200) tests, respectively. The type of hospital, age, cat and dog contacts, raw and barbecued meat and wild plant consumption, number of abortions, and stillbirths were tested as independent variables using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The true seroprevalences were 22.1% for T. gondii-IgG, 22.7% for N. caninum-IgG, 2.6% for T. gondii-IgM, 10.6% for N. caninum-IgM, 0% for T. gondii-IgG and IgM, 6.7% for N. caninum-IgG and IgM, and 4.6% and 0% for both parasite IgG and IgM, respectively. T. gondii-IgM-seropositivity was associated with the number of abortions with odds ratios (OR) of 2.4 and eating barbecued meat (OR = 0.12). N. caninum-IgG-seropositivity was associated with having a dog in the house (OR = 2.6), and with stillbirth (OR = 0.1). N. caninum-IgM was associated with visiting a private-hospital (OR = 2.7). RSA Jordanian women are equally exposed to both parasites with significantly (p < 0.05) higher seroprevalence of N. caninum-IgM compared to T. gondii-IgM suggestive of active infections among RSA women in Jordan.

Resumo Este é um estudo transversal, investigando Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum entre 445 mulheres jordanianas recentemente abortadas espontaneamente (RSA), usando-se ELISA e testes de anticorpos fluorescentes indiretos (com valor de corte de 1/200), respectivamente. Tipo de hospital, idade, contato com o cão, consumo de carne, número de abortos foram testados como variáveis independentes, usando-se análises de regressão logística univariada e multivariada. As verdadeiras seroprevalências foram 22,1% para T. gondii-IgG; 22,7% para N. caninum-IgG; 2,6% para T. gondii-IgM; 10,6% para N. caninum-IgM, 0% para T. gondii-IgG e IgM, 6,7% para N. caninum-IgG e IgM, e 4,6% e 0% para ambos os parasitas IgG e IgM, respectivamente. A soropositividade para T. gondii-IgM foi associada ao número de abortos com "odds ratio" (OR) de 2,4 e ingestão de carne grelhada (OR = 0,12). A soropositividade para N. caninum-IgG foi associada à presença de cachorro em casa (OR = 2,6) e natimorto (OR = 0,1). N. caninum-IgM foi associada à visita a um hospital privado (OR = 2,7). Mulheres jordanianas com RSA estão igualmente expostas a ambos os parasitas com soroprevalência significativamente (p <0,05) maior de N. caninum-IgM, em comparação com T. gondii-IgM, sugestivo de infecções ativas entre mulheres com RSA na Jordânia.

Serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats (Belém, Pará, Brazil) / Prevalência sorológica de infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em gatos (Belém, Pará, Brasil)

We evaluated the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the serum samples collected from domestic cats in Belém, Pará, Brazil. We also correlated the presence of T. gondii antibodies with environmental variables and cat-owner habits. Four-hundred and forty-seven serum samples from domestic cats were analyzed. The sera were tested using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Among the animals analyzed, 21.92% (98/447) were seropositive. A statistically significant association was found in relation to age and serology among the animals over 1 year old (p<0.01): in the group up to 1 year old, 12.82% (20/156) of the animals were positive, and in the group over 1 year old, 26.80% (78/291) were positive. Our results show that the cats in Belém, Pará region have anti-T. gondii antibodies, and their owners are not aware of toxoplasmosis or how to prevent its transmission.(AU)

Foi avaliada a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em amostras de soro, coletadas de gatos domésticos, em Belém, Pará, Brasil. Também correlacionou-se a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii com variáveis ambientais e hábitos de proprietários. Quatrocentas e quarenta e sete amostras de soro de gatos domésticos foram analisadas. Os soros foram testados por ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta, e as amostras de fezes foram analisadas por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase. Entre os animais analisados, 21,92% (98/447) foram soropositivos. Foi encontrada associação estatística significante em relação à idade e à sorologia entre os animais acima de 1 ano (p <0,01): no grupo de até 1 ano, 12,82% (20/156) dos animais positivos e, no grupo acima de 1 ano, 26,80% (78/291) positivos. Os resultados mostram que os gatos daquela região possuem anticorpos anti-T. gondii, e seus donos não estão cientes da toxoplasmose ou de como evitar sua transmissão.(AU)

Occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil / Ocorrência de protozoários gastrointestinais em gatos de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

