Oxidative activity of corpus luteum and ovarian parenchyma in Bos taurus indicus heifers

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in ovaries and corpus luteum (CL) of Bos taurus indicus females and the oxidant effect of CL in ovarian tissues in regions near, intermediate, or distant from it. Ovaries (n=12) of Nelore heifers (n=6) were collected from a slaughterhouse and fragmented. Experiment 1, each ovary was obtained from three fragments, resulting in 18 fragments of ovaries with CL (OV+CL) and another 18 fragments of ovaries without CL (OV-CL). Three fragments were generated from CL, totaling 18 CL fragments. In experiment 2, the ovarian fragments were removed from specific regions near, intermediate, or distant from the CL. All the fragments were placed in Eppendorf-type microtubes (1 mL), kept in a thermal container at 4 ºC, and then stored in a -80 ºC freezer for analysis of oxidative stress (TBARS and NBT) and antioxidant potential (FRAP and ABTS). In the antioxidant activity analysis, luteal tissues showed more antioxidant activity than ovarian tissue (FRAP = P < 0.0001; ABTS = P < 0.02). In the oxidative stress analysis, CL had lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; TBARS = P < 0.03; NBT = P < 0.0001) than ovarian tissues. There was no difference in antioxidant activity and oxidative stress between the fragments obtained from different regions (OV+CL versus OV-CL; P > 0.05). The presence of CL in the ovaries of Bos taurus indicus females did not influence the oxidative stress or antioxidant potential of the gonad. Thus, the removal of ovarian fragments with or without the presence of CL indicates that biotechnologies such as in vitro follicle cultivation is possible.

Oxidative activity of corpus luteum and ovarian parenchyma in Bos taurus indicus heifers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in ovaries and corpus luteum (CL) of Bos taurus indicus females and the oxidant effect of CL in ovarian tissues in regions near, intermediate, or distant from it. Ovaries (n=12) of Nelore heifers (n=6) were collected from a slaughterhouse and fragmented. Experiment 1, each ovary was obtained from three fragments, resulting in 18 fragments of ovaries with CL (OV+CL) and another 18 fragments of ovaries without CL (OV-CL). Three fragments were generated from CL, totaling 18 CL fragments. In experiment 2, the ovarian fragments were removed from specific regions near, intermediate, or distant from the CL. All the fragments were placed in Eppendorf-type microtubes (1 mL), kept in a thermal container at 4 ºC, and then stored in a -80 ºC freezer for analysis of oxidative stress (TBARS and NBT) and antioxidant potential (FRAP and ABTS). In the antioxidant activity analysis, luteal tissues showed more antioxidant activity than ovarian tissue (FRAP = P < 0.0001; ABTS = P < 0.02). In the oxidative stress analysis, CL had lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; TBARS = P < 0.03; NBT = P < 0.0001) than ovarian tissues. There was no difference in antioxidant activity and oxidative stress between the fragments obtained from different regions (OV+CL versus OV-CL; P > 0.05). The presence of CL in the ovaries of Bos taurus indicus females did not influence the oxidative stress or antioxidant potential of the gonad. Thus, the removal of ovarian fragments with or without the presence of CL indicates that biotechnologies such as in vitro follicle cultivation is possible.(AU)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses - evaluation of proinflammatory biomarkers

Background: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen transmitted by the ticks that cause equinegranulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA). This pathogen is infects predominantly blood cells, principally granulocytes and especially neutrophils. A. phagocytophilum causes an acute febrile disease in horses accompanying with lethargy, loss ofappetite, lameness and hemorrhages. In horses, this disease should be considered in all acute symptoms accompaniedby thrombocytopenia and leukopenia identified by hematological test performed. Tick-borne pathogens have becomeincreasingly threatening for both animals and also public health since ticks mostly carry numerous well-documented andundocumented pathogens, and the geographical range of ticks has expanded in the recent years. This research has aimed toevaluate the impact of A. phagocytophilum infection on some oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters, antioxidant enzymeactivities, proinflammatory biomarkers and trace element levels in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: The present study has been carried out using blood samples collected from 93 horses aged1-year and older. The blood samples were centrifuged and sera were separated. Serum samples stored in the freezer (-20°C)until the day of analysis. The DNA was extracted from blood and analysed by nested-PCR technique targeting 16S rRNAgene of A. phagocytophilum and then positive PCR products were sequenced. A. phagocytophilum was 6 horses (6.4%)showed positive nested-PCR results. An infected group comprised of 6 positive horses according to PCR analysis results also6 healthy horses as control were selected. Serum SOD (Horse Superoxide Dismutase(Cu-Zn)) ELISA Kit, MPO (ELISAAssay Kit Horse Myeloperoxidase) and GPx (Horse glutathione peroxidase 1 ELISA Kit Assay), IL1 (Horse Interleukin 1Beta ELISA Kit), IL6 (Horse Interleukin 6 ELISA Kit), TNF α (Horse Tumor Necrosis...

