Influence on clinical biochemistry values of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane / Influência sobre valores de bioquímica clínica de saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevoflurano

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

Fratura de úmero em uma curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) - manejo anestésico e cirúrgico / Humerus fracture in a buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) - anesthesia and surgical procedures

Background: The medical science of birds, with the exception of aviculture, has a very short history compared to other subdisciplines of veterinary medicine. With this in mind, the current work aims to report the case of a buff-necked ibis with an open fracture of the left humerus, presenting the surgical treatment and anesthetic protocol used, in order to contribute to the avian medical literature. Case: An adult buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with an open fracture of the left humeral shaft, 7 days after rescue. During the physical examination, a skin lesion was identified in the fracture area, with signs of low vascularization, devitalization, necrotic tissues, and purulent secretions being noted. On radiographic examination, the fracture was classified as comminuted, with exposure of the left humeral shaft. After evaluating the limb, it was decided to amputate the wing, and 24 h later, the patient was referred to the operating room after fasting for 4 h. As pre-anesthetic medication, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was performed, after which the tracheal tube was connected to a Baraka-type gas-free system and the supply of isoflurane was started through a universal vaporizer, diluted in 100% oxygen. For transoperative analgesia, brachial plexus block was performed using 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). During the surgical procedure, an incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the middle third of the left humerus, and detachment of the greater deltoid muscle was performed with a periosteal elevator, followed by excision of the tensor propatagialis. In the ventrodorsal region, circular ligation of the brachial vein, ulnar vein and artery, and median-ulnar nerve was carried out, and disarticulation of the scapulacoracoid-humeral region. Subsequently, abolition of dead space and a myorrhaphy were performed, followed by demorrhaphy. In the immediate post-operative period, morphine (5 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly. The patient was discharged from the hospital 6 h after the end of the surgical procedure. Discussion: Interest in the conservation of wild birds is one of the causes of the increased demand for anesthetic and surgical procedures in these species. However, it is a challenge for professionals in the field. The use of analgesics is recommended for reasons of well-being, but also because of the possibility of reducing the concentration of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures. Ketamine associated with midazolam promotes sufficient sedation and muscle relaxation in the patient, enabling safe preoperative management, in addition to reducing the amount of inhaled anesthetics used during the transoperative period. Isofluorane promotes safe general anesthesia for birds and has an advantage over injectable drugs, as it provides better dynamic control of anesthetic depth in these species. The brachial plexus block performed is a simple procedure that promotes quality anesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative period. The choice for amputation was due to the absence of musculature for closure, severe skin, muscle, and bone devitalization, and the infectious process in the region, factors that would prevent osteosynthesis. Although amputation through the bone is preferable, the disarticulation technique was used due to the absence of a healthy proximal humeral fragment. The patient's death can be explained by the poor nutritional status the bird was in, as it presented an open fracture with severe contamination, a concomitant injury that occurred during the possible trauma, and the excessive time between the day of the trauma and the day of medical attendance. However, the surgical and anesthetic procedures were adequate and satisfactory for the patient. The importance of identifying and treating diseases secondary to contaminated fractures in these species is emphasized.

Anesthesia for osteosynthesis of femur in a cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Background: The taxonomic order Anura is composed of frogs and toads, with approximately 6,000 species worldwide, of which 900 species are found in Brazil. Rhinella marina, popularly known as "sapo-cururu," is the most commonly found frog in Brazil. Although most of these animals are found in research laboratories and zoos, they are increasingly being reared as pets. Therefore, sedation or anesthesia is often necessary for these animals to facilitate medical care, complementary examinations, or surgical procedures. However, there are only a few reports of anesthesia in frogs. Therefore, the present report aimed to describe the anesthetic protocol for femoral osteosynthetic surgery in an adult cane toad. Case: An adult cane toad presented with a history of difficulty in moving the left hindlimb and loss of limb movements. Radiography showed a simple, complete, transverse, and closed average shaft of the left femur and bone shaft fracture deviation. The animal was referred for an osteosynthetic surgery to stabilize the fracture. Animal restraint was performed using humidified gloves on the operating table. As premedication, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine were administered, and general anesthesia was induced with isoflurane through a face mask. The anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a drip on the animal's back for cutaneous absorption. Lidocaine (2%) anesthetic gel was applied on the incision line to complement the somatic analgesia. The fracture was fixed using an intramedullary Kirschner pin. The heart rate was measured based on the beep of the arterial pulse using a Doppler ultrasonic device, respiratory rate was recorded by visual observation of the animal's respiratory motion, and body temperature was assessed using an esophageal digital thermometer - all of these remained stable during the procedure. Morphine, enrofloxacin, and meloxicam were administered postoperatively. The animal was discharged from the hospital seven days after the surgery, and 14 days later, the animal was deemed clinically stable with favorable wound healing. Discussion: Toads use their skin to breathe and maintain osmotic balance. Therefore, their skin is extremely sensitive to dehydration, requiring constant wetting. General anesthesia in amphibians is recommended for prolonged and painful procedures, as in the present case. Different anesthetics, analgesics, and associated drugs may be used. Ketamine is often used for chemical restraint in amphibians, and the induction and recovery times may vary due to sensitivity and drug resistance. Inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane may also be effective; in the present case, the anesthetic was administered using a mask placed on the frog's skin, without any irritation. Analgesia is essential for any animal, and amphibians have opioid receptors that may be used as targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. As indicated for all species, the animal was monitored throughout the procedure. Assessment of heartbeat is the simplest way to monitor anesthesia using Doppler (on the heart or throat); in the present case, was placed on the axillary artery for clear auscultation. In addition, other parameters, such as temperature and primary respiratory movements, were monitored. Anesthetic recovery can take hours or even days, whereas excretion depends on the metabolic rate of each animal. In the present case, recovery was observed 4 h after completion of the procedure, using fresh water on the animal's body to accelerate recovery, as indicated in the literature. This case demonstrated that anesthesia and medications used for anesthesia induction, maintenance, and recovery are safe in toads. For cane toads, during femoral osteosynthesis, this anesthetic procedure has never been described previously in the literature. Finally, such information can aid veterinarians in performing safe and adequate analgesic and anesthetic procedures for the wellbeing of animals.