Protozoans are widely distributed, and several species may parasitize the digestive tracts of cats (Felis catus), and can be transmitted to humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the species and occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats in the city of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. A total of 206 cat fecal samples were tested, of which 141 were from shelter animals, and 65 were from pets owned by local people. Samples were processed by parasitological techniques. Coproparasitological techniques (Willis, Faust and Ziehl-Neelsen) were performed for detection of protozoan parasites. Subsequently, all samples were processed by PCR protocols specific to Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. PCR products from positive samples were selected for sequencing. No samples were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Using specific PCR protocols, 1/206 (0.48%) samples tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. After purification, this one positive sample was sequenced, and it demonstrated a 100% identity match to Cryptosporidium muris. Using specific PCR protocols, 13/206 (9.22%) cat fecal samples tested, including 2/65 (3.08%) pet cat fecal samples, were positive for T. gondii. PCR analysis revealed that 37/206 (17.96%) of cat fecal samples were positive for Giardia spp., including 27/141 (19.15%) of shelter cat fecal samples, and 10/65 (15.38%) pet cat fecal samples (p = 0.5124). When sequenced, these positive samples showed a 100% identity match with Giardia duodenalis. This study demonstrated that infections with Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Giardia duodenalis are present in the population of both pet cats and shelter cats in the city of Londrina. This poses a risk to public health, because these parasites have a high zoonotic potential.

Os protozoários são amplamente distribuídos, e várias espécies podem parasitar o trato digestivo de gatos (Felis catus) e podem ser transmitidas para humanos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as espécies e a ocorrência de protozoários gastrintestinais em gatos na cidade de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Um total de 206 amostras de fezes de gato foram testadas, das quais 141 eram de animais de abrigo, e 65 eram de animais de propriedade da população local. As amostras foram processadas por técnicas parasitológicas. Willis e esfregaços fecais foram confeccionados e corados pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada para detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. Posteriormente, todas as amostras foram processadas por protocolos de PCR específicos para Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. Os produtos de PCR de amostras positivas foram selecionados para sequenciamento. Nenhuma amostra foi considerada positiva para Cryptosporidium spp. usando a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen. Utilizando protocolos específicos de PCR, 1/206 (0,48%) amostras apresentaram resultados positivos para Cryptosporidium spp. Após a purificação, essa amostra positiva foi sequenciada e demonstrou 100% de equivalência de identidade com Cryptosporidium muris. Utilizando protocolos específicos de PCR, 13/206 (9,22%) amostras fecais de gatos testadas, incluindo 2/65 (3,08%) amostras fecais de gatos de estimação, foram positivas para T. gondii. A análise de PCR revelou que 37/206 (17,96%) das amostras de fezes de gatos foram positivas para Giardia spp., Incluindo 27/141 (19,15%) de amostras fecais de gatos de abrigo, e 10/65 (15,38%) amostras fecais de gatos de estimação (p = 0,5124). Quando sequenciadas, essas amostras positivas apresentaram 100% de equivalência de identidade com Giardia duodenalis. Este estudo demonstrou que as infecções por Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii e Giardia duodenalis estão presentes na população de gatos de estimação e gatos de abrigo na...

Occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil / Ocorrência de protozoários gastrointestinais em gatos de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

Protozoans are widely distributed, and several species may parasitize the digestive tracts of cats (Felis catus), and can be transmitted to humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the species and occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats in the city of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. A total of 206 cat fecal samples were tested, of which 141 were from shelter animals, and 65 were from pets owned by local people. Samples were processed by parasitological techniques. Coproparasitological techniques (Willis, Faust and Ziehl-Neelsen) were performed for detection of protozoan parasites. Subsequently, all samples were processed by PCR protocols specific to Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. PCR products from positive samples were selected for sequencing. No samples were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Using specific PCR protocols, 1/206 (0.48%) samples tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. After purification, this one positive sample was sequenced, and it demonstrated a 100% identity match to Cryptosporidium muris. Using specific PCR protocols, 13/206 (9.22%) cat fecal samples tested, including 2/65 (3.08%) pet cat fecal samples, were positive for T. gondii. PCR analysis revealed that 37/206 (17.96%) of cat fecal samples were positive for Giardia spp., including 27/141 (19.15%) of shelter cat fecal samples, and 10/65 (15.38%) pet cat fecal samples (p = 0.5124). When sequenced, these positive samples showed a 100% identity match with Giardia duodenalis. This study demonstrated that infections with Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Giardia duodenalis are present in the population of both pet cats and shelter cats in the city of Londrina. This poses a risk to public health, because these parasites have a high zoonotic potential.(AU)

