Cryopreservation of jaguar (Panthera onca) sperm cells using different cryoprotectants and different thawing temperatures

The cryopreservation of jaguar semen must be improved to produce high-quality biobanking doses. Until now, the rare studies of semen freezing in the species have only evaluated glycerol, always with a significant reduction in sperm quality in thawed semen. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (MET), in the cryopreservation of jaguar semen in an LDL-based extender, as well as the effect of thawing temperature on dosage quality. Five mature males with a history of reproduction were used. On the males, an infrared thermal image (IRT) was captured, the spicules and testes were analyzed, and the CASA system was used to evaluate the quality of fresh and thawed sperm. The superficial IRT was 4.6 ± 1.2 °C cooler than the anal sphincter, and the semen measured between 27.3 and 28.7 °C shortly after exiting the urethra. The total motility of fresh sperm was 55.3 ± 22.6%, and progressive motility was 36.3 ± 18%. The total motility of thawed sperm was 5.28 ± 2.51%, 4.49 ± %2.49, and 0.51 ± 0.62% for DMSO, GLY, and MET, respectively. DMSO and GLY performed better than MET, and there was no difference in thawing temperature (37°C 30 s vs. 50°C 12 s). All animals exhibit a considerable level of morphological changes in sperm. Low amounts of total and progressive motility were found in the thawed sperm. Males with a high level of sperm morphological changes were found to be fertile, but the lone male with normospermia was infertile. Thus, we contest the applicability of the commonly used morphological classification for bovines to felid species.(AU)

Effect of glycerol addition time on the cryopreserved Korean native brindle cattle (Chikso) sperm quality

Although cryopreservation is an efficient method for maintaining the biological and genetic resources of sperm, the sperm damage during the cryopreservation process cannot be ignored. It should be possible to obtain the most effective cryopreservation performance by accurately grasping the effects of various factors on the cryopreservation of sperm. The previous study demonstrated that a suitable standard protocol for cryopreservation of Korean native brindled cattle (Chikso) does not exist, based on the methods for semen cryopreservation of Chikso differ in each research center. The most obvious difference between most of protocols is the addition of glycerol before and after cooling during the Chikso cryopreserved semen process. Therefore we focused on the effects of glycerol addition time on the quality of cryopreserved Chikso sperm. In the present study, 27 individual Chikso samples were collected by transrectal massage and divided into two parts: the "cryopreservation method A" group (adding glycerol before cooling) and the "cryopreservation method B" group (adding glycerol after cooling). Meanwhile, the values of various sperm parameters were derived from each group, including sperm motility, kinematics, capacitation status, cell viability, and intracellular ATP levels, which we used to compare and evaluate sperm function. The results of this study indicated that during the semen cryopreservation process of the Chikso, the addition of glycerol after cooling yielded superior results in a variety of sperm parameters, such as sperm motility, progressive motility, rapid motility, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, capacitation status, viability, and intracellular ATP level after freezing and thawing. Our study is suggested that the glycerol addition time during the cryopreservation process for Chikso should be considered. In addition, our results may be provided reference to develop suitable the cryopreservation procedure of the Chikso sperm.(AU)

Comparação entre diferentes técnicas empregadas na conservação e manutenção de peças anatômicas / Comparison between different techniques used in the conservation and maintenance of anatomical parts

Dentre as diversas formas de obter a conservação de peças anatômicas para estudo, a formolização é a mais utilizada. Esta técnica altera a coloração e textura, dificultando o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Além disso, proporciona um ambiente insalubre que pode comprometer a saúde de indivíduos expostos constantemente ao formol. Existem técnicas alternativas como a glicerinação, criodesidratação e corrosão, as quais reduzem os riscos à saúde ocasionados pela exposição aos materiais, proporcionam um ambiente livre de odores desagradáveis e facilitam a manipulação e o armazenamento das peças, quando comparadas com a formolização. O presente trabalho visa à apresentação de técnicas alternativas para a conservação e manutenção de peças anatômicas e seus devidos procedimentos, buscando a substituição da utilização do formol como forma principal de conservação. A técnica de glicerinação apresenta grande eficiência quanto à preservação das características de coloração e formato das vísceras, além de ser uma técnica de baixo custo e não apresentar riscos à saúde, assim como a técnica de criodesidratação, a criodesidratação difere em relação à tonalidade das vísceras, entretanto demonstra facilidade quanto à conservação, armazenamento e manutenção das mesmas. Já a injeção e corrosão de órgãos facilitam a visualização da arquitetura interna de órgãos ocos, além de permitir fazer o modelo de vascularização de órgãos. No entanto, esta pode ser considerada uma técnica cara a depender do polímero utilizado.