Drying and storage of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. seeds / Secagem e armazenamento de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. tree legume seeds to desiccation and storage. In the drying experiment, the Melanoxylon brauna seeds were submitted to two drying conditions: a forced air circulation chamber (40.18 °C ± 0.13 and 28.48% ± 3.95 RH) and a silica gel desiccator (27.19 °C ± 1.28 and 26.19% ± 0.94 RH) for different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 144 hours). A completely randomized design in a 2 (drying methods) × 5 (drying times) factorial scheme plus control and 4 replications of 25 seeds was used. The following variables were evaluated before and after drying: seed moisture content, percentage of germinated seeds, germination speed index, percentage of mortality, normal and abnormal seedlings. In the storage experiment the seeds were divided into two batches: pre-dried (at 5.0% humidity) and without drying (control at 8.9% humidity). The seeds were then stored in plastic bags in three environments: refrigerator at 5 °C, freezer at 20 °C and room temperature (29 °C). The seeds were removed every four months and submitted to the humidity and germination test for 24 months. Data from this storage experiment were analyzed considering a randomized block design in a 2 (drying levels: presence and absence) × 3 (storage environments: refrigerator, freezer or room temperature) factorial scheme + 2 controls (with and without drying at baseline) and 4 repetitions of 25 seeds. Drying reduced initial seed water content from 8.9% to 5.0%, without loss of viability. Drying in the chamber at 40 °C was faster and more efficient than in silica gel. The results enable classifying the seeds of this species as orthodox, i.e. tolerant to desiccation. The fridge and freezer were efficient for storing the Melanoxylon brauna seeds up to 24 months, independent of previous drying, while storing the seeds at room temperature with previous drying makes them last longer than without drying, as the seeds can last up to 16 months with drying, or 12 months without drying.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade das sementes da leguminosa arbórea Melanoxylon brauna Schott à dessecação e ao armazenamento. No experimento de secagem as sementes de braúna foram submetidas a duas condições de secagem: câmara com circulação forçada de ar (40,18 °C ± 0,13 e 28,48% ± 3,95 UR) e dessecador com sílica gel (27,19 °C ± 1,28 e 26,19% ± 0,94 UR), por diferentes tempos (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, 144 horas). Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 (método de secagem) × 5 (tempo de secagem), mais a testemunha, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis antes e depois da secagem: teor de umidade da semente, porcentagem de sementes germinadas, índice de velocidade de germinação, porcentagem de mortalidade, de plântulas normais e de anormais. No experimento de armazenamento as sementes foram divididas em dois lotes: com secagem prévia (a 5,0% de umidade) e sem secagem (testemunha, a 8,9% de umidade), e foram armazenadas em embalagens sacos de plástico em três ambientes: geladeira a 5 °C, freezer a 20 °C e temperatura ambiente (29 °C). A cada quatro meses as sementes foram retiradas e submetidas ao teste de umidade e de germinação durante 24 meses. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio do delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, em esquema fatorial 2 (secagem) × 3 (ambiente de armazenamento) + 2 testemunhas. A secagem proporcionou a redução do teor de água inicial das sementes de 8,9% até 5,0%, sem perda da sua viabilidade. A secagem na câmara a 40 °C foi mais rápida e eficiente do que na sílica gel. Os resultados permitem classificar as sementes desta espécie como ortodoxas, ou seja, tolerantes à dessecação. A geladeira e o freezer foram eficientes para o armazenamento das sementes de braúna, até 24 meses, independente da secagem prévia das sementes, enquanto o armazenamento das sementes a temperatura ambiente é mais duradouro quando as sementes são submetidas previamente à secagem, podendo durar até 16 meses com secagem ou 12 meses sem secagem.(AU)

Drying and storage of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. seeds / Secagem e armazenamento de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott

The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. tree legume seeds to desiccation and storage. In the drying experiment, the Melanoxylon brauna seeds were submitted to two drying conditions: a forced air circulation chamber (40.18 °C ± 0.13 and 28.48% ± 3.95 RH) and a silica gel desiccator (27.19 °C ± 1.28 and 26.19% ± 0.94 RH) for different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 144 hours). A completely randomized design in a 2 (drying methods) × 5 (drying times) factorial scheme plus control and 4 replications of 25 seeds was used. The following variables were evaluated before and after drying: seed moisture content, percentage of germinated seeds, germination speed index, percentage of mortality, normal and abnormal seedlings. In the storage experiment the seeds were divided into two batches: pre-dried (at 5.0% humidity) and without drying (control at 8.9% humidity). The seeds were then stored in plastic bags in three environments: refrigerator at 5 °C, freezer at ­20 °C and room temperature (29 °C). The seeds were removed every four months and submitted to the humidity and germination test for 24 months. Data from this storage experiment were analyzed considering a randomized block design in a 2 (drying levels: presence and absence) × 3 (storage environments: refrigerator, freezer or room temperature) factorial scheme + 2 controls (with and without drying at baseline) and 4 repetitions of 25 seeds. Drying reduced initial seed water content from 8.9% to 5.0%, without loss of viability. Drying in the chamber at 40 °C was faster and more efficient than in silica gel. The results enable classifying the seeds of this species as orthodox, i.e. tolerant to desiccation. The fridge and freezer were efficient for storing the Melanoxylon brauna seeds up to 24 months, independent of previous drying, while storing the seeds at room temperature with previous drying makes them last longer than without drying, as the seeds can last up to 16 months with drying, or 12 months without drying.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade das sementes da leguminosa arbórea Melanoxylon brauna Schott à dessecação e ao armazenamento. No experimento de secagem as sementes de braúna foram submetidas a duas condições de secagem: câmara com circulação forçada de ar (40,18 °C ± 0,13 e 28,48% ± 3,95 UR) e dessecador com sílica gel (27,19 °C ± 1,28 e 26,19% ± 0,94 UR), por diferentes tempos (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, 144 horas). Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 (método de secagem) × 5 (tempo de secagem), mais a testemunha, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis antes e depois da secagem: teor de umidade da semente, porcentagem de sementes germinadas, índice de velocidade de germinação, porcentagem de mortalidade, de plântulas normais e de anormais. No experimento de armazenamento as sementes foram divididas em dois lotes: com secagem prévia (a 5,0% de umidade) e sem secagem (testemunha, a 8,9% de umidade), e foram armazenadas em embalagens sacos de plástico em três ambientes: geladeira a 5 °C, freezer a ­20 °C e temperatura ambiente (29 °C). A cada quatro meses as sementes foram retiradas e submetidas ao teste de umidade e de germinação durante 24 meses. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio do delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, em esquema fatorial 2 (secagem) × 3 (ambiente de armazenamento) + 2 testemunhas. A secagem proporcionou a redução do teor de água inicial das sementes de 8,9% até 5,0%, sem perda da sua viabilidade. A secagem na câmara a 40 °C foi mais rápida e eficiente do que na sílica gel. Os resultados permitem classificar as sementes desta espécie como ortodoxas, ou seja, tolerantes à dessecação. A geladeira e o freezer foram eficientes para o armazenamento das sementes de braúna, até 24 meses, independente da secagem prévia das sementes, enquanto o armazenamento das sementes a temperatura ambiente é mais duradouro quando as sementes são submetidas previamente à secagem, podendo durar até 16 meses com secagem ou 12 meses sem secagem.

Impact of frozen temperature and thawing methods on the Brazilian sensory profile of Nellore beef

We evaluated the effect of frozen storage temperature and thawing methods on acceptance and sensory profile of steaks of Nellore beef strip loin under 30 days of frozen storage. Fresh strip loin (n = 13), collected two days after slaughter, were aged (2 °C) for 14 days and cut into seven steaks subjected to one of the treatments: control (unfrozen), combination of two freezing temperatures (-10 and -20 °C), and three thawing methods (microwave, ambient temperature, and refrigeration thawing). Steaks in the frozen/thawing treatment were frozen using an ultra-fast freezer until the desirable temperature was reached and were stored for 30 days. After cooking, steaks were analyzed by 11 panelists for the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) and by 120 beef consumers for acceptance. Storage temperature and thawing methods showed little or no changes in the sensory quality of strip loin steaks, detected by either panelists or consumers. In the QDA®, apparent juiciness was lower in samples thawed in microwave, while the rancid flavor was lower for samples frozen at -20 °C and thawed in refrigeration ( p < 0.05). The consumer test showed that samples stored at -10 °C and microwave thawing was most accepted in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and overall impression. Fresh steaks (unfrozen) had low acceptance for overall impression in relation to frozen meat. This indicates that consumers could use a household freezer (-10 °C) and quicker thawing methods (microwave or room temperature) without compromising the sensory perception of steaks frozen up to one month.(AU)

Impact of frozen temperature and thawing methods on the Brazilian sensory profile of Nellore beef