Os protozoários são amplamente distribuídos, e várias espécies podem parasitar o trato digestivo de gatos (Felis catus) e podem ser transmitidas para humanos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as espécies e a ocorrência de protozoários gastrintestinais em gatos na cidade de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Um total de 206 amostras de fezes de gato foram testadas, das quais 141 eram de animais de abrigo, e 65 eram de animais de propriedade da população local. As amostras foram processadas por técnicas parasitológicas. Willis e esfregaços fecais foram confeccionados e corados pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada para detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. Posteriormente, todas as amostras foram processadas por protocolos de PCR específicos para Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. Os produtos de PCR de amostras positivas foram selecionados para sequenciamento. Nenhuma amostra foi considerada positiva para Cryptosporidium spp. usando a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen. Utilizando protocolos específicos de PCR, 1/206 (0,48%) amostras apresentaram resultados positivos para Cryptosporidium spp. Após a purificação, essa amostra positiva foi sequenciada e demonstrou 100% de equivalência de identidade com Cryptosporidium muris. Utilizando protocolos específicos de PCR, 13/206 (9,22%) amostras fecais de gatos testadas, incluindo 2/65 (3,08%) amostras fecais de gatos de estimação, foram positivas para T. gondii. A análise de PCR revelou que 37/206 (17,96%) das amostras de fezes de gatos foram positivas para Giardia spp., Incluindo 27/141 (19,15%) de amostras fecais de gatos de abrigo, e 10/65 (15,38%) amostras fecais de gatos de estimação (p = 0,5124). Quando sequenciadas, essas amostras positivas apresentaram 100% de equivalência de identidade com Giardia duodenalis. Este estudo demonstrou que as infecções por Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii e Giardia duodenalis estão presentes na população de gatos de estimação e gatos de abrigo na...(AU)

Cats with central nervous system cryptococcosis

Background: Cryptococcosis is a serious fungal infection contracted by humans and animals, and the most common systemic mycosis found in cats. This disease is often contracted through inhalation of fungal propagules. The Central Nervous System (CNS) may be infected through local extension (nasal and frontal sinuses) or via hematogenous route. Similarly to CNS bacterial infection, the clinical signs of neurological dysfunction may be attributed to mass effect (gelatinous mass of fungal microorganisms and fungal granuloma formation) or to a more disseminated inflammatory response to invading microorganisms. The objective of this study is to report one case of a patient with cryptococcal granulomas in the central nervous system and one case of a patient with neurological signs associated to a cryptococcosis. Cases: Case 1. A 3-year-old male mixed breed feline was admitted to a veterinary clinic, located in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil. The patient presented unsourced behavioral changes, vestibular ataxia and dysphagia caused by inability of coordination. The following tests were performed: complete blood count test, biochemical analysis, computed tomography scan (CT scan), fluid analysis, radiography and toxoplasmosis test. The following medicine were administrated for treatment: fluconazole, dexamethasone, mannitol, phenobarbital and levetiracetam. Fluid therapy was also part of the treatment. Immediately after death, the cat was submitted for necropsy, and a fungal granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was diagnosed. Cryptococcus sp. was identified as the causal agent through pathological findings, fungal culture and PCR analysis. Case 2. One year later, another feline was admitted to the same clinic (a 2-year-old female mixed breed) presenting hypersalivation, tremors and excessive vocalization. The patient had contact with the deceased feline. The following tests were performed: complete blood count...