Among the several ways to obtain the conservation of anatomical parts for study, formalization is the most used. This technique changes the color and texture, making the teaching-learning process difficult. In addition, it provides an unhealthy environment that may compromise the health of individuals constantly exposed to formaldehyde. There are alternative techniques such as glycerination, cryodehydration, and corrosion, which reduce health risks caused by exposure to materials, provide an environment free of unpleasant odors and facilitate handling and storage of parts, when compared to formalization. This work aims to present alternative techniques for the conservation and maintenance of anatomical parts and their proper procedures, seeking to replace the use of formaldehyde the main form of conservation. The glycerination technique presents great efficiency in preserving the viscera's color and shape characteristics, in addition to being a low-cost technique and not presenting health risks, as well as the cryodehydration technique. The cryodehydration differs in relation to the tonality of the viscera; however, it demonstrates convenience in terms of their conservation, storage, and maintenance. On the other hand, the injection and corrosion of organs facilitate the visualization of the internal architecture of hollow organs, in addition to allowing the model of organ vascularization. However, it can be considered an expensive technique depending on the polymer used.

Glycerin supplementation strategies for three or seven days affects oxidative stress, follicle dynamics and ovulatory response in Morada Nova sheep

The Ziwuling black goat is an indigenously in China, their offspring are frequently affected by congenital cryptorchidism. The extracellular matrix (ECM) contains cytokines and growth factors that regulate the development of the testis, and component changes often result in pathological changes. Cryptorchidism is closely related to structural changes in ECM. In this study, the histochemical staining, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence and Western blot combined with semi-quantitative analysis was used to describe the distribution of the important ECM components Collagen type IV (Col IV), laminin (LN)and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in the normal and cryptorchid testes of Ziwuling black goats. Results showed that: The histochemical staining showed that the dysplasia of seminiferous tubules and decreased number of Sertoli cells in cryptorchidism, as well as sparse collagen fiber. Meanwhile, the distribution of reticular fibers is relatively rich. Furthermore, the PAS and AB staining in the interstitial vessels and lamina propria of seminiferous tubules is weak. The immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence revealed that Col IV, LN was strongly expressed in Leydig, Sertoli cells of normal testes and moderately positive in the spermatogonia and spermatids, but HSPG was not expressed in the spermatogonia. However, cryptorchidism, the expression of Col IV, LN and HPSG in Leydig, Sertoli cells significantly decreased, as well as the expression of Col IV and LN in capillary endothelial cells, but HSPG was moderately expressed in spermatogonia. Based on these data, the underdevelopment of spermatogenic epithelium, decreased synthesis function of collagen fibers and Leydig cells develop usually in the cryptorchidism were shown to be closely related to the abnormal metabolism of Col IV and LN. The positive expressed of HSPG in the spermatogonia of cryptorchid testes is related to the compensatory development of spermatogonia.(AU)

Effects of glycerol and sodium pentaborate containing new formulation on sleeve gastrectomy model in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose: The development of cutting surface leakage and postoperative peritoneal adhesions (PPA) after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are the most serious operative complications. We investigated the effectiveness of the newly developed glycerol and sodium pentaborate containing formulation on the prevention of these complications. Methods: Sixteen Sprague Dawley rats (mean weight 310 ± 50 g, mean age 3 months old) were divided into two groups, consisting of eight rats in each. SG and a double-layer suture technique were performed for each group. In study group, there was the mixture of 2 mL 3% glycerol plus 3% sodium pentaborate formulation, and in the control group 2 mL 0.9% NaCl was injected into the peritoneal cavity. Rats were sacrificed after 30 days, then macroscopic adhesion grade scoring and histopathological evaluations were assessed. Results: Macroscopic PPA scores in the control and study groups were 2.75 ± 0.16 and 1.50 ± 0.327, respectively (p = 0.004). Histopatologic fibrosis scores in the control and study groups were 0.87 ± 0.125 and 2.00 ± 0.26, respectively (p = 0.002). Conclusions: In SG operation model, glycerol plus sodium pentaborate compound decreased PPA formation and also increased stomach cut surface line fibrosis. This new formulation is hopeful for more safe SG operations.

Uso da galactose na vitrificação de sêmen ovino em palhetas / Use of galactose to vitrify ram semen in straws

A vitrificação de espermatozoides é uma técnica que apresenta grande potencial para criopreservação de material genético, e sua eficácia tem sido superior aos métodos convencionais em algumas espécies. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre sua eficiência com sêmen ejaculado de carneiros e o uso da galactose como crioprotetor extracelular durante a vitrificação. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da galactose (0,01 M), associada ou não ao glicerol (3% e 7%), em meio comercial (Steridyl® - controle), na criopreservação de espermatozoides de carneiros pelo método de palhetas, comparando o método clássico de congelação e a vitrificação. Ejaculados de seis carneiros da raça Dorper em idade reprodutiva foram coletados com vagina artificial, aliquotados, diluídos individualmente (100 × 106 espermatozoides/mL) nos meios testados, envasados em palhetas de 0,25 mL e submetidos à congelação clássica ou vitrificação. Foram analisadas a cinemática, morfologia, morfometria, viabilidade, integridade física e funcional da membrana espermática. A congelação clássica obteve melhores resultados de motilidade total e progressiva do que a vitrificação nos quatro extensores testados, uma vez que as amostras vitrificadas não apresentaram motilidade pós-reaquecimento (p < 0,05). A adição de galactose ou glicerol ao meio comercial não trouxe efeito benéfico tanto para a vitrificação quanto congelação clássica.