We evaluated the effect of frozen storage temperature and thawing methods on acceptance and sensory profile of steaks of Nellore beef strip loin under 30 days of frozen storage. Fresh strip loin (n = 13), collected two days after slaughter, were aged (2 °C) for 14 days and cut into seven steaks subjected to one of the treatments: control (unfrozen), combination of two freezing temperatures (-10 and -20 °C), and three thawing methods (microwave, ambient temperature, and refrigeration thawing). Steaks in the frozen/thawing treatment were frozen using an ultra-fast freezer until the desirable temperature was reached and were stored for 30 days. After cooking, steaks were analyzed by 11 panelists for the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) and by 120 beef consumers for acceptance. Storage temperature and thawing methods showed little or no changes in the sensory quality of strip loin steaks, detected by either panelists or consumers. In the QDA®, apparent juiciness was lower in samples thawed in microwave, while the rancid flavor was lower for samples frozen at -20 °C and thawed in refrigeration ( p < 0.05). The consumer test showed that samples stored at -10 °C and microwave thawing was most accepted in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and overall impression. Fresh steaks (unfrozen) had low acceptance for overall impression in relation to frozen meat. This indicates that consumers could use a household freezer (-10 °C) and quicker thawing methods (microwave or room temperature) without compromising the sensory perception of steaks frozen up to one month.

Um estudo da implantação das boas práticas de fabricação em uma indústria de salgados na cidade de Barbacena ­ MG / A study of the implementation of good manufacturing practices in a salty industry in the city of Barbacena ­ MG

O presente artigo teve como objetivo verificar as conformidades e não conformidades em uma indústria distribuidora de salgados congelados em Barbacena ­ MG, de acordo com a Resolução 275/02; bem como, apresentar uma proposta de intervenção no Programa de BPF para a adequação à legislação vigente. Foram realizadas visitas periódicas, entrevistas, avaliação por meio de checklist e avaliações microbiológicas. As análises microbiológicas demonstraram melhorias na higienização da área de produção, dos equipamentos e do ultra congelador. Os equipamentos de refrigeração apresentaram altas contagens de unidades formadoras de colônias. Os requisitos imediatos do plano de ação conseguiram ser adaptados para atingir as conformidades. Com as adaptações realizadas a empresa passou a ser classificada como grupo 1 (RDC 275/2002). Mas ainda existem melhorias a serem implementadas necessitando de um profissional qualificado.(AU)

The present article aims to verify the conformity and nonconformity, according with the Resolution 275/02, in a frozen-salty distribution industry located in the City of Barbacena (State of Minas Gerais), as well as to present a intervention proposal in the GMP for the adequacy with the current legislation. Periodic visits, interviews, evaluation through a checklist, and microbiological evaluations were carried out for this research.An action plan was also designed; which included improvements throughout the company. To check the effectiveness of the implementation, the checklist was reapplied and the microbiological analyzes were revalidated. The GMP and SOPs have been updated. Microbiological analysis showed improvements in the production area hygiene, equipment, and ultra-freezer. The refrigeration equipment showed a high count in the colony forming units. The immediate requirements of the action plan were able to be adapted to reach conformity. With the adaptations implemented, the company changed its classification to group 1 (Resolution 275/2002). However, there are still improvements to be implemented, which requires a qualified professional.(AU)

Cryopreservation of Trichomonas gallinae trophozoites / Criopreservação de trofozoítos de Trichomonas gallinae

This study aimed at evaluating the viability of T. gallinae isolates with the use of cryoprotectants – DMSO, ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GL) and propylene glycol (PG) in a freezer, in nitrogen and in an ultrafreezer, 120 days. Cryopreservation with GL, the freezing process was only viable in an ultrafreezer (20%). The use of DMSO led to viable trophozoites (40%) when freezing took place in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen. Freezing was viable when both cryoprotectants EG (90%) and PG (80%) were used in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de isolados de T. gallinae com o uso de crioprotetores - DMSO, etileno glicol (EG), glicerol (GL) e propileno glicol (PG) em freezer, nitrogênio e ultrafreezer, por 120 dias. Criopreservação com GL, o processo de congelamento só foi viável em um ultrafreezer (20%). O uso de DMSO levou a trofozoítos viáveis (40%) quando o congelamento ocorreu em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio. O congelamento foi viável quando ambos os crioprotetores, EG (90%) e PG (80%), foram utilizados em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio.