Cats with central nervous system cryptococcosis

Background: Cryptococcosis is a serious fungal infection contracted by humans and animals, and the most common systemic mycosis found in cats. This disease is often contracted through inhalation of fungal propagules. The Central Nervous System (CNS) may be infected through local extension (nasal and frontal sinuses) or via hematogenous route. Similarly to CNS bacterial infection, the clinical signs of neurological dysfunction may be attributed to mass effect (gelatinous mass of fungal microorganisms and fungal granuloma formation) or to a more disseminated inflammatory response to invading microorganisms. The objective of this study is to report one case of a patient with cryptococcal granulomas in the central nervous system and one case of a patient with neurological signs associated to a cryptococcosis. Cases: Case 1. A 3-year-old male mixed breed feline was admitted to a veterinary clinic, located in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil. The patient presented unsourced behavioral changes, vestibular ataxia and dysphagia caused by inability of coordination. The following tests were performed: complete blood count test, biochemical analysis, computed tomography scan (CT scan), fluid analysis, radiography and toxoplasmosis test. The following medicine were administrated for treatment: fluconazole, dexamethasone, mannitol, phenobarbital and levetiracetam. Fluid therapy was also part of the treatment. Immediately after death, the cat was submitted for necropsy, and a fungal granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was diagnosed. Cryptococcus sp. was identified as the causal agent through pathological findings, fungal culture and PCR analysis. Case 2. One year later, another feline was admitted to the same clinic (a 2-year-old female mixed breed) presenting hypersalivation, tremors and excessive vocalization. The patient had contact with the deceased feline. The following tests were performed: complete blood count...(AU)

Investigation and environmental analysis of samples from outbreak of toxoplasmosis at research institution in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, 2016 / Investigação e análise ambiental de amostras oriundas de surto de toxoplasmose em uma instituição de pesquisa em Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, 2016

The objective of this study was to report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis at a research institution in Londrina, Paraná, from December 2015 to February 2016. Blood samples from 26 symptomatic individuals were collected and the microparticle chemiluminescence immunoassay was performed to detect IgM, IgG and specific IgG avidity test in the official laboratory. A total of 20 people with symptoms and serology compatible with acute toxoplasmosis (IgM positive and IgG with low avidity) were selected as cases, while 45 asymptomatic employees working in the same teams and during the same shifts were selected as controls. All the participants of the investigation answered an epidemiological questionnaire. Three samples of water and one sludge from the institution's supply cisterns, 10 soil samples, 11 plant samples, three cat fecal samples and one domestic feline cadaver were collected for analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for T. gondii. After analyzing the epidemiological data, the consumption of vegetables in the restaurant of the institution was the only variable associated with the occurrence of the disease. In laboratory results, all the samples showed negative results to PCR. The rapid recognition of the outbreak, early notification and investigation could have broken the chain of transmission early, thus preventing the emergence of new cases. In addition, the adoption of good food handling practices could have prevented the occurrence of the outbreak.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um surto de toxoplasmose humana em uma instituição de pesquisa em Londrina, Paraná, no período de dezembro de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Amostras de sangue de 26 indivíduos sintomáticos foram coletadas e o imunoensaio de quimioluminescência de micropartículas foi realizado para detectar IgM, IgG e teste de avidez de IgG específica em laboratório oficial. Um total de 20 pessoas com sintomas e sorologia compatíveis com toxoplasmose aguda (IgM positiva e IgG com baixa avidez) foi selecionado como casos, enquanto 45 funcionários assintomáticos que trabalhavam nas mesmas equipes e durante os mesmos turnos foram utilizados como controles. Todos os participantes da investigação responderam a um questionário epidemiológico. Foram coletadas três amostras de água e uma de lodo das cisternas de abastecimento da instituição, 10 de solo, 11 de vegetais, três amostras de fezes de gato e um cadáver de filhote felino doméstico para detecção de T. gondii pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Após análise dos dados epidemiológicos, o consumo de hortaliças no restaurante da instituição foi a única variável associada à ocorrência da doença. Em resultados laboratoriais, todas as amostras apresentaram resultados negativos a PCR. O rápido reconhecimento do surto, notificação e investigação prematura poderia ter quebrado a cadeia de transmissão, evitando assim o surgimento de novos casos. Além disso, a adoção de boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos poderia ter impedido a ocorrência do surto.(AU)

Feline neonatal toxoplasmosis and cystoisospora coinfection - case report

Toxoplasma gondii and Cystoisopora spp. are coccidian protozoa and compulsory intracellular parasites. These parasites present an enteric cycle phase, wild and domestic felines are definitive hosts capable of eliminating non-sporulated oocysts by faeces. Furthermore, they share the same transmission path, through the ingestion of infectious oocysts or the ingestion of cysts present on tissues. Most cat infections occur subclinically. Commonly, clinical and severe disease develops more often in kittens and immunocompromised animals. The present paper reports a case of coinfection of T. gondii and Cystoisospora spp in a feline of approximately 20 days old, weighing 260 grams, assisted at the Veterinary Hospital - UEM. The patient presented acute signs of limited mobility, remaining only in sternal position, cervical ventroflexion, dyspnea, lethargy and anorexia. T. gondii was identified through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test using a blood sample, whereas the co-analysis by flotation in saturated saline solution (Willis technique) was able to verify the presence of oocysts of Cystoisospora spp. After negative result from PCR test using stool sample, the presence of Cystoisospora spp. was confirmed, differentiating it from oocysts of T. gondii. The treatment based on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was able to control the infection and decrease disease symptoms, proving to be effective and showing significant clinical improvement within 3 days after starting the treatment.

