ESTUDO RETROSPECTIVO DAS DOENÇAS INFECCIOSAS EM AVES SILVESTRES E EXÓTICAS DIAGNOSTICADAS NO HOSPITAL VETERINÁRIO DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA

A dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo aborda as doenças infecciosas que acometeram as aves silvestres e exóticas entre os anos de 2013 e 2018 de acordo com o livro de necrópsias do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB. Foram abordados os casos gerais de aves com diversas condições infecciosas diagnosticadas através de exame necroscópico, histopatologia, histoquímica e imuno-histoquímica. Divide as doenças infecciosas em bacterianas, fúngicas e causadas por protozoário, não sendo possível, muitas vezes, a classificação dos agentes evolvidos na enfermidade diagnosticada nos espécimes estudados. Em um total de 189 amostras de tecidos oriundos de necrópsia ou biópsia coletados em aves silvestres e exóticas. Desses animais 50 (26,45%) foram identificados como doenças infecciosas. As doenças bacterianas foram as mais prevalentes representando 26 (52%) casos, seguido dos fungos com 11 (22%) aves acometidas e por último os protozoários com 2 (4%) do total de aves com diagnóstico de enfermidade infecciosa. As espécies mais acometidas foram Papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758), Maracanã-nobre (Diopsittaca nobilis, Linnaeus, 1758), Gavião-asade-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus, Temminck, 1824) e canário-da-terra-verdadeiro (Sicalis flaveola, Linnaeus, 1766), respectivamente. Este levantamento confirma a necessidade de investigação de patógenos de origem infecciosa, sejam eles bacterianos, fúngicos ou protozoários em rapinantes, passeriformes e psitaciformes, pois estes podem ser acometidos, bem como representar uma fonte de infecção de forma direta ou indiretamente. Já o segundo capítulo aborda os casos de aspergilose, uma doença fúngica que acometeu várias espécies descritas no levantamento, bem como suas caracterizações patológicas e dados epidemiológicos dos espécimes acometidos. Em passeriformes a enfermidade apresentou-se na forma cutânea e sistêmica, já em psitaciformes a forma pulmonar e a sistêmica foram as principais, padrão que se repete quando se trata dos falconiformes (Bonaparte, 1831). Os principais achados clínicos foram dispneia, má digestibilidade de grãos e desenvolvimento de lesões granulomatosas seguida por morte súbita. Na necrópsia as principais alterações foram circulatórias, incluindo hemorragia, edema e congestão em pulmão, fígado e baço, lesões granulomatosas em órgãos parenquimatosos e na pele. Na histopatologia os principais achados foram aerosaculite granulomatosa, pneumonia granulomatosa, granulomas hepáticos e foliculite fúngica. Em dois casos da A. aestiva foram realizados isolamentos microbiológicos positivos para Aspergillus sp. Em outro caso da Fregata magnificens (Mathews, 1914) foi feito exame de imuno-histoquímica, que marcou positivamente para o anticorpo anti-aspergillus e anti-zigomicetos. Nos demais casos a confirmação se deu através do exame histoquímico, no qual as hifas septadas do agente foram marcadas positivamente com as colorações de ácido periódico de schiff- PAS e metanamina de prata de Gomori-Grocott. Nosso estudo afirma a possibilidade de infecção por Aspergillus sp. em Amazona aestiva, Parabuteo unicinctus, Sporophila nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823), Crotophaga ani (Linnaeus, 1758) e Fregata magnificens. Apesar de serem espécies diferentes apresentaram patogenia e lesões patológicas semelhantes, sendo possível estabelecer um padrão de apresentação clínica e patológica da doença em aves silvestres no nordeste do Brasil.