Sperm vitrification is a technique with great potential for cryopreservation of genetic material, with superior effectiveness compared to conventional methods in some species. However, few studies have shown its efficiency with ejaculated sperm of rams and the use of galactose as an extracellular cryoprotectant during vitrification. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of galactose (0.01 M), with or without glycerol addition (3% and 7%) in a commercial extender (Steridyl® - control) for ram sperm cryopreservation in straws, comparing the classic freezing method and vitrification. Ejaculates from six breeding soundness Dorper rams were collected with an artificial vagina, aliquoted, individually diluted (100 × 106 sperm/mL) on extenders tested, loaded into 0.25 mL straws, and subjected to a classic freezing method or vitrification. Sperm kinematics, morphology, morphometry, viability, and physical and functional integrity of the sperm membrane were evaluated. The classic freezing method resulted in higher total and progressive motility than vitrification, as no motility was detected in vitrified samples after rewarming (p<0.05). The addition of galactose or glycerol to the commercial medium did not benefit both vitrification and the classic freezing method.

Uso da túnica vaginal canina conservada em glicerina a 98% como curativo biológico no tratamento de feridas cutâneas produzidas em ratos Wistar / Use of canine vaginal tunic preserved in 98% glycerin as biological curative in the treatment of skin produced in wound Wistar rats

Na procura por material alternativo no tratamento de feridas cutâneas, buscou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento da túnica vaginal canina conservada em glicerina a 98% como curativo biológico no tratamento de feridas cutâneas provocadas experimentalmente em ratos. Foram utilizados 16 ratos Wistar, nos quais foram induzidas experimentalmente duas lesões cutâneas na região dorsal, sendo uma cranial e a outra caudal. Uma ferida serviu de controle, a qual não recebeu tratamento, a outra recebeu a túnica vaginal recobrindo toda extensão da lesão. A seleção de qual das feridas, cranial ou caudal, iria receber a membrana foi feita de forma aleatória. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de igual número para análises clínicas, macroscópicas e histológicas decorridos três, sete, 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório. Na avaliação clínica e macroscópica pode-se observar que o processo de reparação teve evolução semelhante tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo membrana. Na análise histopatológica foi constatada grande quantidade de infiltrado inflamatório nos períodos iniciais, no entanto, decorridos 21 dias, a epiderme já se encontrava reparada, e em todos os momentos foi observada maior presença de tecido conjuntivo no grupo membrana, sugerindo maior precocidade na cicatrização. Deste modo, concluiu-se que a túnica vaginal canina pode ser utilizada como nova alternativa no tratamento de feridas cutâneas.(AU)

In the search for alternative material in the treatment of cutaneous wounds, this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of canine vaginal tunic conserved in glycerin 98% as a biological dressing in the treatment of cutaneous wounds provoked experimentally in rats. Sixteen animals were used in which two cutaneous lesions were caused in the dorsal region, one cranial and the other caudal. One wound served as a control which did not receive treatment, the other received the vaginal tunic covering all extension of the lesion. The selection of which of the wounds, cranial or caudal, would receive the membrane was made at random. The animals were divided into four groups of equal numbers for clinical, macroscopic, and histological analyzes after three, seven, 14 and 21 postoperative days. In the clinical and macroscopic evaluation, it can be observed that the healing process had similar evolution in both the control group and the membrane group. In the histopathological analysis, a large amount of inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the initial periods; however, after 21 days the epidermis was already healed, and at all times a greater presence of connective tissue was observed in the membrane group, suggesting a greater precocity in healing. Thus, it was concluded that the canine vaginal tunic can be used as a new alternative in the treatment of cutaneous wounds.(AU)

Uso da túnica vaginal canina conservada em glicerina a 98% como curativo biológico no tratamento de feridas cutâneas produzidas em ratos Wistar / Use of canine vaginal tunic preserved in 98% glycerin as biological curative in the treatment of skin produced in wound Wistar rats

Na procura por material alternativo no tratamento de feridas cutâneas, buscou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento da túnica vaginal canina conservada em glicerina a 98% como curativo biológico no tratamento de feridas cutâneas provocadas experimentalmente em ratos. Foram utilizados 16 ratos Wistar, nos quais foram induzidas experimentalmente duas lesões cutâneas na região dorsal, sendo uma cranial e a outra caudal. Uma ferida serviu de controle, a qual não recebeu tratamento, a outra recebeu a túnica vaginal recobrindo toda extensão da lesão. A seleção de qual das feridas, cranial ou caudal, iria receber a membrana foi feita de forma aleatória. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de igual número para análises clínicas, macroscópicas e histológicas decorridos três, sete, 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório. Na avaliação clínica e macroscópica pode-se observar que o processo de reparação teve evolução semelhante tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo membrana. Na análise histopatológica foi constatada grande quantidade de infiltrado inflamatório nos períodos iniciais, no entanto, decorridos 21 dias, a epiderme já se encontrava reparada, e em todos os momentos foi observada maior presença de tecido conjuntivo no grupo membrana, sugerindo maior precocidade na cicatrização. Deste modo, concluiu-se que a túnica vaginal canina pode ser utilizada como nova alternativa no tratamento de feridas cutâneas.