Avaliação pós-operatória da analgesia promovida pelo uso da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia / Postoperative evaluation of analgesia promoted by the use of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine as an intramuscular pre-anesthetic medication in bitches submitted for ovariohysterectomy

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia analgésica pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em pacientes submetidas à anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OH). Vinte cadelas saudáveis foram selecionadas a partir de exames físico e laboratoriais. Previamente ao estudo, foram submetidas a um período de 24 horas de adaptação ao ambiente e aos observadores. Ato contínuo, foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo dexmedetomidina, na dose de 10 μg/Kg (GD) e grupo dexmedetomidina (10 μg/Kg) associado com morfina, na dose de 0,3 mg/Kg (GDM), administrados pela via intramuscular (IM). Ato contínuo, as pacientes foram induzidas com propofol e mantidas com isoflurano diluído em oxigênio 100% e administrado através de vaporizador calibrado. Para verificação da analgesia pós-operatória foram realizadas avaliações de dor por meio de escalas de Glasgow Modificada (EGM) e de Melbourne (EM). Para avaliação de sedação, por meio da escala de Dobbins (ED), em diferentes tempos: antes da administração da MPA (T0), e em mais 6 tempos no período pós-operatório, uma (T1), duas (T2), quatro (T3), oito (T4), 12 (T5) e 24 (T6) horas após a extubação orotraqueal. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos nas escalas de acordo com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc de Dunn; e entre os tempos notou-se diferença estatística pelo teste de Friedman (p<0,05) para EGM e EM, porém não houve necessidade de resgate analgésico. Portanto, conclui-se que a dexmedetomidina isolada e associada a morfina produziu efeito analgésico adequado no período pós-operatório de cadelas submetidas a OH.

This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and when associated with morphine in patients under general inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane and undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH). Twenty healthy bitches were selected via physical and laboratory examinations. Prior to the study, they underwent a 24-h period of adaptation to the environment and observers. They were then randomly divided into two groups: the dexmedetomidine group receiving a dose of 10 μg/kg, and dexmedetomidine group (10 μg/kg) associated with morphine receiving a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, administered via the intramuscular route. Thereafter, patients were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer. To verify postoperative analgesia, pain assessments were performed using the modified Glasgow (EGM) and Melbourne (EM) scales. For sedation assessment, the Dobbins scale was used at different times: before the administration of pre-anesthetic medication (T0) and at another six times in the postoperative period, 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 4 (T3), 8 (T4), 12 (T5), and 24 (T6) h after orotracheal extubation. No statistical differences were observed between groups in the scales according to Dunn’s Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test, and between the times a statistical difference was noticed by the Friedman test (p<0.05) for the EGM and EM scale scores, but there was no need for analgesic rescue. Therefore, we found that isolated dexmedetomidine and morphine produced adequate analgesic effects in the postoperative period of bitches submitted for OH.

Postoperative evaluation of analgesia promoted by the use of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine as an intramuscular pre-anesthetic medication in bitches submitted for ovariohysterectomy / Avaliação pós-operatória da analgesia promovida pelo uso da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia

This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and when associated with morphine in patients under general inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane and undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH). Twenty healthy bitches were selected via physical and laboratory examinations. Prior to the study, they underwent a 24-h period of adaptation to the environment and observers. They were then randomly divided into two groups: the dexmedetomidine group receiving a dose of 10 µg/kg, and dexmedetomidine group (10 µg/kg) associated with morphine receiving a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, administered via the intramuscular route. Thereafter, patients were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer. To verify postoperative analgesia, pain assessments were performed using the modified Glasgow (EGM) and Melbourne (EM) scales. For sedation assessment, the Dobbins scale was used at different times: before the administration of pre-anesthetic medication (T0) and at another six times in the postoperative period, 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 4 (T3), 8 (T4), 12 (T5), and 24 (T6) h after orotracheal extubation. No statistical differences were observed between groups in the scales according to Dunn's Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test, and between the times a statistical difference was noticed by the Friedman test (p<0.05) for the EGM and EM scale scores, but there was no need for analgesic rescue. Therefore, we found that isolated dexmedetomidine and morphine produced adequate analgesic effects in the postoperative period of bitches submitted for OH.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia analgésica pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em pacientes submetidas à anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OH). Vinte cadelas saudáveis foram selecionadas a partir de exames físico e laboratoriais. Previamente ao estudo, foram submetidas a um período de 24 horas de adaptação ao ambiente e aos observadores. Ato contínuo, foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo dexmedetomidina, na dose de 10 µg/Kg (GD) e grupo dexmedetomidina (10 µg/Kg) associado com morfina, na dose de 0,3 mg/Kg (GDM), administrados pela via intramuscular (IM). Ato contínuo, as pacientes foram induzidas com propofol e mantidas com isoflurano diluído em oxigênio 100% e administrado através de vaporizador calibrado. Para verificação da analgesia pós-operatória foram realizadas avaliações de dor por meio de escalas de Glasgow Modificada (EGM) e de Melbourne (EM). Para avaliação de sedação, por meio da escala de Dobbins (ED), em diferentes tempos: antes da administração da MPA (T0), e em mais 6 tempos no período pós-operatório, uma (T1), duas (T2), quatro (T3), oito (T4), 12 (T5) e 24 (T6) horas após a extubação orotraqueal. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos nas escalas de acordo com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc de Dunn; e entre os tempos notou-se diferença estatística pelo teste de Friedman (p<0,05) para EGM e EM, porém não houve necessidade de resgate analgésico. Portanto, conclui-se que a dexmedetomidina isolada e associada a morfina produziu efeito analgésico adequado no período pós-operatório de cadelas submetidas a OH.