The dissertation was divided into two chapters. The first chapter addresses the infectious diseases that affected wild and exotic birds between the years 2013 and 2018 according to the autopsy book of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) of the Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB. The general cases of birds with various infectious conditions diagnosed through necroscopic examination, histopathology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. It divides infectious diseases into bacterial, fungal and caused by protozoa, and it is often not possible to classify the agents involved in the disease diagnosed in the studied specimens. In a total of 189 tissue samples from necropsy or biopsy collected from wild and exotic birds. Of these animals, 50 (26.45%) were infectious diseases. Bacterial diseases were the most prevalent representing 26 (52%) cases, followed by fungi with 11 (22%) affected birds and lastly protozoa with 2 (4%) of the total number of birds diagnosed with infectious disease. The most affected species were Papagaio-real (Amazona aestiva), Maracanã-nobre (Diopsittaca nobilis), Hawk-winged Parabuteo (Parabuteo unicinctus) and Canary-of-land (Sicalis flaveola), respectively. This survey confirms the need to investigate pathogens of infectious origin, whether they are bacterial, fungal or protozoan in prey, passerines and psittaciforms, as these can be affected, as well as representing a source of infection directly or indirectly. The second chapter deals with cases of aspergillosis, a fungal disease that affected several species described in the survey, as well as their pathological characterizations and epidemiological data of the affected specimens. In passerines, the disease presented in cutaneous and systemic form, whereas in parrots the pulmonary and systemic forms were the main ones, a pattern that is repeated when it comes to falconiforms. The main clinical findings were dyspnea, poor digestibility of grains and the development of granulomatous lesions followed by sudden death. At necropsy, the main changes were circulatory, including hemorrhage, edema and congestion in the lung, liver and spleen, granulomatous lesions in parenchymal organs and in the skin. In histopathology, the main findings were granulomatous aerosaculitis, granulomatous pneumonia, liver granulomas and fungal folliculitis. In two cases of A. aestiva, positive microbiological isolations for aspergillus were performed. In another case of F. magnificens, immunohistochemistry was performed, which was positive for the anti-aspergillus and anti-zygomycete antibody. In the other cases, confirmation was made through histochemical examination, in which the agent's septa hyphae were positively marked with the stains of periodic acid from schiff-PAS and silver methanamine from Gomori-Grocott. Our study confirms the possibility of infection by Aspergillus sp in Amazona aestiva, Parabuteo unicinctus, Sporophila nigricollis, Crotophaga ani and Fregata magnificens. Despite being different species, they presented similar pathogenesis and pathological lesions, making it possible to establish a pattern of clinical and pathological presentation of the disease in wild birds in northeastern Brazil.

Ocorrência de micoses e pitiose em animais domésticos: 230 casos / Occurrence of mycoses and pythiosis in domestic animals: 230 cases

A retrospective study was performed to determine the main mycoses and oomycosis that affected domestic animals diagnosed in the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). A total of 29,686 exams (9,487 necropsy reports and 20,199 biopsy reports) performed between January 1990 and December 2012 were analyzed. Two hundred and thirty cases (78% of mycoses and 22% of pythiosis) were found. Data about epidemiology, clinical signs, gross and histologic lesions were obtained from the reports. In two cases the fungi observed were not identified. The main diseases observed, in descending order of prevalence, were: pythiosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, dermatophytosis, mallasseziosis, cryptococcosis, megabacteriosis, and sporothrichosis. Others diseases with only one cases each were histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis. Pythiosis affected mainly horses and the mycosis affected mainly companion animals (dogs and cats).(AU)

Para determinar as principais micoses e oomicoses que acometeram animais domésticos na área de abrangência do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo em 9.487 protocolos de necropsias e 20.199 exames histopatológicos (totalizando 29.686 casos), realizados no LPV-UFSM, entre janeiro de 1990 e dezembro de 2012. Do total de protocolos analisados, 230 apresentaram micoses ou pitiose (oomicose), sendo 179 casos (78%) de micoses e 51 casos (22%) de pitiose. Os protocolos foram revisados para determinar os principais achados referentes à epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e às alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas. Em dois casos (0,8%) não foi possível determinar o gênero ou o grupo do fungo observado. As principais doenças diagnosticadas, em ordem decrescente de prevalência, foram: pitiose, candidíase, aspergilose, zigomicose, dermatofitose, malasseziose, criptococose, megabacteriose e esporotricose. Outras doenças diagnosticadas numa única ocorrência cada foram histoplasmose e pneumocistose. Os equinos foram os mais acometidos pela pitiose e os animais de companhia (cães e gatos) foram os mais acometidos pelas micoses.(AU)