In the search for alternative material in the treatment of cutaneous wounds, this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of canine vaginal tunic conserved in glycerin 98% as a biological dressing in the treatment of cutaneous wounds provoked experimentally in rats. Sixteen animals were used in which two cutaneous lesions were caused in the dorsal region, one cranial and the other caudal. One wound served as a control which did not receive treatment, the other received the vaginal tunic covering all extension of the lesion. The selection of which of the wounds, cranial or caudal, would receive the membrane was made at random. The animals were divided into four groups of equal numbers for clinical, macroscopic, and histological analyzes after three, seven, 14 and 21 postoperative days. In the clinical and macroscopic evaluation, it can be observed that the healing process had similar evolution in both the control group and the membrane group. In the histopathological analysis, a large amount of inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the initial periods; however, after 21 days the epidermis was already healed, and at all times a greater presence of connective tissue was observed in the membrane group, suggesting a greater precocity in healing. Thus, it was concluded that the canine vaginal tunic can be used as a new alternative in the treatment of cutaneous wounds.

Seed and seedling morphology of Bauhinia scandens L / Morfologia de semente e plântula de Bauhinia scandens L

Bauhinia scandens has potential importance as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Researchers have isolated and identified 1-O-alkylglycerol in the leaves of the B. scandens plant, and established antitumor properties using the Brine Shrimp toxicity test, an internationally accepted bioassay. Although this species has high potential, little is known about the viability of seedling production and the morphology of these plants, particularly in terms of seed characteristics and initial stages of germination. The objective of this study was to characterize the seed morphology, germination, and seedlings of B. scandens. Seed water content, weight, and coloration were evaluated. This study also included a description of seed biometrics, external and internal structures, germination, and seedling morphology. Internal seed morphology was evaluated by the anatomical sectioning and X-ray methods. The morphology data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and germination data were determined using Cramér's V. B. scandens seeds have a coloration ranging from very dark grayish-red to dark reddish-brown, flat oblong shapes, and rounded bases and apexes with full or slightly undulating margins. Healthy seedlings are produced mainly by seeds with well-formed internal structures. The reddish petiole of the seedling leaves is a taxonomic character for B. scandens identification. The non-domestication and genetic variability of this species reflect on the seed and seedling color and size variation.(AU)

Bauhinia scandens tem potencial como planta ornamental e importância medicinal. Nas folhas da planta de B. scandens, foi relatado pelos pesquisadores, o isolamento e identificação de glicerol 1-O-alquilo, os mesmos estabeleceram a propriedade antitumoral por um bioensaio, aceito internacionalmente denominado teste de toxicidade de Brine Shrimp. Por ser ainda pouco conhecida e com alto potencial exploratório, a viabilidade da produção de mudas e maior conhecimento sobre sua morfologia se faz necessária. Faltam informações sobre as características das sementes e estágios iniciais de germinação. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o tipo morfológico de sementes, germinação e plântulas de B. scandens. Foram avaliados o teor de água, o peso de mil sementes e a coloração das sementes. Este estudo também incluiu a descrição e biometria da semente, estrutura (externa e interna), germinação e morfologia das plântulas. A morfologia interna das sementes foi avaliada por corte anatômico e método de raios-X. Os dados morfológicos obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e os dados de germinação foram testados utilizando Cramér's V. B. scandens apresentam coloração que varia de vermelho acinzentado muito escuro a marrom avermelhado escuro e o tipo de semente é de forma oblonga plana, base e ápice são arredondados e cheios ou margens ligeiramente onduladas. Plãntulas normais são produzidas majoritariamente por sementes com uma estrutura interna bem formada. O pecíolo avermelhado das folhas da plântula é um caráter taxonômico para identificação de B. scandens. A não domesticação e a variabilidade genética desta espécie refletem na variação da cor e tamanho das sementes e plântulas.(AU)

The quality of crude glycerine influences the fermentation and nutritive value of Piatã grass silage

We aimed to evaluate the effects of crude glycerine purity and levels of glycerol on the fermentative profile, microorganisms counting, and nutritional value of Piatã grass silage. The experiment was carried out in a 3×3+1 completely randomized factorial design using three different types of crude glycerine [low purity (40% of glycerol), medium purity (60% glycerol), and high purity (80% glycerol)], three doses of glycerol (20, 40, and 60 g/kg DM), and a control (no crude glycerine added) as an additional treatment, which were stored for 80 days. Statistical differences were not observed on fermentative losses of the treatments tested. The increase of glycerol doses resulted in higher levels of non-fibrous carbohydrates and lower levels of fibre components. The addition of low-purity crude glycerine increased the levels of fat and in vitro digestibility of silages. The highest levels of lactic acid and acetic acid occurred in the treatments with 60 g/kg of glycerol when using crude glycerine with a low purity. The lowest lactic acid content was observed in the control treatment and in the lowest dose of glycerol. The highest glycerol dose (60 g/kg), associated with the lowest degree of crude glycerine purity (40%) resulted in the greatest nutritional value and provided the best silage conservation.(AU)