Feline neonatal toxoplasmosis and cystoisospora coinfection - case report

Toxoplasma gondii and Cystoisopora spp. are coccidian protozoa and compulsory intracellular parasites. These parasites present an enteric cycle phase, wild and domestic felines are definitive hosts capable of eliminating non-sporulated oocysts by faeces. Furthermore, they share the same transmission path, through the ingestion of infectious oocysts or the ingestion of cysts present on tissues. Most cat infections occur subclinically. Commonly, clinical and severe disease develops more often in kittens and immunocompromised animals. The present paper reports a case of coinfection of T. gondii and Cystoisospora spp in a feline of approximately 20 days old, weighing 260 grams, assisted at the Veterinary Hospital - UEM. The patient presented acute signs of limited mobility, remaining only in sternal position, cervical ventroflexion, dyspnea, lethargy and anorexia. T. gondii was identified through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test using a blood sample, whereas the co-analysis by flotation in saturated saline solution (Willis technique) was able to verify the presence of oocysts of Cystoisospora spp. After negative result from PCR test using stool sample, the presence of Cystoisospora spp. was confirmed, differentiating it from oocysts of T. gondii. The treatment based on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was able to control the infection and decrease disease symptoms, proving to be effective and showing significant clinical improvement within 3 days after starting the treatment.(AU)

Fatal toxoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed domestic cat from Brazil caused by Toxoplasma gondii clonal type I / Toxoplasmose fatal em um gato doméstico imunossuprimido do Brasil causada por Toxoplama gondii clonal tipo I

The objective of the study was to report on a fatal case of feline toxoplasmosis with coinfection with the feline leukemia virus (FeLV). A domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) presented intense dyspnea and died three days later. In the necropsy, the lungs were firm, without collapse and with many white areas; moderate lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly were also observed. The histopathological examination showed severe necrotic interstitial bronchopneumonia and mild necrotic hepatitis, associated with intralesional cysts and tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii that were positive by anti-T. gondii immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation. The bone marrow showed chronic myeloid leukemia and the neoplastic cells were positive by anti-FeLV IHC evaluation. DNA extracted from lungs was positive for T. gondii by PCR targeting REP-529. T. gondii was characterized by PCR-RFLP and by the microsatellites technique. ToxoDB-PCR-RFLP #10, i.e. the archetypal type I, was identified. Microsatellite analysis showed that the strain was a variant of type I with two atypical alleles. This was the first time that a T. gondii clonal type I genotype was correlated with a case of acute toxoplasmosis in a host in Brazil.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de toxoplasmose felina fatal com coinfecção com o vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). Um gato doméstico (Felis silvestris catus) apresentou intensa dispneia e morreu três dias depois. Na necropsia, observaram-se pulmões firmes, não colabados e com múltiplas áreas brancas, além de linfoadenomegalia e esplenomegalia moderadas. No exame histopatológico, evidenciaram-se broncopneumonia intersticial necrótica acentuada e hepatite necrótica discreta associada a cistos e taquizoítas de T. gondii intralesionais positivos na imuno-histoquímica (IHC) anti-T. gondii. Evidenciou-se ainda, na medula óssea, leucemia mieloide crônica com IHC anti-FeLV positiva nas células neoplásicas. O DNA extraído dos pulmões foi positivo para T. gondii por meio da PCR-REP-529. T. gondii foi caracterizado por PCR-RFLP e pela técnica de microssatélites. Foi identificado o genótipo ToxoDB-PCR-RFLP #10, i.e., o arquétipo tipo I. A análise por microssatélites mostrou que a cepa era uma variante do tipo I, com dois alelos atípicos. Esta é a primeira vez que T. gondii clonal tipo I foi relacionado com um caso agudo de toxoplasmosis em um hospedeiro no Brasil.(AU)