Cryopreservation of Trichomonas gallinae trophozoites

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de isolados de T. gallinae com o uso de crioprotetores - DMSO, etileno glicol (EG), glicerol (GL) e propileno glicol (PG) em freezer, nitrogênio e ultrafreezer, por 120 dias. Criopreservação com GL, o processo de congelamento só foi viável em um ultrafreezer (20%). O uso de DMSO levou a trofozoítos viáveis (40%) quando o congelamento ocorreu em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio. O congelamento foi viável quando ambos os crioprotetores, EG (90%) e PG (80%), foram utilizados em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio.(AU)

This study aimed at evaluating the viability of T. gallinae isolates with the use of cryoprotectants DMSO, ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GL) and propylene glycol (PG) in a freezer , in nitrogen and in an ultrafreezer, 120 days. Cryopreservation with GL, the freezing process was only viable in an ultrafreezer (20%). The use of DMSO led to viable trophozoites (40%) when freezing took place in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen. Freezing was viable when both cryoprotectants EG (90%) and PG (80%) were used in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen.(AU)

Cryopreservation of Trichomonas gallinae trophozoites / Criopreservação de trofozoítos de Trichomonas gallinae

This study aimed at evaluating the viability of T. gallinae isolates with the use of cryoprotectants DMSO, ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GL) and propylene glycol (PG) in a freezer, in nitrogen and in an ultrafreezer, 120 days. Cryopreservation with GL, the freezing process was only viable in an ultrafreezer (20%). The use of DMSO led to viable trophozoites (40%) when freezing took place in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen. Freezing was viable when both cryoprotectants EG (90%) and PG (80%) were used in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de isolados de T. gallinae com o uso de crioprotetores - DMSO, etileno glicol (EG), glicerol (GL) e propileno glicol (PG) em freezer, nitrogênio e ultrafreezer, por 120 dias. Criopreservação com GL, o processo de congelamento só foi viável em um ultrafreezer (20%). O uso de DMSO levou a trofozoítos viáveis (40%) quando o congelamento ocorreu em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio. O congelamento foi viável quando ambos os crioprotetores, EG (90%) e PG (80%), foram utilizados em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio.(AU)

Cryopreservation of Trichomonas gallinae trophozoites

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de isolados de T. gallinae com o uso de crioprotetores - DMSO, etileno glicol (EG), glicerol (GL) e propileno glicol (PG) em freezer, nitrogênio e ultrafreezer, por 120 dias. Criopreservação com GL, o processo de congelamento só foi viável em um ultrafreezer (20%). O uso de DMSO levou a trofozoítos viáveis (40%) quando o congelamento ocorreu em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio. O congelamento foi viável quando ambos os crioprotetores, EG (90%) e PG (80%), foram utilizados em um ultrafreezer e em nitrogênio.

This study aimed at evaluating the viability of T. gallinae isolates with the use of cryoprotectants – DMSO, ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GL) and propylene glycol (PG) in a freezer , in nitrogen and in an ultrafreezer, 120 days. Cryopreservation with GL, the freezing process was only viable in an ultrafreezer (20%). The use of DMSO led to viable trophozoites (40%) when freezing took place in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen. Freezing was viable when both cryoprotectants EG (90%) and PG (80%) were used in an ultrafreezer and in nitrogen.

Drying and storage of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. seeds

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. tree legume seeds to desiccation and storage. In the drying experiment, the Melanoxylon brauna seeds were submitted to two drying conditions: a forced air circulation chamber (40.18 °C ± 0.13 and 28.48% ± 3.95 RH) and a silica gel desiccator (27.19 °C ± 1.28 and 26.19% ± 0.94 RH) for different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 144 hours). A completely randomized design in a 2 (drying methods) × 5 (drying times) factorial scheme plus control and 4 replications of 25 seeds was used. The following variables were evaluated before and after drying: seed moisture content, percentage of germinated seeds, germination speed index, percentage of mortality, normal and abnormal seedlings. In the storage experiment the seeds were divided into two batches: pre-dried (at 5.0% humidity) and without drying (control at 8.9% humidity). The seeds were then stored in plastic bags in three environments: refrigerator at 5 °C, freezer at 20 °C and room temperature (29 °C). The seeds were removed every four months and submitted to the humidity and germination test for 24 months. Data from this storage experiment were analyzed considering a randomized block design in a 2 (drying levels: presence and absence) × 3 (storage environments: refrigerator, freezer or room temperature) factorial scheme + 2 controls (with and without drying at baseline) and 4 repetitions of 25 seeds. Drying reduced initial seed water content from 8.9% to 5.0%, without loss of viability. Drying in the chamber at 40 °C was faster and more efficient than in silica gel. The results enable classifying the seeds of this species as orthodox, i.e. tolerant to desiccation. The fridge and freezer were efficient for storing the Melanoxylon brauna seeds up to 24 months, independent of previous drying, while storing the seeds at room temperature with previous drying makes them last longer than without drying, as the seeds can last up to 16 months with drying, or 12 months without drying.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade das sementes da leguminosa arbórea Melanoxylon brauna Schott à dessecação e ao armazenamento. No experimento de secagem as sementes de braúna foram submetidas a duas condições de secagem: câmara com circulação forçada de ar (40,18 °C ± 0,13 e 28,48% ± 3,95 UR) e dessecador com sílica gel (27,19 °C ± 1,28 e 26,19% ± 0,94 UR), por diferentes tempos (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, 144 horas). Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 (método de secagem) × 5 (tempo de secagem), mais a testemunha, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis antes e depois da secagem: teor de umidade da semente, porcentagem de sementes germinadas, índice de velocidade de germinação, porcentagem de mortalidade, de plântulas normais e de anormais. No experimento de armazenamento as sementes foram divididas em dois lotes: com secagem prévia (a 5,0% de umidade) e sem secagem (testemunha, a 8,9% de umidade), e foram armazenadas em embalagens sacos de plástico em três ambientes: geladeira a 5 °C, freezer a 20 °C e temperatura ambiente (29 °C). A cada quatro meses as sementes foram retiradas e submetidas ao teste de umidade e de germinação durante 24 meses. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio do delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, em esquema fatorial 2 (secagem) × 3 (ambiente de armazenamento) + 2 testemunhas. A secagem proporcionou a redução do teor de água inicial das sementes de 8,9% até 5,0%, sem perda da sua viabilidade. A secagem na câmara a 40 °C foi mais rápida e eficiente do que na sílica gel. Os resultados permitem classificar as sementes desta espécie como ortodoxas, ou seja, tolerantes à dessecação. A geladeira e o freezer foram eficientes para o armazenamento das sementes de braúna, até 24 meses, independente da secagem prévia das sementes, enquanto o armazenamento das sementes a temperatura ambiente é mais duradouro quando as sementes são submetidas previamente à secagem, podendo durar até 16 meses com secagem ou 12 meses sem secagem.