Furunculose eosinofílica canina / Canine eosinophilic furunculosis

Background: The eosinophilic furunculosis is an uncommon skin disease that affects young dogs aged between two and five years. Sex predilections are not noted. Most reported cases have been in large breeds with abundant access to the outdoors like public gardens and parks. The exact pathogenesis remains unknown but the pattern of lesions development suggests involvement reaction to insect bites and arthropods. The time between contact with the agent and the appearance of lesions is short, often less than 24 h. The skin lesions appear suddenly in the face, usually on the dorsal muzzle and/ or periocular region, pinnae and lips. More rarely on the trunk, chest and legs and it is characterized by predominantly hemorrhagic ulcers with edema. Pustules, nodules and plaques rapidly fistulate and drain serosanguinous exudates. Pruritus is variable, but may be severe. Severely affected dogs may be febrile, lethargic and anoretic. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is seen in the majority of cases. Clinical differential diagnosis include demodicosis, dermatophytosis, nasal deep bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus and drug reactions. None of these diseases share the fulminant rapid onset of eosinophilic furunculosis. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, cytology and skin biopsies. The treatment involves oral steroids until complete remission of lesions and the antibiotic therapy is indicated in cases of associated bacterial infection. Case: The patient was a 4-year-old, male Pit Bull dog attended in a small animal clinic in Niteroi-Rio de Janeiro, which presented ulcerated, exudative lesions on the dorsal muzzle and right leg. After sedation, clinical examination was performed and an exudate was collected from the ulcerated skin lesion for cytopathological analysis .The slide containing the lesion impression was stained by a quick panoptic method. In order to collect samples, the dog was sedated with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine and a skin fragment was collected from the nasal bridge lesion with a 6 mm punch after local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride. The specimen was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and sent for histopathological analysis. The cytopathological exam revealed a marked eosinophilic inflammation. Histopathological examination revealed ulcerated skin. The epidermis was moderately acanthotic with mild espongiosis and the dermis was characterized by intense eosinophilic folliculocentric inflammations. An extensive folicular rupture, eosinophilic mural foliculitis were presented and PAS staining did not identify fungal structures. Oral prednisone (2 mg/Kg) at 24h intervals was prescribed until complete remission of the lesions. After fifteen days of glucocorticoids therapy, involution of the skin lesions was observed by physical examination and was also reported by the owner. Discussion: The eosinophilic furunculosis is an acute, severe predominantly facial disease of outdoor dogs, which occurrence is rare. The diagnosis and treatment of this disease are frequently neglected because they are not included in the differential diagnosis of diverse cutaneous infections. In view of the scarcity of reports and to alert veterinarians that the disease should be included in the differential diagnosis with other bacterial diseases, this report described a case of canine eosinophilic furunculosis.

Pseudomicetoma dermatofítico / Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma

O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico tem sido relatado nos gatos, cães, eqüinos, assim como no homem. Écaracterizado por nódulos cutâneos ou subcutâneos resultante de uma foliculite e furunculose granulomatosacausada por um dermatófito. Na ampla maioria dos casos, o agente isolado é Microsporum canis. Os dermatófitos invadem as camadas mais profundas da derme ou hipoderme, onde ocorre a formação de abcessos que pode se tornar uma inflamação granulomatosa. Essa invasão se dá através de folículosinfectados, por ruptura da parede folicular. Pode-se observar perifoliculite e, ocasionalmente foliculite,furunculose, dermatite perivascular com hiperqueratose ortoqueratosa e paraqueratosa da epiderme efolículos pilosos. São mais comuns em gatos de pêlo longo especialmente da raça persa. Neste trabalhoserá relatado o caso de Pseudomicetoma dermatofítico felino, em uma gata persa, 13 anos de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário Clinivet. As lesões caracterizavam-se por nódulos, lesões multi-fisturisadas,tumores irregulares em região medial de membro pélvico e torácico, característica dermo-subcutânea,associado a exsudato sanguino- purulento e grumos. Presença de grãos de aspecto branco amarelado.Histologicamente, as lesões eram características de Dermatite piogranulomatosa severa por múltiplosagregados irregulares de hifas pleomórficas (pseudomicetoma dermatofítico). (AU)

