Resumo
Dados sobre os requisitos dos locais de descanso do tamanduá-mirim em ambiente litorâneo não foram bem documentados até o momento. Estudos anteriores levantaram informações no pantanal, cerrado e llanos venezuelanos, com deficiência de dados para o restante da distribuição da espécie. O tamanduá-mirim é uma espécie de difícil visualização e, esse, pode ser um motivo da escassez de informações sobre a espécie. Objetivamos identificar os locais de descanso ocupados por tamanduás-mirins em manguezais, restinga e áreas antrópicas litorâneas, descrevendo e analisando as covariáveis ambientais associadas à seleção de locais de descanso. Adicionalmente, desenvolver um novo modelo de fixador de transmissor de VHF/GPS, com novo material, e desenvolvido de acordo com a anatomia e comportamento do tamanduá-mirim. Desenvolvemos um ranking de segurança dos locais de descanso, classificando a estratificação, a exposição a intempéries e exposição a predadores. Foram registrados 29 locais de descanso para 12 tamanduás-mirins avistados em duas ilhas do Delta do Parnaíba. Os animais foram mais registrados em manguezal (48%), sendo a maioria das estruturas em dossel e sub-bosque (79%), em forquilhas de árvores (38%) e ocos (28%). Os tamanduás-mirins em descanso foram registrados mais vezes em locais altos e com maior distância das comunidades humanas, assim como os rankings de segurança também foram maiores no ambiente de manguezal. Nos ambientes de restinga e áreas urbanizadas, os tamanduás foram registrados, em sua maioria, em estratos mais baixos e mais expostos a predadores. De acordo com nossos resultados, a seleção de locais de descanso mais baixos está relacionada com o nível de antropização, quanto mais urbanizada a área, ou mais próxima de áreas urbanizadas, mais estratos baixos eram utilizados pelos tamanduás. Houve relação positiva entre a altura da estrutura de descanso e a exposição às intempéries, quanto mais alto o local de descanso, mais protegido das intempéries os tamanduás estavam. O fixador de GPS foi testado por 45 dias no cativeiro e 320 dias em vida livre, e os animais não apresentaram comportamentos alterados ou lesões. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostram as exigências da área de descanso dos tamanduás-mirins em relação ao habitat, que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de ações de conservação para espécie em ambientes menos protegidos.
Data on the requirements of the resting places of the lesser anteater in a coastal environment have not been well documented so far. Previous studies have raised information in the pantanal, cerrado and Venezuelan llanos, with data deficiency for the rest of the species distribution. The lesser anteater is a species that is difficult to see, and this may be a reason for the scarcity of information about the species. We aim to identify resting places occupied by lesser anteaters in mangroves, sandbank, and coastal anthropic areas, describing and analyzing the environmental covariables associated with the selection of resting places. Additionally, to develop a new model of VHF / GPS transmitter fixator, with new material, and developed according to the anatomy and behavior of the lesser anteater. We developed a safety ranking of resting places, classifying stratification, exposure to bad weather and exposure to predators. There were 29 resting places for 12 lesser anteaters seen on two islands in the Delta do Parnaíba. The animals were more registered in mangroves (48%), with most structures in canopy and understory (79%), in tree forks (38%) and hollow (28%). The resting giant anteaters were recorded more often in high places and with greater distance from human communities, as well as safety rankings were also higher in the mangrove environment. In restinga environments and anthropized areas, anteaters were mostly recorded in lower strata and more exposed to predators. According to our results, the selection of lower resting places is related to the level of anthropization, the more anthropized the area, or the closer to anthropized areas, the lower strata were used by anteaters. There was a positive relationship between the height of the resting structure and exposure to the weather, the higher the resting place, the more protected from the weather the anteaters were. The GPS fixer was tested for 45 days in captivity and 320 days in free life, and the animals showed no altered behavior or injury. The results presented in this study show the requirements of the resting area of the lesser anteaters in relation to the habitat, which can assist in the development of conservation actions for species in less protected environments.
Resumo
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exposição de uma população de onças-pintadas da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá a agentes infecciosos selecionados, assim como realizar exame clínico, descrição hematológica e bioquímica. No período entre janeiro de 2012 a março de 2018 foram capturadas 13 onças-pintadas, sendo oito machos e cinco fêmeas, adultas, utilizando método de captura de laço montadas em trilhas. Os animais foram anestesiados e monitorados durante o procedimento, sendo realizado exame clínico e coleta de amostras biológicas. Foram realizados diagnósticos sorológicos para T. gondii, Leptospira spp, e Brucelas lisas, diagnóstico molecular e sorológico para o vírus da cinomose, vírus da raiva, vírus da leucemia felina, vírus da imunodeficiência felina, os arbovirus, Zika, Chikungunya, Ilhéus, Oeste do Nilo, Encefalite de Saint Louis, Rocio, Febre Amarela e Mayaro, o isolamento foi realizado nos arbovírus. O monitoramento das onças-pintadas ao longo do estudo permitiu caracterizar a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos. As onças-pintadas da área de estudo foram expostas para o vírus da cinomose (1/13, 7,7%); vírus da leucemia felina (1/13, 7,7%); vírus do Oeste do Nilo (1/13, 7,7%); vírus da Encefalite de Saint Louis (1/13, 7,7%); T. gondii (13/13; 100%); e Leptospira spp. (4/13, 30,8%). Todas as análises moleculares e de isolamento foram negativas. Houve influência do sexo nas análises hematológicas e bioquímicas para hemácias e fosfatase alcalina, onde os machos apresentaram médias mais elevadas. De acordo com o exame clínico, dois indivíduos não estavam em boas condições de saúde. O monitoramento após a captura através de transmissores de telemetria VHF/GPS/Iridium evidenciou que dois indivíduos foram abatidos pela população ribeirinha local e três apresentaram causa mortis desconhecida, além disso foi evidenciado sobreposição das áreas de vida das onças com as comunidades tradicionais ribeirinhas. Esses são os primeiros relatos da exposição aos vírus da cinomose, vírus da leucemia felina na Amazônia, e Oeste do Nilo e Encefalite de Sain Louis em onças pintadas no Brasil. Esses resultados enfatizam a importância de estudos epidemiológicos mais aprofundados e contínuos para as populações de onças-pintadas, populações humanas e animais domésticos da área de estudo.