Avaliação física, química e microbiológica de geladinho de tamarindo comercializado em Morrinhos-GO / Physical, chemical and microbiological evaluation of tamarind geladinho commercialized in Morrinhos GO

O “geladinho” é muito comum no Brasil, e sua aceitação pela população é muito grande, agradando pessoas de praticamente todas as faixas etárias, principalmente crianças e jovens. Por isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa para avaliar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica desse produto, comercializado em Morrinhos GO. O produto pode ser chamado de vários nomes, cada região brasileira denomina de uma forma, como por exemplo, “sacolé”, “flau”, “gelinho”, ”geladinho”, “chupe-chupe”, “chope”, em Morrinhos GO o sabor predileto da população é o de tamarindo. Foram avaliadas quatro amostras de três pontos de vendas. Foram realizadas análises de pH, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis totais, vitamina C, peso médio, e análises de Salmonella, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras. Nas análises física e químicas foi realizado o acompanhamento após 28 dias de armazenamento em freezer a -18° a -22°C. Nenhuma amostra apresentou presença de coliformes totais, E. coli, e Salmonella. Porém verificou-se a presença de bolores e leveduras em baixos níveis. No geral, os produtos encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias conforme a RDC 12/2001.(AU)

The “geladinho” is very common in Brazil, and its acceptance by the population is very large, pleasing people of practically all age groups, mainly children and young people. Therefore, research was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of this product, sold in Morrinhos GO. The product can be called by several names, each Brazilian region names it in a different way, such as “sacolé”, “flau”, “gelinho”, “geladinho”, “chupe-chupe”, “chope”, in Morrinhos GO the favorite flavor of the population is tamarind. Four samples from three points of sale were evaluated. pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, vitamin C, average weight, Salmonella, total and thermotolerant coliforms, molds and, yeasts were analyzed. In the physical and solid analyzes performed, the follow-up after 28 days of storage in a freezer at -18 ° to -22°C. No samples presented the presence of total coliforms, E. Coli, and Salmonella. However, compensation value UFC/mL, although small, of molds and yeasts. In general, the products were in satisfactory sanitary conditions according to RDC 12/2001.(AU)

Avaliação física, química e microbiológica de geladinho de tamarindo comercializado em Morrinhos-GO / Physical, chemical and microbiological evaluation of tamarind geladinho commercialized in Morrinhos – GO

O “geladinho” é muito comum no Brasil, e sua aceitação pela população é muito grande, agradando pessoas de praticamente todas as faixas etárias, principalmente crianças e jovens. Por isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa para avaliar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica desse produto, comercializado em Morrinhos – GO. O produto pode ser chamado de vários nomes, cada região brasileira denomina de uma forma, como por exemplo, “sacolé”, “flau”, “gelinho”, ”geladinho”, “chupe-chupe”, “chope”, em Morrinhos – GO o sabor predileto da população é o de tamarindo. Foram avaliadas quatro amostras de três pontos de vendas. Foram realizadas análises de pH, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis totais, vitamina C, peso médio, e análises de Salmonella, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras. Nas análises física e químicas foi realizado o acompanhamento após 28 dias de armazenamento em freezer a -18° a -22°C. Nenhuma amostra apresentou presença de coliformes totais, E. coli, e Salmonella. Porém verificou-se a presença de bolores e leveduras em baixos níveis. No geral, os produtos encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias conforme a RDC 12/2001.