Avaliação das alterações em ph gástrico e concentrações de gastrina em equinos submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória e decúbito dorsal

SUAREZ, G. J. L. Avaliação das alterações em ph gástrico e concentrações de gastrina em equinos submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória e decúbito dorsal. 2021. 78 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. Nos últimos anos, o estudo das afecções gástricas em humanos tem sido enfatizado, em especial a ocorrência dos refluxos gastroesofágico (ERGE) e duodenogástrico (ERDG). Nos equinos, acredita-se que 50% a 90% dos cavalos de alta performance apresentem afecções estomacais, em especial gastrite e ulceração gástrica, que comprometem tanto o desempenho atlético, como a higidez. Avaliarem-se com este estudo as alterações no pH gástrico e dos níveis da gastrina, em oito éguas, após jejum de fluidos e sólidos, mantidas em decúbito dorsal sobre anestesia com isoflurano, considerando possível ocorrência de refluxo duodenogástrico e gastroesofágico, o que estimularia a utilização preventiva de protetores gástricos antes e após anestesias. Avaliou-se o pH gástrico nos períodos trans anestésico a cada 15 minutos, por 90 minutos, e pós anestésico, a cada hora por 24 horas. Os níveis de gastrina foram mensurados antes da anestesia, durante o período de recuperação anestésica (cinco minutos após decúbito lateral), e após quatro meses do procedimento anestésico, 90 minutos após a refeição matinal (sem jejum prévio). Foi realizado teste rápido de sangue oculto nas fezes imediatamente antes do procedimento anestésico (T0) e após 24 horas (T24). O pH gástrico durante o período anestésico não se alterou. Não foram observadas correlações entre alterações hemogasométricas e alterações em pH gástrico no período trans anestésico. Após a anestesia, o pH gástrico tornou-se alcalino durante as 24 horas de avaliação, apresentando diferenças entre T0 (4,88±2,38), T5 (7,08±0,89), T8 (7,43±0,22), T9(7,28±0,36), T11 (7,26±0,71), T13 (6,74± 0,90) e T17 (6,94± 1,04) (p<0.05). Os níveis séricos da gastrina aumentarem (15 pg/ml para 20 pg/ml p<0,05) em relação ao tempo basal. Durante a ingestão de alimentos, verificou-se menor pH gástrico durante o consumo de concentrado (6,26±1,28), em relação ao consumo de feno (6,71±1,38) e água (6,58±1.17), sendo que a ingestão de alimentos e água não foi responsável pela alcalinização de pH encontrada no período pós anestésico. Em outros dois equinos, por meio de câmera endoscópica, observaram-se possível ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico durante o período trans anestésico. Conclui-se que a anestesia geral inalatória e decúbito dorsal em equinos, durante 90 minutos, promove alcalinização do pH gástrico pós anestésia. Sugere-se estudos complementares avaliando protetores de mucosa gástrica para serem indicados de maneira preventiva, considerando que a anestesia geral e decúbito podem induzir refluxos duodenogástricos e gastroesofágicos.

SUAREZ, G. J. L. Evaluation of changes in gastric and gastrin diet in horses modified to general inhalational anesthesia and supine. 2021. (Master) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. In recent years, the study of gastric disorders in humans has been emphasized, especially the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) and duodenogastric reflux (GDPR). In equines, it is accredited that 50% to 90% of two high- performance horses have stomach ailments, especially gastritis and gastric ulceration, which compromise both athletic performance and hygiene. We will evaluate with this study the alterations in gastric pH and two levels of gastrin, in oito éguas, after fluids and solids, maintained in dorsal decubitus under anesthesia with isoflurane, considering possible occurrence of duodenogastric and gastroesophageal reflux, or that it would stimulate Preventive use of gastric protectors before and after anesthesia. Assess or gastric pH in trans anesthetic periods every 15 minutes, for 90 minutes, and post anesthetic, every hour for 24 hours. The levels of gastrin were measured before anesthesia, during the anesthetic recovery period (five minutes after lateral decubitus), and after four months of the anesthetic procedure, 90 minutes after morning refreshment (week before). A rapid occult blood test was performed in the feces immediately before the anesthetic procedure (T0) and after 24 hours (T24). The gastric pH during the anesthetic period did not change. No correlations were observed between hemogasometric alterations and alterations in gastric pH in the transanesthetic period. After anesthesia, or gastric pH was alkaline during the 24 hours of evaluation, showing differences between T0 (4.88±2.38), T5 (7.08±0.89), T8 (7.43±0 .22), T9(7.28±0.36), T11 (7.26±0.71), T13 (6.74±0.90) and T17 (6.94±1.04) (p< 0.05). The serum levels of gastrin will increase (15 pg/ml to 20 pg/ml p<0.05) in relation to the basal time. During the ingestion of food, lower gastric pH was verified during the consumption of concentrate (6.26±1.28), in relation to the consumption of phenol (6.71±1.38) and water (6.58±1.17). ), being that the intake of food and water was not responsible for the alkalinization of pH found in the post-anesthetic period. In other two horses, by means of an endoscopic camera, we observed possible occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux during the trans-anesthetic period. It was concluded that unalated general anesthesia and dorsal decubitus in equines, for 90 minutes, promotes alkalinization of the gastric pH after anesthesia. Complementary studies are suggested to assess gastric mucosa protectors to be indicated preventively, considering that general anesthesia and decubitus can induce duodenogastric and gastroesophageal reflux.

Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol for experimental surgical transposition of the carotid artery in sheep

Background: The carotid artery transposition may be used in research when continuous measurements of arterial pressureor serial blood sampling are needed. In sheep, this procedure has usually been performed under inhalational or barbiturateanesthesia; however, these anesthetic techniques may cause cardiorespiratory depression and delayed recovery. Conversely,propofol is a general anesthetic that promotes rapid induction, smooth recovery, and hemodynamic stability. The aim ofthis study was to assess physiological and anesthetic effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol to establish itssafety and efficacy for performing permanent carotid transposition, in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven young healthy ewes, weighing 35.00 ± 4.43 kg and subjected to a new techniqueof permanent transposition of the carotid artery were used. Propofol was administered by constant rate infusion (0.5 mg/kg/min; IV) after anesthetic induction with this same drug. Heart rate (HR), cardiac rhythm, oxyhemoglobin saturation(SpO2), respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), and venous blood gas parameters(SvO2, PvO2, PvCO2, and HCO3-) were evaluated before induction and every 10 min up to 1 h of anesthesia. Recoveryperiod was also evaluated. Data were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk normality test followed by one-way repeated measuresanalysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test (P < 0.05) to analyze possible effects over time. Therewas no occurrence of apnea or regurgitation after anesthetic induction; however, all sheep presented hypersalivation. Inrelation to baseline, HR was greater at 10 min, whereas PvO2, PvCO2, and SvO2 increased at all evaluation points, andHCO3- was higher at 40 min and 60 min. There was a decrease in RT from 20 min to 60 min...(AU)

Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol for experimental surgical transposition of the carotid artery in sheep