In this study, we determine the exposure to selected infectious agents, carry out clinical examination, hematological and biochemical parameters in a population of free-ranging jaguar in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. Between January 2012 and March 2018, a total of 13 adult jaguars, eight males and five females, were captured and sampled using the snare capture method mounted on trails. The animals were anesthetized and monitored during the procedure, with clinical examination and collection of biological samples. Serological tests were performed for T. gondii, Leptospira spp, and smooth Brucella, while both molecular and serological tests were performed for distemper virus, rabies virus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, arboviruses, Zika, Chikungunya, Ilhéus, Oeste of the Nile, Saint Louis Encephalitis, Rocio, Yellow Fever and Mayaro. Additionally, the monitoring of the jaguar provided individual spatial distribution characterization. Jaguars were exposed to distemper virus (1/13, 7.7%); feline leukemia virus (1/13, 7.7%); West Nile virus (1/13, 7.7%); Saint Louis Encephalitis virus (1/13, 7.7%); T. gondii (13/13; 100%); and Leptospira spp. (4/13, 30.8%). All molecular and isolation analyses were negative. There was an influence of sex in hematological and biochemical analyzes with the averages of red blood cells and alkaline phosphatase higher in males. Except for two individuals, all had satisfactory physical conditions. By monitoring the animals after capture using VHF / GPS / Iridium telemetry transmitters, it was possible to identify an overlapping of the jaguar's living areas with the riverside communities. Moreover, it was shown that two individuals were killed by the local riverside population and three deceased without identifying the cause of death. These are the first reports of exposure to canine distemper, FeLV in the Amazon, and West Nile and Saint Louis Encephalitis in jaguars in Brazil. Our data emphasize the importance of more in-depth and continuous epidemiological studies of infectious agents circulating among jaguars, humans, and domestic animals in the study area.
Resumo
We used data from VHF and GPS radio-tagged jaguars, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) to quantify jaguar habitat selection and how adult individuals in the Upper Paraná River region selected among the available habitat types. We followed the framework in which animals make decisions about resource use at hierarchical stages, namely selection of home range within a study area (second-order selection) and selection of patches within a home range (third-order selection). We quantified habitat preferences at two orders of selection with respect to habitat types and to test the null hypothesis that habitat utilization by jaguars was random at both study sites. Using compositional analysis, we assessed habitat selection by jaguars at second- and third-orders of selection. Jaguars consistently preferred dense marshes and primary forests, and avoided human-dominated areas such as intensively managed open pastures. Although the avoidance of disturbed and developed habitat types by jaguars is not surprising, this is the first study to document it. If small protected areas, such as the ones already existing in the Upper Paraná region, are to sustain jaguar populations they, must include and protect as many primary forests and marshlands as possible, so that jaguars can disperse, hunt wild prey and take care of their cubs without being disturbed. What is urgently needed in these jaguar-protected areas is the creation of larger protected areas that can sustain jaguars in their favored habitat.
Resumo
We used data from VHF and GPS radio-tagged jaguars, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) to quantify jaguar habitat selection and how adult individuals in the Upper Paraná River region selected among the available habitat types. We followed the framework in which animals make decisions about resource use at hierarchical stages, namely selection of home range within a study area (second-order selection) and selection of patches within a home range (third-order selection). We quantified habitat preferences at two orders of selection with respect to habitat types and to test the null hypothesis that habitat utilization by jaguars was random at both study sites. Using compositional analysis, we assessed habitat selection by jaguars at second- and third-orders of selection. Jaguars consistently preferred dense marshes and primary forests, and avoided human-dominated areas such as intensively managed open pastures. Although the avoidance of disturbed and developed habitat types by jaguars is not surprising, this is the first study to document it. If small protected areas, such as the ones already existing in the Upper Paraná region, are to sustain jaguar populations they, must include and protect as many primary forests and marshlands as possible, so that jaguars can disperse, hunt wild prey and take care of their cubs without being disturbed. What is urgently needed in these jaguar-protected areas is the creation of larger protected areas that can sustain jaguars in their favored habitat.
Resumo
We used data from VHF and GPS radio-tagged jaguars, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) to quantify jaguar habitat selection and how adult individuals in the Upper Paraná River region selected among the available habitat types. We followed the framework in which animals make decisions about resource use at hierarchical stages, namely selection of home range within a study area (second-order selection) and selection of patches within a home range (third-order selection). We quantified habitat preferences at two orders of selection with respect to habitat types and to test the null hypothesis that habitat utilization by jaguars was random at both study sites. Using compositional analysis, we assessed habitat selection by jaguars at second- and third-orders of selection. Jaguars consistently preferred dense marshes and primary forests, and avoided human-dominated areas such as intensively managed open pastures. Although the avoidance of disturbed and developed habitat types by jaguars is not surprising, this is the first study to document it. If small protected areas, such as the ones already existing in the Upper Paraná region, are to sustain jaguar populations they, must include and protect as many primary forests and marshlands as possible, so that jaguars can disperse, hunt wild prey and take care of their cubs without being disturbed. What is urgently needed in these jaguar-protected areas is the creation of larger protected areas that can sustain jaguars in their favored habitat.