The “geladinho” is very common in Brazil, and its acceptance by the population is very large, pleasing people of practically all age groups, mainly children and young people. Therefore, research was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of this product, sold in Morrinhos – GO. The product can be called by several names, each Brazilian region names it in a different way, such as “sacolé”, “flau”, “gelinho”, “geladinho”, “chupe-chupe”, “chope”, in Morrinhos – GO the favorite flavor of the population is tamarind. Four samples from three points of sale were evaluated. pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, vitamin C, average weight, Salmonella, total and thermotolerant coliforms, molds and, yeasts were analyzed. In the physical and solid analyzes performed, the follow-up after 28 days of storage in a freezer at -18 ° to -22°C. No samples presented the presence of total coliforms, E. Coli, and Salmonella. However, compensation value UFC/mL, although small, of molds and yeasts. In general, the products were in satisfactory sanitary conditions according to RDC 12/2001.

Avaliação morfológica do concentrado autólogo de plaquetas em cães sob refrigeração e criopreservação em DMSO 6% / [Morphological evaluation of the autologous platelet concentrate in dogs under refrigeration and criopreservation in 6% DMSO]

The morphological characteristics of the autologous platelet concentrate (APC) of 31 dogs were evaluated after cooling and freezing in 6% DMSO. Blood from the jugular vein of each patient was collected and centrifuged at 191g for six minutes to obtain APC. In the fresh sample, the platelet count, MPV, PDW and cell morphology were evaluated. Four samples of each animal were sent for storage, one refrigerated at 4°C for seven days, another for 30 days and two more stored in a freezer at -80°C in the same time interval, using 6% DMSO as cryoprotectant. The conserved samples were submitted to the same laboratory analysis as the fresh sample. There was a difference between fresh and preserved samples for platelet count, cell concentration, MPV and PDW (P<0.05), except in the 30-day refrigerated group, which showed severe morphological changes. In the frozen group for seven days, no difference was observed in the percentage of activation (P>0.05). The results obtained lead to the conclusion that cryopreservation with 6% DMSO at -80°C for seven days is a favorable option for the maintenance of platelet concentrations and the morphological characteristics of APC in dogs.(AU)

Aloenxertos ósseos e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita em falha óssea ulnar em galinhas (Gallus gallus domesticus), aspectos radiográficos e histológicos / Bone allografts and synthetic grafts hydroxyapatite on ulnar bone defect in fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), radiographic and histological aspects

Dos atendimentos ortopédicos realizados em aves no HCV-UFRGS, 86% são fraturas, sendo aproximadamente 30% delas cominutivas com perda óssea expressiva, justificando a importância da utilização de enxertos em fraturas de aves. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois aloenxertos e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita em defeito ósseo de galinhas. Utilizaram-se 30 galinhas separadas em três grupos: aloenxerto congelado em ultra-freezer (GUF), aloenxerto congelado em nitrogênio líquido (GNL) e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita deficiente em cálcio (GHA). Nos três grupos, os enxertos foram aplicados com placas e parafusos bloqueados de 2mm na ulna direita das aves, avaliando-se a evolução por meio de exames radiográficos até serem completados 90 dias de pós-operatório e o resultado final mediante exame histológico. A média e desvio-padrão relacionando o tempo de consolidação óssea radiográfica foi: GNL 61,67±21,79 dias (90% de consolidação), GUF 47,14±13,50 dias (70% de consolidação) e GHA 70±18,17 dias (60% de consolidação). Houve diferença significativa no tempo de consolidação óssea entre o GUF e o GHA. Histologicamente, os enxertos do GUF foram os que estavam em consolidação mais avançada. Os aloenxertos do GNL foram superiores no preenchimento de falha óssea ulnar de galinhas.(AU)

Of the orthopedic visits performed on birds at HCV-UFRGS, 86% are fractures, and approximately 30% of them are comminuted with expressive bone loss, justifying the importance of the use of grafts in bird fractures. The objective of this work was to test two allografts and a synthetic HADC graft on finishing in Gallus gallus domesticus. 30 laying hens were used, divided in three groups: frozen allograft in ultrafreezer (UFG); frozen allograft in liquid nitrogen (LNG); calcium deficient synthetic hydroxyapatite graft (HAG). The three graft groups were exposed to serial radiographs until the 90 postoperative days, as well as the histological examination at the end of the experiment were: LNG 61.67±21.79 days (90% consolidation), UFG 47.14±13.50 days (70% consolidation) and HAG 70±18.17 days (60% consolidation). There was a significant difference in bone healing time between GUF and GHA. Histologically, GUF grafts were the ones that were in the most advanced consolidation. LNG allografts were superior in filling ulnar bone failure of fowl.(AU)