Dimethylacetamide alone or in combination with glycerol can be used for cryopreservation of ovine semen

Dimethylacetamide has been included in different extenders for the cryopreservation of semen from species with promising results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of dimethylacetamide (DMA) in different concentrations, associated or not with glycerol (GLY), for the cryopreservation of ovine semen, and its effects on in vitro sperm parameters and post-thaw in vivo fertility. Five semen samples of five adult Santa Ines sheep (n=25) were used. The collected ejaculates were divided among the seven treatments for subsequent cryopreservation. The treatments presented different concentrations of DMA and GLY, being divided as G1: GLY 6%; G2: DMA 3%; G3: GLY 5% + DMA 1%; G4: GLY 4% + DMA 2%; G5: GLY 3% + DMA 3%; G6: GLY 2% + DMA 4%; G7: GLY 1% + DMA 5%. %. Post-thawing of the straws, aliquots were evaluated for computerized sperm kinetics (CASA) and plasma membrane integrity, using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. After the in vitro evaluation of the sperm parameters, in vivo testing was performed by laparoscopic artificial insemination of 72 females. The post-thaw total motility (%) evaluated by CASA were 51.4, 51.4, 50.1, 53.6, 52.3, 52.8 and 46.9, respectively, for the seven groups. And the plasma membrane integrity (%) were 19.7, 28.4, 22.3, 29.4, 24.3, 17.9 and 16.9, respectively. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between the treatments for the parameters of spermatic kinetics and membrane integrity. For females inseminated with semen from the control group (G1, GLY6%), the percentage of pregnant females was 36.1%, a result similar to that obtained with G3 treatment (GLY5% + DMA1%). In conclusion, dimethylacetamide, either alone or in combination with glycerol, can be used for cryopreservation of ovine semen.

Dimethylacetamide alone or in combination with glycerol can be used for cryopreservation of ovine semen

Dimethylacetamide has been included in different extenders for the cryopreservation of semen from species with promising results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of dimethylacetamide (DMA) in different concentrations, associated or not with glycerol (GLY), for the cryopreservation of ovine semen, and its effects on in vitro sperm parameters and post-thaw in vivo fertility. Five semen samples of five adult Santa Ines sheep (n=25) were used. The collected ejaculates were divided among the seven treatments for subsequent cryopreservation. The treatments presented different concentrations of DMA and GLY, being divided as G1: GLY 6%; G2: DMA 3%; G3: GLY 5% + DMA 1%; G4: GLY 4% + DMA 2%; G5: GLY 3% + DMA 3%; G6: GLY 2% + DMA 4%; G7: GLY 1% + DMA 5%. %. Post-thawing of the straws, aliquots were evaluated for computerized sperm kinetics (CASA) and plasma membrane integrity, using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. After the in vitro evaluation of the sperm parameters, in vivo testing was performed by laparoscopic artificial insemination of 72 females. The post-thaw total motility (%) evaluated by CASA were 51.4, 51.4, 50.1, 53.6, 52.3, 52.8 and 46.9, respectively, for the seven groups. And the plasma membrane integrity (%) were 19.7, 28.4, 22.3, 29.4, 24.3, 17.9 and 16.9, respectively. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between the treatments for the parameters of spermatic kinetics and membrane integrity. For females inseminated with semen from the control group (G1, GLY6%), the percentage of pregnant females was 36.1%, a result similar to that obtained with G3 treatment (GLY5% + DMA1%). In conclusion, dimethylacetamide, either alone or in combination with glycerol, can be used for cryopreservation of ovine semen.(AU)

Utilização de coprodutos do biodiesel na alimentação de aves / Use of biodiesel coproducts in the poultry feeding

A nutrição animal tem evoluído ao longo dos anos, principalmente após a evolução nas técnicas de processamento dos alimentos. A partir do conhecimento da composição dos alimentos foi possível determinar o valor energético dos mesmos, que contribuiu para melhorias no sistema de produção, uma vez que as informações obtidas auxiliam nas formulações de rações, visando a produção animal e economia mais eficiente. Contudo, os grãos (milho e soja) tradicionalmente utilizados para compor as dietas sofrem com as variações de preço, por isso busca-se ampliar e diversificar através de pesquisas novas fontes energéticas que do ponto de vista nutricional possam contribuir positivamente para o desempenho dos animais e econômico com a redução dos custos com a alimentação. A glicerina e o glicerol, surge como um ingrediente alternativo por possuir alto valor energético, podendo ser utilizado como fonte de energia na alimentação de aves, sem prejudicar o desempenho e características de carcaça. No entanto, para que a sua utilização seja realizada, conhecer a sua composição físico-químicos se torna essencial, uma vez que este ingrediente se encontra disponível no mercado e não apresenta valores nutricionais padronizados, podendo influenciar nos resultados zootécnicos. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho dissertar através de revisão de literatura sobre o uso de coprodutos do biodiesel como fonte energética em dietas para aves sobre as características de desempenho e qualidade de carcaça.