Background: The carotid artery transposition may be used in research when continuous measurements of arterial pressureor serial blood sampling are needed. In sheep, this procedure has usually been performed under inhalational or barbiturateanesthesia; however, these anesthetic techniques may cause cardiorespiratory depression and delayed recovery. Conversely,propofol is a general anesthetic that promotes rapid induction, smooth recovery, and hemodynamic stability. The aim ofthis study was to assess physiological and anesthetic effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol to establish itssafety and efficacy for performing permanent carotid transposition, in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven young healthy ewes, weighing 35.00 ± 4.43 kg and subjected to a new techniqueof permanent transposition of the carotid artery were used. Propofol was administered by constant rate infusion (0.5 mg/kg/min; IV) after anesthetic induction with this same drug. Heart rate (HR), cardiac rhythm, oxyhemoglobin saturation(SpO2), respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), and venous blood gas parameters(SvO2, PvO2, PvCO2, and HCO3-) were evaluated before induction and every 10 min up to 1 h of anesthesia. Recoveryperiod was also evaluated. Data were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk normality test followed by one-way repeated measuresanalysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test (P < 0.05) to analyze possible effects over time. Therewas no occurrence of apnea or regurgitation after anesthetic induction; however, all sheep presented hypersalivation. Inrelation to baseline, HR was greater at 10 min, whereas PvO2, PvCO2, and SvO2 increased at all evaluation points, andHCO3- was higher at 40 min and 60 min. There was a decrease in RT from 20 min to 60 min...

Anestesia convencional e técnica de tumescência em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia. Avaliação da dor pós-operatória / Conventional anesthesia and tumescent technique in bitches which underwent mastectomy. Evaluation of postoperative pain

As neoplasias mamárias são as mais comuns em cadelas e geralmente acometem fêmeas de meia-idade a idosas, não castradas ou que foram submetidas ao procedimento de ovario-histerectomia tardiamente. A principal forma de tratamento é a excisão cirúrgica, sendo a ressecção unilateral das glândulas mamárias o procedimento mais realizado na prática veterinária. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas ao procedimento de mastectomia unilateral sob efeito das técnicas anestésicas de tumescência ou convencional. Foram utilizadas 20 cadelas, divididas em dois grupos: um grupo recebeu apenas a anestesia geral inalatória (grupo convencional), e o outro recebeu adicionalmente a anestesia infiltrativa por tumescência (grupo tumescência). Elas foram avaliadas nas primeiras 24 horas do período pós-operatório, e o processo álgico foi avaliado pela escala de dor da Universidade de Melbourne. As médias dos escores obtidos ao longo do tempo foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey a um nível de 5 por cento de significância (p<0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos com relação à dor pós-operatória. A técnica anestésica infiltrativa por tumescência apresentou a vantagem da redução do sangramento transoperatório e mostrou-se exequível em pequenos animais, entretanto seu uso está relacionado à experiência e à preferência do cirurgião e do anestesista.(AU)

Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasm in bitches. Intact, mild to advanced aged female dogs are generally more affected. The main treatment is surgical excision and unilateral mastectomy is the most performed procedure in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative pain in dogs which underwent unilateral mastectomy and were anesthetized with tumescence and conventional anesthesia. Twenty bitches were randomly divided into two groups: Conventional Group (GC), which received only general inhalational anesthesia and Tumescence Group (GT), which also received tumescence anesthesia. All dogs were evaluated during the first 24 hours postoperatively. The scale of Pain from the University of Melbourne was used for the evaluation. The tukey test at a 5 percent level of significance (p <0.05) was used. There were no significant differences between groups related to postoperative pain. The technique of tumescent anesthesia reduced bleeding during surgery and is feasible in dogs. Its use is related to the surgeon and anesthesiologist's experience and preferences.(AU)

EFEITOS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE XILAZINA E DOXAPRAM NA RECUPERAÇÃO DE CAVALOS ANESTESIADOS COM ISOFLURANO

A recuperação é uma fase crítica na anestesia de equinos. Tentativas precoces de retornar à posição quadrupedal são normalmente fracassadas podendo ocasionar quedas, injúrias e até mesmo fraturas. Técnicas para melhorar a qualidade de recuperação incluem o uso de agonistas adrenérgicos do tipo 2, os quais objetivam, neste contexto, a sedação do paciente, aumentando o tempo de decúbito e possibilitando maior tempo de eliminação do anestésico inalatório residual. O doxapram é um fármaco caracterizado por provocar aumento na frequência respiratória e, potencialmente, pode aumentar o clearance dos anestésicos inalatórios. Neste contexto, objetivou-se verificar a influência da administração dos fármacos xilazina e doxapram no tempo e na qualidade da recuperação de equinos submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano. Seis cavalos foram anestesiados durante 90 minutos quatro vezes, com intervalo de duas semanas entre os procedimentos, recebendo aleatoriamente os seguintes tratamentos após a interrupção do anestésico inalatório: xilazina 0,2 mg/kg, ou xilazina e doxapram (0,2 e 0,1 mg/kg, respectivamente), ou xilazina e doxapram (0,2 e 0,2 mg/kg, respectivamente), ou solução NaCl 0,9%. Todas recuperações foram filmadas e avaliadas por dois observadores não cientes dos tratamentos, por meio da escala visual analógica e escala qualitativa descritiva. Os escores foram analisados quanto à concordância por BlandAltman e quanto à diferença pela RM ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey(p < 0,05), assim como os demais parâmetros aferidos. Não houve diferença nos tempos de recuperação avaliados entre os grupos. Em relação aos escores, o grupo que recebeu apenas xilazina apresentou as melhores recuperações, seguido da dose mais alta de doxapram, grupo controle e o grupo com a dose de 0,1 mg/kg. A adição de doxapram no protocolo de re-sedação em equinos anestesiados com isoflurano não promoveu melhora qualitativa e não alterou tempo de recuperação daanestesia.