Aloenxertos ósseos e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita em falha óssea ulnar em galinhas (Gallus gallus domesticus), aspectos radiográficos e histológicos / Bone allografts and synthetic grafts hydroxyapatite on ulnar bone defect in fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), radiographic and histological aspects

Dos atendimentos ortopédicos realizados em aves no HCV-UFRGS, 86% são fraturas, sendo aproximadamente 30% delas cominutivas com perda óssea expressiva, justificando a importância da utilização de enxertos em fraturas de aves. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois aloenxertos e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita em defeito ósseo de galinhas. Utilizaram-se 30 galinhas separadas em três grupos: aloenxerto congelado em ultra-freezer (GUF), aloenxerto congelado em nitrogênio líquido (GNL) e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita deficiente em cálcio (GHA). Nos três grupos, os enxertos foram aplicados com placas e parafusos bloqueados de 2mm na ulna direita das aves, avaliando-se a evolução por meio de exames radiográficos até serem completados 90 dias de pós-operatório e o resultado final mediante exame histológico. A média e desvio-padrão relacionando o tempo de consolidação óssea radiográfica foi: GNL 61,67±21,79 dias (90% de consolidação), GUF 47,14±13,50 dias (70% de consolidação) e GHA 70±18,17 dias (60% de consolidação). Houve diferença significativa no tempo de consolidação óssea entre o GUF e o GHA. Histologicamente, os enxertos do GUF foram os que estavam em consolidação mais avançada. Os aloenxertos do GNL foram superiores no preenchimento de falha óssea ulnar de galinhas.(AU)

Of the orthopedic visits performed on birds at HCV-UFRGS, 86% are fractures, and approximately 30% of them are comminuted with expressive bone loss, justifying the importance of the use of grafts in bird fractures. The objective of this work was to test two allografts and a synthetic HADC graft on finishing in Gallus gallus domesticus. 30 laying hens were used, divided in three groups: frozen allograft in ultrafreezer (UFG); frozen allograft in liquid nitrogen (LNG); calcium deficient synthetic hydroxyapatite graft (HAG). The three graft groups were exposed to serial radiographs until the 90 postoperative days, as well as the histological examination at the end of the experiment were: LNG 61.67±21.79 days (90% consolidation), UFG 47.14±13.50 days (70% consolidation) and HAG 70±18.17 days (60% consolidation). There was a significant difference in bone healing time between GUF and GHA. Histologically, GUF grafts were the ones that were in the most advanced consolidation. LNG allografts were superior in filling ulnar bone failure of fowl.(AU)

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Weight gain comparison between heifers fed colostrum or whole milk until weaning

Background: The milk-feeding phase, wherein whole milk is the natural food, is critical to calf development, health, andvitality. However, feeding milk to calves is costly in the rearing system because the milk supplied to calves is not sold. Infarms in which the average production is high, excess colostrum and transitional milk are produced that are used to feedcalves until weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of heifers exclusively fed colostrum(including transitional milk) or raw whole milk.Materials, Methods & Results: Immediately after their birth, 83 ear-tagged healthy Holstein Friesian heifers adequatelyreceiving the initial colostrum were separated into two experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 34) was fed only fresh whole milkand group 2 (n = 49) was fed only colostrum diluted in water at a 2:1 ratio. Colostrum was removed from cows until the fifthday after birth and was stored in sanitized disposable plastic bottles, stored in a freezer at -20°C and before administration,the colostrum was thawed. Liquid diets were administered using a bottle twice a day during the first month, namely 2 L inthe morning and 2 L in the afternoon. During the second month, the heifers were fed 4 L once a day in the morning. Theheifers had access to an enclosure with fodder, in addition to concentrate specifically for heifers, which was placed in anindividual trough daily. The leftovers were weighed at the end of the afternoon. The heifers were abruptly weaned whenthey reached a daily intake of 1 kg of concentrate. The heifers were individually weighed at birth and at 30, 60, 90, 120,150, and 180 days. The average weights were 40.4, 54.1, 74.5, 95.1, 108.2, and 126.1 kg in group 1 and 45.4, 58.4, 78.2,95.9, 110.8, and 125.1 kg in group 2. The use of diluted colostrum was satisfactory...