Firocoxib on aqueous humor prostaglandin E 2 levels for controlling experimentally-induced breakdown of blood-aqueous barrier in healthy and Toxoplasma gondii -seropositive cats / Efeitos do firocoxib sobre os níveis de prostaglandina E 2 no humor aquoso de gatos saudáveis e com sorologia positiva para toxoplasmose mediante quebra da barreira hematoaquosa experimentalmente induzida

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of firocoxib for controlling experimentally-induced breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in healthy and Toxoplasma gondii -seropositive cats. Thirty two cats with no ocular abnormalities were used. Groups (n=8/each) were formed with healthy cats that received 5mg g-1 of oral firocoxib (FH) or no treatment (CH) on day 0; seropositive cats for anti -T. gondii specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were grouped (n=8/each) and treated in a similar fashion (FT and CT). On day 1, cats of all groups received the same treatment protocol, and 1h later, aqueocentesis was performed under general anesthesia (M0). Following 1h, the same procedure was repeated (M1). Quantitation of aqueous humor total protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined. Aqueous samples of seropositive cats were tested for anti- T. gondii specific IgG. In M0, aqueous samples of CT showed a significantly higher concentration of PGE2 in comparison with other groups (P 0.05). In all groups, PGE2 concentration increased significantly from M0 to M1 (P=0.001). PGE2 values did not change significantly between groups in M1 (P=0.17). Anti- T. gondii specific IgG were reported only in samples of M1, and aqueous titers did not change significantly between FT and CT (P=0.11). Although we have observed that aqueous humor PGE2 levels were significantly higher in cats of CT group during M0, such increase was not able to break the blood-aqueous barrier and cause anterior uveitis. Firocoxib did not prevent intraocular inflammation after aqueocentesis, in healthy and toxoplasmosis-seropositive cats.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do firocoxib no controle da quebra da barreira hematoaquosa experimentalmente induzida em gatos saudáveis e com sorologia positiva para toxoplasmose. Para tanto, utilizaram-se trinta e dois gatos sem alterações oculares, alocados em grupos (n=8/cada) compostos por gatos saudáveis que receberam tratamento prévio com 5mg g-1 de firocoxib oral (HF) ou sem nenhum tratamento (CH) no dia 0, e por gatos com sorologia positiva para toxoplasmose tratados de maneira similar (FT e CT). No dia 1, os gatos de todos os grupos receberam o mesmo protocolo de tratamento do dia anterior e, 1h depois, foram submetidos à paracentese da câmara anterior sob anestesia geral (M0). Após 1h, realizou-se nova paracentese (M1). Mediante a colheita de humor aquoso (M0 e M1), quantificaram-se os valores de proteína total e prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) das amostras. As amostras dos gatos com sorologia positiva para toxoplasmose foram também testadas para anticorpos anti- T. gondii IgG específicos. Em M0, as amostras de humor aquoso de CT apresentaram concentração de PGE2 significativamente superior aos demais grupos (P 0,05). Em todos os grupos, a concentração de PGE2 aumentou significativamente de M0 para M1 (P=0,001), no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em M1 (P=0,17). Anticorpos anti -T. gondii IgG específicos foram encontrados somente em amostras de M1, e os títulos não diferiram significativamente entre FT e CT (P=0,11). Valores de PGE2 significativamente superiores no CT durante M0 não foram capazes de induzir a quebra da barreira hematoaquosa e causar uveíte anterior nos gatos deste estudo. O firocoxib, por sua vez, não foi capaz de prevenir a quebra da barreira hematoaquosa após realização de paracente na câmara anterior em gatos saudáveis e com sorologia positiva para toxoplasmose.(AU)

Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and a Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) in captivity / Infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em um canguru vermelho (Macropus rufus) e em uma mara (Dolichotis patagonum) em cativeiro

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is an infectious, zoonotic and parasitic disease, caused by Toxoplasma gondii. In this manucript, two cases of infection with T. gondii in captive animals from a zoological park in the central region of Chile are described. One case was a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), which is highly susceptible to the infection, and the other was a Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum), a rodent in which there is no previous report of the infection. Both animals had myocarditis, with the presence of intralesional tachizoites and cysts suggestive of infection with T. gondii. This infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in both animals. The origin of the infection is unknown, but it is likely that free ranging domestic felines were associated with the dissemination of the parasites. This highlights the importance of controlling the domestic animal populations in zoological parks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that T. gondii infection is described in a Patagonian mara, adding a new host for this infectious agent.(AU)