Recovery is a critical stage on equine anesthesia. Early attempts to assume upright position are seldom successful and frequently result on falls, injuries and even fractures. Techniques to improve anesthetic recovery include the use of 2- adrenergic agonists at recovery in order to increase the recumbency time permitting clearance a broader residual inhalational anesthetic. Doxapram is characterized by increasing respiratory rate. Potentially it can increase inhaled anesthetics clearence. The purpose of the present study was to verify to influence of xylazine and doxapram administration on time and quality of recovery of horses submitted to isoflurane inhalational anesthesia. Six horses were anesthetized four times, with a wash out period of two weeks. Each animal received one of the following randomized treatments following discontinuation of isoflurane anesthesia: xylazine 0.2 mg/kg, or xylazine plus doxapram (0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively), xylazine plus doxapram (0.2 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively), or NaCl 0.9% solution. Recovery was filmed and posterior evaluated by two blind observes by a visual analogue scale and a qualitative descriptive scale. The scores were analyzed for agreement by Bland-Altman and for the difference by RM ANOVA followed by Tukey test. The parameters measured were analyzed with RM ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p < 0.05). There was no difference regarding times recovery between groups. The animals who received just xylazine presented better scores on quality analysis, followed by doxapram 0.2 mg/kg group, control group, and 0.1 mg.kg of doxapram group. The use of doxapram to re-sedate horses isoflurane anesthetized does not improve quality neither diminish time of recovery.

Influência da Anestesia com Isofluorano ou Propofol na Vasoconstrição Pulmonar Hipóxica de Cavalos

A abordagem cirúrgica toracoscópica apresenta diversas vantagens ao paciente, como redução do trauma cirúrgico proporcionando menor dor no pós-operatório e uma melhor recuperação. Na maioria dos casos é necessário instituir a ventilação monopulmonar (VMP), que promove alterações cardiovasculares e respiratórias importantes. Estas alterações provocadas podem ser exacerbadas dependendo do fármaco utilizado na manutenção anestésica. Estudos sugerem que os anestésicos inalatórios possuem efeitos inibitórios sobre as respostas fisiológicas durante a VMP, enquanto os anestésicos injetáveis não. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os efeitos da anestesia intravenosa total utilizando infusão contínua de propofol e a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano na vasoconstrição hipóxica pulmonar em cavalos submetidos à ventilação monopulmonar e hemipneumotórax. Foram utilizados seis cavalos e, com intervalos de 28 dias, dois protocolos anestésicos foram estudados: isofluorano, ISO (n=6) e propofol, PRO (n=6). Foram avaliados os parâmetros cardiovasculares e respiratórios pré e transoperatórios, variáveis hemodinâmicas e de oxigenação tecidual, hemogasometria arterial e venosa mista. Em todos os cavalos anestesiados com isofluorano o procedimento teve que ser interrompido devido a redução acentuada da PaO2, sendo desfeita a ventilação monopulmar e o pneumotórax. A média da PaO2 no momento 15 minutos após ser instituído o pneumotórax foi de 56 ± 42 no grupo ISO e 129 ± 54 no grupo PRO. Os resultados observados sugerem que, nos cavalos onde a fração de shunt intrapulmonar (Qs/Qt) já é aumentada pelo grande peso corporal, a hipoxemia e hipercapnia podem ser mais importantes durante a ventilação monopulmonar e pneumotórax. Sendo essas alterações menores na anestesia com propofol, visto que esse anestésico inibe de maneira menos acentuada a vasoconstrição hipóxica (VPH) comparado aos anestésicos halogenados.

Thoracoscopy approach is more favorable to the patient, as it promotes reduced surgical trauma, less pain after surgery and faster recovery. Frequently it is necessary to set the one lung ventilation (OLV), which stimulate important cardiovascular and respiratory modifications, which could be increased depending on the drug used for anesthetic maintenance. Studies suggest that inhalational anesthetics have inhibitory effects on physiological responses during OLV, while the intravenous anesthetics not. The aim of this study was to compare the respiratory and hemodynamics functions during OLV and hemi-pneumothorax in general anesthetized horses with propofol or isoflurane in lateral recumbency. Six horses were used and at intervals of 28 days, two anesthetic protocols were studied, isofluorane, ISO (n=6) and propofol, PRO (n=6). Cardiorespiratory variables, hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation parameters, arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis were recorded. In all horses anesthetized with isoflurane, the procedure was interrupted, undoing the monopulmonary ventilarion and pneumothorax. The mean PaO2 at the time 15 minutes after the pneumothorax was established was 56 ± 42 in the ISO group and 129 ± 54 in the PRO group.The results observed suggest that the horses, where the intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) is already increases by the great body weight, hypoxemia and hypercapnia can be more important during monopulmonar ventilation and pneumothorax. These changes are minor in anesthesia with propofol, since this anesthesic does not diminish hypoxic vasoconstriction as is observed with halogenated anesthetics.

O PROPOFOL NA ANESTESIA INTRAVENOSA TOTAL EQUINA.

A anestesia equina apresenta elevada taxa de mortalidade em comparação com outras espécies animais e seres humanos, em parte devido à ampla utilização de agentes inalatórios como único agente anestésico, promovendo importante depressão cardiovascular e respiratória. A utilização de analgésicos é fundamental para uma anestesia balanceada, auxiliando na diminuição do requerimento do anestésico de manutenção, apesar de restrições devido a particularidades da espécie equina, falta de novas opções e associações analgésicas. A anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA), com uso de anestésicos e analgésicos exclusivamente pela via intravenosa, possui o propofol como principal agente e pode ser uma boa opção ao uso dos anestésicos voláteis. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar a utilização de propofol em infusão contínua para cirurgias de rotina e anestesias experimentais com diferentes analgésicos (lidocaína e cetamina, remifentanil e lidocaína). Foram realizados 47 procedimentos anestésicos, sendo dez anestesias experimentais e 37 pertencentes a rotina hospitalar. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas. A primeira etapa estabeleceu a taxa de infusão de propofol com lidocaína e cetamina, correlacionando a taxa de infusão de propofol com variáveis dos pacientes e dos procedimentos, em 19 cavalos submetidos a cirurgias diversas. A segunda etapa avaliou variáveis cardiovasculares, respiratórias e hemodinâmicas em dez anestesias experimentais com utilização de infusão contínua de propofol ou isofluorano em associação à infusão contínua de remifentanil, para cavalos saudáveis em decúbito lateral e dorsal . A terceira etapa comparou a utilização de infusão contínua de propofol com o anestésico inalatório isofluorano em associação com infusão contínua de lidocaína para 18 cirurgias de laparotomia exploratória devido à cólica equina. Nas três etapas f oram realizadas avaliações dos parâmetros fisiológicos, hemogasométricos, qualidade da indução anestésica, tempo e qualidade da recuperação anestésica e as apropriadas correlações. O requerimento de propofol foi maior em potros em comparação com cavalos adultos em cavalos anestesiados com propofol, lidocaína e cetamina. A associação de propofol com remifentanil em decúbito dorsal promoveu melhor estabilidade hemodinâmica em comparação com isofluorano e remifentanil. A associação de propofol e lidocaína em cavalos anestesiados para laparotomia exploratória foi semelhante para as variáveis cardiovasculares e recuperação anestésica, apesar de leve hipercapnia no grupo propofol e maior requerimento de dobutamina no grupo isofluorano. De forma geral o propofol produziu anestesia satisfatória, com boa estabilidade cardiovascular e hemodinâmica, apesar da recuperação anestésica mais longa após período prolongado de infusão, porém sem alterar a qualidade da recuperação.