Animal nutrition has evolved over the years, especially after the evolution of food processing techniques. With knowledge of the composition of the food it was possible to determine the energy value of the food, which contributed to improvements in the production system, since the information obtained helps feed formulations, aiming at more efficient animal production and economy. However, the grains (maize and soybean)traditionally used to compose diets suffer from price variations, so we have sought to expand and diversify through research new energy sources that from the nutritional point of view can contribute positively to the performance of animals and economically with the reduction of food costs. Glycerin and glycerol appear as an alternative ingredient because it has high energy value and can be used as a source of energy in poultry feed, without impairing performance and carcass characteristics. However, for its use to be carried out, knowing its physical-chemical composition becomes essential, since this ingredient is available on the market and does not present standardized nutritional values, which may influence the zootechnical results. Hence, the objective of this work is to present a literature review on the use of biodiesel co-products as an energy source in poultry diets about the performance and carcass quality characteristics.

Utilização de coprodutos do biodiesel na alimentação de aves / Use of biodiesel coproducts in the poultry feeding

A nutrição animal tem evoluído ao longo dos anos, principalmente após a evolução nas técnicas de processamento dos alimentos. A partir do conhecimento da composição dos alimentos foi possível determinar o valor energético dos mesmos, que contribuiu para melhorias no sistema de produção, uma vez que as informações obtidas auxiliam nas formulações de rações, visando a produção animal e economia mais eficiente. Contudo, os grãos (milho e soja) tradicionalmente utilizados para compor as dietas sofrem com as variações de preço, por isso busca-se ampliar e diversificar através de pesquisas novas fontes energéticas que do ponto de vista nutricional possam contribuir positivamente para o desempenho dos animais e econômico com a redução dos custos com a alimentação. A glicerina e o glicerol, surge como um ingrediente alternativo por possuir alto valor energético, podendo ser utilizado como fonte de energia na alimentação de aves, sem prejudicar o desempenho e características de carcaça. No entanto, para que a sua utilização seja realizada, conhecer a sua composição físico-químicos se torna essencial, uma vez que este ingrediente se encontra disponível no mercado e não apresenta valores nutricionais padronizados, podendo influenciar nos resultados zootécnicos. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho dissertar através de revisão de literatura sobre o uso de coprodutos do biodiesel como fonte energética em dietas para aves sobre as características de desempenho e qualidade de carcaça.(AU)

Animal nutrition has evolved over the years, especially after the evolution of food processing techniques. With knowledge of the composition of the food it was possible to determine the energy value of the food, which contributed to improvements in the production system, since the information obtained helps feed formulations, aiming at more efficient animal production and economy. However, the grains (maize and soybean)traditionally used to compose diets suffer from price variations, so we have sought to expand and diversify through research new energy sources that from the nutritional point of view can contribute positively to the performance of animals and economically with the reduction of food costs. Glycerin and glycerol appear as an alternative ingredient because it has high energy value and can be used as a source of energy in poultry feed, without impairing performance and carcass characteristics. However, for its use to be carried out, knowing its physical-chemical composition becomes essential, since this ingredient is available on the market and does not present standardized nutritional values, which may influence the zootechnical results. Hence, the objective of this work is to present a literature review on the use of biodiesel co-products as an energy source in poultry diets about the performance and carcass quality characteristics.(AU)

Low-purity crude glycerin as a nutrient substitute for corn: the effect on yields of goat organs and viscera

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.(AU)

Crude Glycerin and Energy Density of Diets for Growing, Pre-Lay and Pre-Peak Backcob Brown Egg-Laying Hens

A total of 320 13-weeks-old pullets were weighed and randomly allocated to treatments comprised by four levels of crude glycerin (0, 3, 6 or 9%) and two levels of ME (metabolizable energy, difference of 100 kcal/kg) in the diets growing (14 to 17 weeks of age), pre-lay and pre-peak (low: 2750, 2800 and 2750 kcal/kg and high: 2850, 2900 and 2850 kcal/kg, respectively). During the study, body weight was registered until 30 weeks of age, feed intake, egg weight and egg-production for each repetition and for individual hens were measured every week. The information was analyzed through a completely randomized design with a 4x2 factorial arrangement. During the growing phase, hens that received low energy diets consumed more feed (p 0.05), gained less body weight (p 0.05) and recorded lower feed conversion (p 0.05). Besides, a positive linear effect (p 0.05) was observed when including glycerin on feed conversion and weight gain. During the initial egg-laying phase, hens fed low-energy diets consumed more feed (p 0.05) and laid lighter eggs (p 0.05). Furthermore, a positive linear effect (p 0.05) of including crude glycerin on egg yield and feed intake was observed. After the egg-laying peak, the hens of high energy groups consumed 1.6 g/d less feed (p 0.05) and lay 0.9% less eggs, also, it a quadratic effect of inclusion of glycerin on laying-eggs was observed. In conclusion, the use of high energy diets decrease feed intake, increase egg weight until peak, but decrease the percentage of eggs post-peak; glycerin used in diets increases feed intake and improves egg-laying rate in different ways during the laying phase.(AU)

Low-purity crude glycerin as a nutrient substitute for corn: the effect on yields of goat organs and viscera

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.