Resumo Toxoplasmose é uma doença parasitária infecciosa e zoonótica causada por Toxoplasma gondii. São descritos dois animais com toxoplasmose, mantidos em cativeiro, em um zoológico na região central do Chile. Um destes foi um canguru vermelho (Macropus rufus), o qual é altamente suscetível à infecção; o outro foi uma mara (Dolichotis patagonum), um roedor sem relato prévio de infecção por T. gondii. Ambos os animais tinham miocardite associada a organismos protozoários intralesionais, sugestivos de infecção por Toxoplasma gondii. Esta infecção foi confirmada pela imuno-histoquímica, nos dois animais. A origem da infecção é desconhecida, mas é provável que felinos domésticos errantes estejam associados com a disseminação do protozoário. Isso destaca a importância do controle populacional de animais domésticos em zoológicos. Até onde se sabe, esta é a primeira vez que a infecção por T. gondii é descrita em uma mara, adicionando um novo hospedeiro para este agente infeccioso.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domiciled cats from Rio Branco municipality, Acre state, Brazil / Anticorpos anti-toxoplasma gondii em gatos domiciliados no município de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil

Blood samples were collected from 89 cats to assess the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and the possible risk factors associated with feline Toxoplasma gondii infection. An epidemiological questionnaire was developed and implemented for owners of domestic cats domiciled in Rio Branco, Acre. The results were statistically evaluated with the odds ratio and chi-square tests, considering the significance level of 5%. Of 89 animals samples, 22 had antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Among the 22 reactive animals, 15 (68.19%) were female, 15 (68.19%) were less than one year old and 20 (90%) were cross breed. Concerning risk factors, there was no difference (p > 0.05) between the variables evaluated by the chi-square test. Moreover, 16 (72%) cats were fed a mixed diet, 20 (90%) of the cats had hunting habits, 18 (81%) had contact with animals of another species, 11 (50%) had access to the street, and 21 (95%) lived in homes that had areas of grass or dirt. In conclusion, the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats was 24.7%, and there were no significant risk factors for feline toxoplasmosis in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos IgG contra Toxoplasma gondii por meio de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e associar com os possíveis fatores de risco para a enfermidade, foram colhidas amostras de sangue da veia jugular de 89 gatos domiciliados, na cidade de Rio Branco, Acre após a realização de inquérito epidemiológico pautado nos principais fatores de risco para a presença de anticorpos. Os resultados encontrados foram avaliados estatisticamente com o teste de razão de chances (Odds ratio) e qui quadrado, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Dos animais positivos 15 (68.19%) eram fêmeas, 15 (68.19%) possuíam idade superior a 12 meses e 20 (90%) eram animais sem raça definida. Sobre os possíveis fatores de risco, não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre as variáveis avaliadas pelo teste de qui quadrado. Adicionalmente, 16 (72%) gatos eram alimentados com dieta mista, 20 (90%) mantinham hábitos de caça, 18 (81%) tinham contato com animais de outra espécie, 11 (50%) tinham livre acesso à rua e 21 (95%) habitavam casas que possuíam áreas de grama ou terra. Conclui-se que na cidade do Acre, Rio Branco, a prevalência de anticorpos (IgG) para anti-Toxoplasma gondii nos felinos domiciliados foi de 24,7%, e que os fatores de risco não foram significantes.(AU)

Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em felinos frequentadores de clínicas e hospitais veterinários de Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil / Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in felines that go into veterinary hospitals and clinics in Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil / Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii en felinos frecuentadores de clínicas y hospitales veterinarios de Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil

Os felídeos são os únicos hospedeiros definitivos do Toxoplasma gondii, nos quais ocorre o ciclo sexuado do parasita, resultando na eliminação de oocistos junto com as fezes. Existe uma elevada prevalência de toxoplasmose nos felinos, mas a doença clínica é rara. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos pelo T. gondii em felinos frequentadores de Clínicas e Hospitais Veterinários de Cascavel, Paraná. No período de janeiro a julho de 2013, foram coletadas 171 amostras de sangue de felinos, os soros foram analisados pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Foi preenchido questionário epidemiológico pelos proprietários para obtenção de informações sobre o comportamento, estado sanitário e nutricional dos animais. Todas as informações obtidas foram analisadas pelo programa Epi Info 3,05. A prevalência de toxoplasmose nas amostras analisadas foi de 28,07% (48/171). Dentre as variáveis estudadas, a presença de pombos ou pardais e roedores nas residências e o acesso ao pátio ou quintal, apresentaram associação significativa com a infecção pelo T. gondii. Em relação à frequência de visitas ao médico veterinário, foi verificado que os felinos que não são levados ao médico veterinário com frequência têm 2,26 mais chances de adquirir toxoplasmose. Os resultados demonstram que os felinos estão expostos ao T. gondii e que as adoções das medidas preventivas são importantes para controlar a infecção.(AU)

The felines are the only definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii, which occurs in the conclusion of the reproductive cycle of the parasite, resulting in the elimination of oocysts with the feces. There is a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in felines, but clinical disease is rare. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in felines that attend Veterinary Hospitals and Clinics in Cascavel, Paraná. In the period January to July 2013, 171 blood samples from felines were collected, and then analyzed by Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). A Epidemiological questionnaire filled to the owners to obtain information on the behavior, health and nutritional status of the animals. All the collected data were analyzed using Epi Info 3.05 program. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the samples was 28.07% (48/171). Among the variables studied, the presence of pigeons or sparrows and rodents in homes and access to the patios or backyards, showed significant association with T. gondii infection. Regarding the frequency of visits to the veterinarian, it was found that the felines that are not taken to the veterinarian frequently have 2,26 more chances of acquiring toxoplasmosis. The results show that the felines are exposed to T. gondii, and that the adoption of the preventive measure is important in controlling infection.(AU)

Los felinos son los únicos hospederos definitivos del Toxoplasma gondii, en los cuales ocurre el ciclo sexuado del parasita, resultando en la eliminación de ooquistes con las heces. Existe una elevada prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en los felinos, pero la enfermedad clínica es rara. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos por T. gondii en felinos frecuentadores de Clínicas y Hospitales Veterinarios de Cascavel, Paraná. En el período de enero a julio de 2013, se han recolectado 171 muestras de sangre de felinos, los sueros fueron analizados por Reacción de Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta (RIFI). Se ha rellenado cuestionario epidemiológico por los propietarios para obtención de informaciones sobre el comportamiento, estado sanitario y nutricional de los animales. Todas las informaciones obtenidas fueron analizadas por el programa Epi Info 3,05. La prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en las muestras analizadas fueron de 28,07% (48/171). Entre las variables estudiadas, la presencia de palomas, gorriones y roedores en las residencias y accesos a los patios, presentaron asociación significativa con la infección por T.gondii. Con relación a la frecuencia de visitas al médico veterinario, se ha verificado que los felinos que no son llevados a menudo tienen 2,26 más probabilidades de adquirir toxoplasmosis. Los resultados demuestran que los felinos están expuestos al T.gondii y que las adopciones de las medidas preventivas son importantes para controlar la infección.(AU)

Feline sporotrichosis: coinfection with Toxoplasma gondii, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus in cats from an endemic area in Brazil

Background: Sporotrichosis is an endemic zoonosis in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro caused by fungi included in the Sporothrix complex, in which cats are the main source of infection for humans and animals. Coinfections in cats with sporotrichosis from this region, their risk factors and how they affect the treatment outcome in these animals are little known. The objectives of this study were to determine the coinfections of Sporothrix spp. with Toxoplasma gondii, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and to correlate these infections with risk factors and the outcome of sporotrichosis treatment in cats from an endemic area of sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: It was conducted a cohort study involving 213 cats with definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro and assisted in the Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals (LAPCLIN-DERMZOO)/Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI)/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, from November 2007 until February 2011. These animals were monthly evaluated due to sporotrichosis treatment until their sporotrichosis treatment outcomes. In every clinical evaluation, 5 mL of blood were collected in order to obtain the serum, which was stored at -20ºC. Information from the animals medical records have also been collected, such as sex, eating habits, living with other cats, access to the streets, castration, age and the outcome of sporotrichosis treatment. Serological follow-up of anti-T. gondii antibodies were performed through indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in all clinical evaluations. The FIV and FeLV antibody detection were made through a rapid immunoassay using the catsserum samples from the first clinical evaluation.[...](AU)