Equine anesthesia presents high rate of deaths compared to other animal species and human patients, partially because of the wide use of inhalational agents as a single anesthetic agent, resulting in significant cardiovascular and respiratory depression. The use of analgesics is essential for a balanced anesthesia, assisting in reduction of maintenance anesthetic, although there are restrictions due to particularities of the equine specie, lack of new options and analgesic associations.Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), with the use of analgesics and anesthetics exclusively intravenously, has propofol as a main agent and may be a good option to the use of volatile anesthetics. This study aimedto evaluate the use of continuous infusion of propofol for routine surgeries and experimental anestesias with different analgesics (lidocaine and ketamine, remifentanil and lidocaine). 47 anesthetic procedures were performed, ten experimental anesthesias and 37 clinical anesthesia. This study was divided into three parts.The first part established the required infusion rate of propofol with lidocaine and ketamine in 19 horses divided in foals and adult horses, undergoing surgeries. The second part assessed cardiovascular, respiratory and hemodynamic variables in ten experimental anesthesia with the use of continuous infusion of propofol or isoflurane in combination with continuous infusion of remifentanil for healthy horses in lateral and dorsal recumbency. The third part compared the use of continuous infusion of propofol to isoflurane in combination with continuous infusion of lidocaine for 18 exploratory laparotomy surgeries in horses with colic syndrome. In the three studies were evaluated physiological parameters, blood gas analysis, quality of induction of anesthesia, time and quality of anesthetic recovery and appropriate correlations. Propofol requirement was higher in foals compared to adult horses in anesthesia with propofol, lidocaine and ketamine. Propofol associated with remifentanil in dorsal recumbency showed better hemodynamic stability compared to isoflurane and remifentanil. The association of propofol and lidocaine for anesthetized horses for exploratory laparotomy showed anesthetic recovery and cardiovascular variables similar compared to isoflurane and remifentanil, although slight hypercapnia in propofol group and higher dobutamine application in isoflurane group. In general propofol produced satisfactory anesthesia with good cardiovascular and hemodynamic stability although longer anesthetic recovery after prolonged infusion, but without changing the quality of recovery.

Bloqueio infiltrativo com lidocaína em ovariohisterectomia convencional ou videoassistida em cadelas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da infiltração pré-operatória do cloridrato de lidocaína para o controle da dor pós-operatória de cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia convencional ou videoassistida. Foram selecionadas 28 cadelas hígidas, sendo pré medicadas com maleato de acepromazina (0,05 mg kg-1), induzidas a anestesia com propofol (4 mg kg-1) e mantidas em anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano vaporizado em oxigênio a 100% em sistema com reinalação parcial de gases. Todos os animais receberam analgesia transoperatória pela administração de fentanil em infusão contínua (20 µg kg hr -1), após dose bolus (2,5 µg kg -1). Os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grandes grupos: GC (grupo controle; com infiltração de solução salina na linha de incisão cirúrgica ou local de entrada dos portais, n=14) e GB (grupo bloqueio; seguindo a mesma metodologia, porém, com infiltração de lidocaína 2%, n=14, na dose de 4 mg kg-1). Cada um desses grupos foi subdividido em mais dois grupos, conforme o procedimento cirúrgico a serem submetidos: GCC (grupo controle celiotomia, n=7), GCV (grupo controle vídeo, n=7), GBC (grupo bloqueio celiotomia, n=7) e GBV (grupo bloqueio videoassistida n=7). No período pós anestésico imediato, foi administrado associação comercial de dipirona e n-butilescopolamina 25mg kg-1, sendo repetida a cada oito horas durante 48 horas. Como instrumentos de avaliação de dor pós operatória foram utilizadas as escalas visual analógica (EVA), da universidade de Melbourne e simplificada de Glasgow concomitantemente à mensuração da glicemia e cortisol séricos. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk ao nível de 5% de significância. Não sendo observada a normalidade dos resíduos, foi aplicado o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis para dentro dos grupos entre os diferentes momentos. Após, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey e teste de Dunn para comparações aos pares, ao nível de 5% de significância. Um animal recebeu resgate analgésico no GBC, um no GCV, sete no GCC e três no GBV, antes dos tempos totais de avaliação propostos. Houve diferença a uma e duas horas (p<0,001) de pós-operatório para GCC em relação aos demais, sendo que GCV em uma hora de pós operatório (T1) também apresentou aumento dos níveis de dor em relação ao GBC e GBV, com relação as escalas de dor avaliadas. Para glicose houve aumento para GCC em T1. Porém para a avaliação de cortisol houve aumento em T1 para GCC em relação aos demais e GCV e GBC em relação a GBV. Ainda em seis horas de pós-operatório houve aumento de cortisol para GBC em relação aos demais. A análise dos resultados permite concluir que o bloqueio infiltrativo de lidocaína juntamente com a associação de dipirona e N-butilescopolamina IV no pós-operatório imediato constitui um protocolo analgésico adequado para OVH convencional e videoassistida e, ainda, que esta última promove menor estímulo álgico que a convencional.