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma has been reported in cats, dogs, horses, and humans. It is characterizedby cutaneous or subcutaneous nodules resulting from a folliculitis and furunculosis granulomatouscaused by a dermatophyte. In the vast majority of cases, the agent isolated is Microsporum canis. Dermatophytes invade the deeper layers of the dermis or hypodermis, where there is the formation of abscesses that can become a granulomatous inflammation. This invasion occurs through infectedfollicles by follicular wall rupture. It can be observed perifoliculitis and occasionally folliculitis, furunculosis,perivascular dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and ortoqueratosa paraqueratosa the epidermisand hair follicles. They are more common in long-haired cats especially the Persian breed. This paperwill report the case of feline dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in a Persian cat, 13 years old, at the Veterinary Hospital Clinivet. The lesions were characterized by nodules, multiples cracks, irregular tumorsin the medial region of the pelvic limb and thoracic, dermal-subcutaneous characteristic associatedwith purulent and sanguinary exudate and lumps. Presence grain appearance yellowish white. Histologically,the lesions were characteristic of severe dermatitis pyogranulomatous for multiple irregular aggregates of pleomorphic hyphae (dermatophytic pseudomycetoma). (AU)

Pseudomicetoma dermatofítico / Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma

O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico tem sido relatado nos gatos, cães, eqüinos, assim como no homem. Écaracterizado por nódulos cutâneos ou subcutâneos resultante de uma foliculite e furunculose granulomatosacausada por um dermatófito. Na ampla maioria dos casos, o agente isolado é Microsporum canis. Os dermatófitos invadem as camadas mais profundas da derme ou hipoderme, onde ocorre a formação de abcessos que pode se tornar uma inflamação granulomatosa. Essa invasão se dá através de folículosinfectados, por ruptura da parede folicular. Pode-se observar perifoliculite e, ocasionalmente foliculite,furunculose, dermatite perivascular com hiperqueratose ortoqueratosa e paraqueratosa da epiderme efolículos pilosos. São mais comuns em gatos de pêlo longo especialmente da raça persa. Neste trabalhoserá relatado o caso de Pseudomicetoma dermatofítico felino, em uma gata persa, 13 anos de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário Clinivet. As lesões caracterizavam-se por nódulos, lesões multi-fisturisadas,tumores irregulares em região medial de membro pélvico e torácico, característica dermo-subcutânea,associado a exsudato sanguino- purulento e grumos. Presença de grãos de aspecto branco amarelado.Histologicamente, as lesões eram características de Dermatite piogranulomatosa severa por múltiplosagregados irregulares de hifas pleomórficas (pseudomicetoma dermatofítico).

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma has been reported in cats, dogs, horses, and humans. It is characterizedby cutaneous or subcutaneous nodules resulting from a folliculitis and furunculosis granulomatouscaused by a dermatophyte. In the vast majority of cases, the agent isolated is Microsporum canis. Dermatophytes invade the deeper layers of the dermis or hypodermis, where there is the formation of abscesses that can become a granulomatous inflammation. This invasion occurs through infectedfollicles by follicular wall rupture. It can be observed perifoliculitis and occasionally folliculitis, furunculosis,perivascular dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and ortoqueratosa paraqueratosa the epidermisand hair follicles. They are more common in long-haired cats especially the Persian breed. This paperwill report the case of feline dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in a Persian cat, 13 years old, at the Veterinary Hospital Clinivet. The lesions were characterized by nodules, multiples cracks, irregular tumorsin the medial region of the pelvic limb and thoracic, dermal-subcutaneous characteristic associatedwith purulent and sanguinary exudate and lumps. Presence grain appearance yellowish white. Histologically,the lesions were characteristic of severe dermatitis pyogranulomatous for multiple irregular aggregates of pleomorphic hyphae (dermatophytic pseudomycetoma).