Crude Glycerin and Energy Density of Diets for Growing, Pre-Lay and Pre-Peak Backcob Brown Egg-Laying Hens

A total of 320 13-weeks-old pullets were weighed and randomly allocated to treatments comprised by four levels of crude glycerin (0, 3, 6 or 9%) and two levels of ME (metabolizable energy, difference of 100 kcal/kg) in the diets growing (14 to 17 weeks of age), pre-lay and pre-peak (low: 2750, 2800 and 2750 kcal/kg and high: 2850, 2900 and 2850 kcal/kg, respectively). During the study, body weight was registered until 30 weeks of age, feed intake, egg weight and egg-production for each repetition and for individual hens were measured every week. The information was analyzed through a completely randomized design with a 4x2 factorial arrangement. During the growing phase, hens that received low energy diets consumed more feed (p 0.05), gained less body weight (p 0.05) and recorded lower feed conversion (p 0.05). Besides, a positive linear effect (p 0.05) was observed when including glycerin on feed conversion and weight gain. During the initial egg-laying phase, hens fed low-energy diets consumed more feed (p 0.05) and laid lighter eggs (p 0.05). Furthermore, a positive linear effect (p 0.05) of including crude glycerin on egg yield and feed intake was observed. After the egg-laying peak, the hens of high energy groups consumed 1.6 g/d less feed (p 0.05) and lay 0.9% less eggs, also, it a quadratic effect of inclusion of glycerin on laying-eggs was observed. In conclusion, the use of high energy diets decrease feed intake, increase egg weight until peak, but decrease the percentage of eggs post-peak; glycerin used in diets increases feed intake and improves egg-laying rate in different ways during the laying phase.

Crude glycerin inclusion in Santa Inês ewes' diet before and during the breeding season: its effects on physiological parameters, hematological variables, and reproductive performance / Inclusão de glicerina bruta na dieta de ovelhas Santa Inês antes e durante a estação de monta: Seus efeitos nos parâmetros fisiológicos, variáveis hematológicas e desempenho reprodutivo

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation containing crude glycerin (CG) before and during the breeding season on the physiological and blood biochemical variables as well as on the reproductive performance of Santa Inês ewes. A total of 24 ewes (12 pluriparous and 12 nulliparous ewes, 4 and 1.5 years old, weighing an average of 40 ± 5 and 27 ± 3 kg, respectively) were randomly assigned to three treatments consisting of different dietary concentrations of CG (0%, 5%, and 10 % of the total dry matter). The experiment lasted 63 days and was divided into three 21-day phases. In the first and second phases, the animals were subjected to flushing. In the second and third phases, we evaluated the animals' reproductive performance. Weather, physiological, and blood biochemical variables were also studied. The results indicated that the inclusion of CG did not influence significantly (P > 0.05) either the ewes' body weight or their body condition score. All ewes exhibited estrus during the breeding season. Their respiratory rate was significantly influenced by the time of day (P < 0.0001). A 10% CG supplementation did not drastically change the hematological and biochemical variables, which were within the reference ranges. However, the week of supplementation influenced sérum metabolites (P < 0.05). Thus, these results indicate that CG could be used in up to 10% in replacement of ground corn without significantly affecting the physiological, hematological, and biochemical parameters of the ewes or their reproductive performance before and during the breeding season.(AU)

Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar o efeito da suplementação concentrada contendo glicerina bruta (GB) antes e durante a estação de monta sobre as variáveis bioquímicas e fisiológicas, bem como sobre o desempenho reprodutivo das ovelhas Santa Inês. Um total de 24 ovelhas (12 pluríparas e 12 nulíparas, de 4 e 1,5 anos de idade, pesando em média 40 ± 5 e 27 ± 3 kg, respectivamente) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos constituídos por diferentes concentrações dietéticas de GB (0, 5 e 10% da matéria seca total). O experimento durou 63 dias e foi dividido em três fases de 21 dias. Na primeira e segunda fase, os animais foram submetidos ao flushing alimentar. Na segunda e terceira fase, avaliamos o desempenho reprodutivo dos animais. Variáveis climáticas, fisiológicas e bioquímicas sanguíneas também foram estudadas. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão de GB não influenciou significativamente (P > 0,05) no peso corporal das ovelhas nem em seu escore de condição corporal. Todas as ovelhas exibiram estro durante a estação reprodutiva. A frequência respiratória foi significativamente influenciada pela hora do dia (P < 0,0001). Uma suplementação com 10% de GB não alterou drasticamente as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas, que estavam dentro do intervalo de referência. No entanto, a semana de suplementação influenciou os metabólitos séricos (P < 0,05). Sendo assim, esses resultados indicam que a GB pode ser utilizada em até 10% na substituição do milho moído, sem afetar significativamente os parâmetros fisiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos das ovelhas assim como o desempenho reprodutivo antes e durante a estação de monta.(AU)