The objective of this study was to evaluate how efficient preoperative infiltration of lidocaine hydrochloride for postoperative pain control of female dogs subjected to conventional or video assisted ovariohysterectomy. Twenty eight healthy dogs were selected, having been medicated with acepromazine maleate (0.05 mg kg-1) induced to propofol anesthesia (4 mg kg-1) and kept under inhalational general anesthesia with vaporized isoflurane in oxygen at 100% in a partial gas re-inhalation system. All the animals received transoperatory analgesia through the administration of fentanyl in continued infusion (20 g kg hr -1) after a bolus dose (2.5 g kg -1). The animals were randomly allocated into two large groups: CG (control group; with an infiltration of saline solution into the surgical incision line or portal entrance site, n=14) and BG (block group; following the same method, however with a 2% lidocaine infiltration, n=14, with a dose of 4mg kg-1). Each group was subdivided into two more groups, according to the surgical procedure to be submitted to: CCG (celiotomy control group, n=7), VCG (video control group, n=7), CBG (celiotomy block group, n=7) and VBG (video assisted block group, n=7). In the immediate post-anesthetic period, a commercial association of metamizole and n-butylscopolamine 25mg kg-1, was administered, being repeated every eight hours for 48 hours. For the evaluation of postoperative pain the instruments used were the visual analogue scales (VAS), from the University of Melbourne and the simplified one from Glasgow, at the same time as the measurement of glycemia and seric cortisol. The data was submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test at a level of 5% significance. The normality of the residue was not observed, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for within the groups in different moments. Afterward, the Tukey and the Dunn tests were applied for pair comparison, at a level of 5% significance. One animal suffered rescue analgesia in the CBG, one in the VCG, seven in CCG and three in the VBG, before the proposed total evaluation times. There was a difference at one and two hours (p<0.001) of postoperative for the CCG in relation to the others, one hour into the postoperative for the VCG (T1) also presented a rise in pain levels in relation to the CBG and VBG, in relation to the pain scales evaluated. For the glucose there was a rise for CCG at T1. However, for the cortisol evaluation, there was a rise at T1 for CCG in relation to the others and VCG and CBG in relation to VBG. Still at T6 there was a rise in cortisol to CBG in relation to the others. The analysis of the results allows to conclude that the infiltrative block of lidocaine together with the association of metamizole and n-butylscopolamine IV in immediate postoperative constitutes an adequate analgesic protocol for conventional and video-assisted OVH, and plus, that the latter gives a smaller algic stimulus than the conventional one.

Fentanil ou remifentanil em cães? Prós e contras, qual escolher e como usar Revisão de Literatura / Fentanyl or Remifentanil in dogs? Pros and cons, which one to choose and how to use -Literature Review

O fentanil e o remifentanil são opióides sintéticos, pertencentes ao grupo das fenilpiperidinas e são agonistasseletivos para receptores μ. Possuem alta potência analgésica, com ação de ultra-curta duração. Oremifentanil difere do fentanil principalmente por possuir características farmacocinéticas únicas, sendo ideal para o uso em infusões contínuas prolongadas. Esses fármacos estão indicados para uso sob a formade infusão intravenosa contínua para promover analgesia no período intra-operatório, além de possibilitarema redução da concentração alveolar mínima dos anestésicos inalatórios. Assim como os demaisopióides, o fentanil e remifentanil causam efeitos adversos como bradicardia e depressão respiratória,sendo indicada a ventilação artificial quando associados aos anestésicos gerais. Devido ao curto períodode ação desses fármacos, há necessidade de suplementação analgésica após o término da infusão, com o intuito de promover analgesia pós-operatória. O uso do remifentanil pode ser vantajoso em relação aofentanil em procedimentos que requeiram infusões prolongadas, em pacientes hepatopatas e nefropatase em outras situações que necessitem de recuperação anestésica rápida, enquanto sua principal desvantagemestá relacionada ao alto custo em relação ao fentanil.

Fentanyl and remifentanil are synthetic opioids which belong to the phenylpiperidine group and areselective agonists for μ receptors. They are potent ultra short-acting opioids. Remifentanil differs fromfentanyl mainly by its unique pharmacokinetic profile, which favors its use in prolonged continuous infusions.These drugs are indicated for use as intravenous constant rate infusion to provide intraoperativeanalgesia and also to decrease the minimum alveolar concentration of inhalational anesthetics. Like otheropioids, fentanyl and remifentanil cause adverse effects such as bradycardia and respiratory depression.Artificial ventilation is recommended when its administered in combination with general anesthetics.Due to the short duration of action of these drugs, analgesic supplementation after discontinuation of theinfusion is necessary to provide postoperative analgesia. The use of remifentanil may be advantageousover fentanyl in procedures requiring prolonged infusions, in patients with liver or kidney disease and for other occasions which require fast recovery from anesthesia, where as the disadvantage is the highcost compared to fentanyl.(AU)

Fentanil ou remifentanil em cães? Prós e contras, qual escolher e como usar – Revisão de Literatura / Fentanyl or Remifentanil in dogs? Pros and cons, which one to choose and how to use -Literature Review

O fentanil e o remifentanil são opióides sintéticos, pertencentes ao grupo das fenilpiperidinas e são agonistasseletivos para receptores μ. Possuem alta potência analgésica, com ação de ultra-curta duração. Oremifentanil difere do fentanil principalmente por possuir características farmacocinéticas únicas, sendo ideal para o uso em infusões contínuas prolongadas. Esses fármacos estão indicados para uso sob a formade infusão intravenosa contínua para promover analgesia no período intra-operatório, além de possibilitarema redução da concentração alveolar mínima dos anestésicos inalatórios. Assim como os demaisopióides, o fentanil e remifentanil causam efeitos adversos como bradicardia e depressão respiratória,sendo indicada a ventilação artificial quando associados aos anestésicos gerais. Devido ao curto períodode ação desses fármacos, há necessidade de suplementação analgésica após o término da infusão, com o intuito de promover analgesia pós-operatória. O uso do remifentanil pode ser vantajoso em relação aofentanil em procedimentos que requeiram infusões prolongadas, em pacientes hepatopatas e nefropatase em outras situações que necessitem de recuperação anestésica rápida, enquanto sua principal desvantagemestá relacionada ao alto custo em relação ao fentanil.

Fentanyl and remifentanil are synthetic opioids which belong to the phenylpiperidine group and areselective agonists for μ receptors. They are potent ultra short-acting opioids. Remifentanil differs fromfentanyl mainly by its unique pharmacokinetic profile, which favors its use in prolonged continuous infusions.These drugs are indicated for use as intravenous constant rate infusion to provide intraoperativeanalgesia and also to decrease the minimum alveolar concentration of inhalational anesthetics. Like otheropioids, fentanyl and remifentanil cause adverse effects such as bradycardia and respiratory depression.Artificial ventilation is recommended when it’s administered in combination with general anesthetics.Due to the short duration of action of these drugs, analgesic supplementation after discontinuation of theinfusion is necessary to provide postoperative analgesia. The use of remifentanil may be advantageousover fentanyl in procedures requiring prolonged infusions, in patients with liver or kidney disease and for other occasions which require fast recovery from anesthesia, where as the disadvantage is the highcost compared to fentanyl.

Administração intravenosa de emulsão lipídica de isofluorano em cães

A administração intravenosa de anestésicos voláteis halogenados pode ser considerada uma alternativa à aplicação pela via inalatória, e neste contexto, as formulações emulsificadas têm mostrado segurança, eficiência e bons planos anestésicos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e respiratórios das administrações intravenosa e inalatória de isofluorano em cães, após a determinação da taxa de infusão intravenosa de 6,99 mL/kg/h deste halogenado em emulsão lipídica. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito cães, os quais formaram três grupos distintos: grupo IV ? anestesia intravenosa por infusão de emulsão lipídica com isofluorano; grupo E - anestesia inalatória com isofluorano, associada à infusão intravenosa de emulsão lipídica sem o halogenado; e grupo IN - anestesia inalatória com isofluorano, associada à infusão intravenosa de solução de NaCl 0,9%. Foram evidenciadas diminuições da contratilidade cardíaca, índice cardíaco e pressão arterial sistêmica a partir de 10 e 40 minutos de anestesia, respectivamente, nos grupos IV e E. A hipotensão no grupo IV resultou em acidose metabólica, porém, hipoxemia não foi observada. O grupo IN apresentou manutenção do índice cardíaco, apesar de reduções do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica e pressão arterial. A taxa de infusão intravenosa determinada foi efetiva na manutenção de plano de anestesia cirúrgica em cães. As infusões intravenosas de isofluorano e emulsão lipídica causaram depressão cardíaca e hipotensão. Em relação à função respiratória, nenhum dos grupos mostrou efeitos deletérios

The intravenous administration of halogenated anesthetics can be considered an alternative to the application by the inhalation route, moreover, emulsified formulations have been showing safety, efficiency and appropriated anesthetic depth. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflurane anesthesia by intravenous or inhalational route on hemodynamic and respiratory variables, after the determination of the intravenous infusion rate of 6.99 mL/kg/h of this anesthetic in lipid emulsion, in dogs. Therefore, eight dogs were distributed in three different protocols: IV group ? intravenous anesthesia with emulsified isoflurane; E group ? inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane associated to intravenous infusion of lipid emulsion; and IN group - inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane associated to intravenous infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution. The results regarding IV and EM groups revealed decreases of heart contractility, cardiac index and systemic blood pressure starting from 10 and 40 minutes of anesthesia, respectively. The hypotension in the IV group resulted in metabolic acidosis, however, hypoxemia was not observed. The IN group demonstrated maintenance of cardiac index, despite of reduction of the blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. The intravenous infusion rate determined was effective in the maintenance of an anesthetic depth of general anesthesia in dogs. The intravenous infusions of isoflurane and lipid emulsion caused cardiac depression and hypotension. In relation to respiratory function, the inhalational route and the intravenous infusions of isoflurane and lipid emulsion did not result in harmful effects

Retrospective study of the mortality and morbidity associated with general inhalant anesthesia in dogs / Estudo retrospectivo da morbidade e mortalidade associada com anestesia geral inalatória em cães

The records of 1153 dogs that underwent inhalant general anesthesia at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of São Paulo State University (UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil) from July 2000 until January 2003 were reviewed. We aimed at determining the mortality and morbidity rates, as well as their correlation with inhalation agents used for anesthetic maintenance, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of the patients. The overall morbidity rate was 9.19%, whereas mortality rate was 1.13%. Although the data analysis showed the occurrence of complications and death in patients initially thought to be risk free and in patients where safe anesthetic agents were used, no statistical correlation was determined to exist between morbidity or mortality and either the ASA classification of the animals or the anesthetic agent.

Foram avaliados os prontuários de 1.153 cães submetidos a anestesia geral inalatória no Hospital Veterinário Governador Laudo Natel, da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP, no período de Julho de 2000 a Janeiro de 2003. Objetivou-se determinar a incidência de mortalidade e morbidade, tentando correlacioná-las com os agentes anestésicos empregados para manutenção anestésica e a classificação do paciente de acordo com a American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). A taxa de morbidade e mortalidade foi de, respectivamente, 9,19% e 1,13%. A análise dos dados revelou que as complicações e óbitos podem ocorrer em pacientes cuja previsão de risco é inicialmente pequena, ou ainda naqueles onde os agentes anestésicos considerados mais seguros e estáveis foram utilizados. Entretanto, de acordo com a análise estatística, não houve correlação entre morbidade ou mortalidade e a classificação ASA, do paciente ou o agente anestésico utilizado.

Retrospective study of the mortality and morbidity associated with general inhalant anesthesia in dogs / Estudo retrospectivo da morbidade e mortalidade associada com anestesia geral inalatória em cães

The records of 1153 dogs that underwent inhalant general anesthesia at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of São Paulo State University (UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil) from July 2000 until January 2003 were reviewed. We aimed at determining the mortality and morbidity rates, as well as their correlation with inhalation agents used for anesthetic maintenance, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of the patients. The overall morbidity rate was 9.19%, whereas mortality rate was 1.13%. Although the data analysis showed the occurrence of complications and death in patients initially thought to be risk free and in patients where safe anesthetic agents were used, no statistical correlation was determined to exist between morbidity or mortality and either the ASA classification of the animals or the anesthetic agent.

Foram avaliados os prontuários de 1.153 cães submetidos a anestesia geral inalatória no Hospital Veterinário Governador Laudo Natel, da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP, no período de Julho de 2000 a Janeiro de 2003. Objetivou-se determinar a incidência de mortalidade e morbidade, tentando correlacioná-las com os agentes anestésicos empregados para manutenção anestésica e a classificação do paciente de acordo com a American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). A taxa de morbidade e mortalidade foi de, respectivamente, 9,19% e 1,13%. A análise dos dados revelou que as complicações e óbitos podem ocorrer em pacientes cuja previsão de risco é inicialmente pequena, ou ainda naqueles onde os agentes anestésicos considerados mais seguros e estáveis foram utilizados. Entretanto, de acordo com a análise estatística, não houve correlação entre morbidade ou mortalidade e a classificação ASA, do paciente ou o agente anestésico utilizado.