Influence of glycerol addition on the quality of cat epididymal sperm during the freeze-thaw process / Influência da adição do glicerol sobre a qualidade dos espermatozoides epididimários de gato durante as etapas da congelação-descongelação

Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm is a useful tool for preserving the genetic potential of valuable animal specimens. The domestic cat is used as a model to study and develop cryogenics for other felines. However, regulation of the entire cryopreservation process is essential for the success of this biotechnology. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the effects of glycerol equilibration time and freezethaw stages on the quality of epididymal sperm obtained from domestic cats. Epididymal sperm were recovered with TRIS and immediately evaluated for total motility (TM), vigor, viability, membrane functionality (HOST), and morphology. Then, TRIS-20% egg yolk was added to the samples, which were equally divided into two 1.5 mL tubes and refrigerated at 4 ºC for 1 hour. Subsequently, glycerol was added at a final concentration of 5%. The samples were incubated with glycerol (equilibration time) for either 5 or 10 minutes (groups G5 and G10, respectively) and then frozen. Thawing occurred at 37 ºC for 30 seconds. The samples were evaluated at all stages. A reduction in TM was observed only after thawing; however, it was higher in G5 (39.00 ± 4.07%) than in G10 (18.50 ± 4.54%). Vigor declined in both groups after thawing; however, they did not differ from each other. Sperm viability was maintained in G5 after glycerolization (53.60 ± 2.59%); in G10, sperm viability decreased in the glycerolized sample (48.80 ± 2.93%) when compared to that in the fresh sample (59.90 ± 1.74%). Post-thaw viability of G5 (33.80 ± 1.89%) was higher than that of G10 (18.80 ± 3.01%). In the HOST, a decrease in viability was only observed after thawing, with no difference between the groups (41.50 ± 2.84% for G5 and 40.20 ± 3.49% for G10). With regard to sperm morphology, normal sperm decreased while sperm with post-thaw secondary defects increased in both groups. In conclusion, a shorter equilibration time for glycerolization preserves epididymal sperm quality better and the freeze-thaw process is the most critical stage of thawing.(AU)

A criopreservação dos espermatozoides epididimários é uma ferramenta útil para preservar o potencial genético de um animal valioso. Além disso, o gato doméstico é modelo eleito para o estudo e desenvolvimento da criogenia para os demais felinos. Contudo, para o sucesso dessa biotécnica é essencial o controle de todo o processo de criopreservação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tempo de equilíbrio da glicerolização e das etapas da congelação-descongelação sobre a qualidade dos espermatozoides epididimários de gato doméstico. Para tanto, espermatozoides epididimários foram recuperados com TRIS e imediatamente avaliados quanto à motilidade total (MT), vigor, viabilidade, funcionalidade de membrana (HOST) e morfologia. Em seguida, as amostras foram adicionadas de TRIS-gema a 20%, fracionadas igualmente em dois tubos de 1,5 mL, refrigeradas a 4 ºC por 1 hora e, posteriormente, adicionadas de glicerol na concentração final de 5%. As amostras foram incubadas com glicerol (tempo de equilíbrio) por 5 ou 10 minutos (grupos G5 e G10, respectivamente) e depois congeladas. A descongelação ocorreu a 37 ºC por 30 segundos. As amostras foram avaliadas em todas as etapas. Uma redução na MT foi observada apenas na pós-descongelação, no entanto G5 (39,00 ± 4,07%) foi superior ao G10 (18,50 ± 4,54%). O vigor declinou pós-descongelação em ambos os grupos; contudo, não diferiram entre si. A viabilidade espermática foi mantida no G5 pós-glicerolização (53,60 ± 2,59%), diferentemente do observado em G10, em que a amostra glicerolizada (48,80 ± 2,93%) reduziu em relação à fresca (59,90 ± 1,74%). A viabilidade pós-descongelação de G5 (33,80 ± 1,89%) foi superior à de G10 (18,80 ± 3,01%). No HOST, uma redução da viabilidade só foi observada pósdescongelação, não havendo diferença entre os grupos (41,50 ± 2,84% para G5 e 40,20 ± 3,49% para G10). Em relação à morfologia espermática, os espermatozoides normais diminuíram, enquanto os espermatozoides com defeitos secundários pós-descongelação aumentaram em ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que um menor tempo de equilíbrio para a glicerolização preserva melhor a qualidade dos espermatozoides epididimários e a etapa mais crítica do processo de congelação-descongelação é a descongelação.(AU)