Distiquíases em gatos / Distichiasis in cats

Background: Distichiasis is a disease that is rare in cats, but very common in dogs. The term distichiasis may be controversial when used in the feline species, given that they do not possess true cilia, but rudimentary hair along the superior palpebra. The patients may be asymptomatic, though some show signs of ocular discomfort and ulcerative keratitis. The diagnosis is reached through an ophthalmological exam, and the treatment consists of the removal of the cilium with or without its hair follicle. With this work, we aim to report a series of cases of distichiasis in cats, as it is an uncommon anomaly, and has the potential to cause ocular discomfort in cats. Cases: Two mobile services of veterinary ophthalmology, one in the federal district of Brasília (DF) and the other in the municipality of Valinhos (SP), attended to 9 cats over a period of 5 years (2018 to 2022). The cats (n = 9) attended are of an undefined breed with ages varying from 10 months to 9 years, with an average of 3.9-year-old. The number of distichiasis presented by the animals was classified according to their quantity, being categorized as a mild grade when there was a single cilium, moderate grade when there were 2 to 4 cilia, and severe grade when there were more than 5 cilia. The highest incidence of distichiasis in this study was in males (78%) while females accounted for (22%) of the cases. The clinical changes reported by the owners consisted of signs of ocular discomfort (photophobia, blepharospasm, and periocular itching), ocular discharge and ocular redness. In the ophthalmological evaluations, blepharospasm (22%), serous to mucosal secretion (56%), chemosis (22%), mild (44%) to moderate (11%) conjunctival hyperemia, and ulcerative keratitis (22%) were observed. Distichiasis was more frequent affecting both eyes (56%), while in only (44%) of cases it affected the left eye only. The highest occurrence of cilia was identified in the upper palpebra (78%). Distichiasis was found more often in the temporal palpebral portion (78%), and in 2 patients the identification was more challenging since these cilia lack pigmentation. Single cilium affected (44%) of patients, while 5 cats had multiple distichiasis (56%). A total of 29% of the cats had a mild grade, whereas 14% had a moderated grade, and 57% had a severe grade. The treatments performed consisted of manual epilation (ME) and electroepilation (EE). ME was carried out in 56% of the cats, with relapses occurring in 80% of the patients, while 44% of the cats submitted to EE had a relapse in 20% of the cases. Discussion: Distichiasis is an inherited disorder very frequent in dogs, but considered uncommon in cats. Its causative factor is still unknown, as is its mode of inheritance. In distichiasis therapy, epilation, electroepilation, electrolysis, diode laser, cryotherapy and surgical palpebral resection techniques are referred to as procedures. Among the treatments used in this study, we observed a lower incidence of relapse with the electroepilation technique, which proved to be a viable and successful therapeutic modality. This series of cases shows that perhaps this disorder is much more frequent than what has been reported in the literature, being sometimes underdiagnosed and consequently underreported. Therefore, distichiasis in cats should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with clinical signs of ocular discomfort and ulcerative keratitis.

Osteopatia hipertrófica idiopática em um gatoˆipt / Hypertrophic osteopathy in a catˆien

Background: Hypertrophic osteopathy (OH) is a syndrome characterized by progressive bilateral periosteal bone neofor-mation that mainly affects the thoracic and pelvic limb bones’ metaphyses and diaphyses. In most cases, it is secondary to a chronic primary lesion located in the thoracic cavity but can be associated with an abdominal injury that has already been occurred. The occurrence of this condition without being associated with a primary lesion is considered infrequent in animals. The purpose of this report was to describe a case of idiopathic hypertrophic osteopathy in a cat with a description of clinical signs and radiographic and anatomopathological findings.Case: A male adult cat was brought to the veterinarian with an initial observation by the owner of four limbs’ volume in-crease, apathy, and reluctance to move. Upon clinical examination, the animal presented dehydration, mucosal hyperemia, hyperthermia, and bilateral edema of the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Based on the radiographic examination, a periosteal reaction with palisade-like appearance was found in the metacarpals, radios, ulna, humerus, scapulae, tibias, and fibulae. There were no significant changes in additional exams. Due to poor prognosis, the cat was euthanized and referred for necropsy and histopathological examination. All organs were examined both macroscopically and microscopically. Frag-ments were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed for histological slides with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome, and limb bones that were not fixed in formalin were macerated. Lesions were observed only in the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Macroscopically, there was a diffuse, regular, slightly firm volume increase, covered by abundant gelati-nous whitish tissue. The periosteal bone neoformations were characterized by numerous papillary projections distributed throughout the phalanges, radius, ulna, humerus, scapulae, tibia and fibulae. Histologically...

Osteopatia hipertrófica idiopática em um gatoˆipt / Hypertrophic osteopathy in a catˆien

Background: Hypertrophic osteopathy (OH) is a syndrome characterized by progressive bilateral periosteal bone neofor-mation that mainly affects the thoracic and pelvic limb bones metaphyses and diaphyses. In most cases, it is secondary to a chronic primary lesion located in the thoracic cavity but can be associated with an abdominal injury that has already been occurred. The occurrence of this condition without being associated with a primary lesion is considered infrequent in animals. The purpose of this report was to describe a case of idiopathic hypertrophic osteopathy in a cat with a description of clinical signs and radiographic and anatomopathological findings.Case: A male adult cat was brought to the veterinarian with an initial observation by the owner of four limbs volume in-crease, apathy, and reluctance to move. Upon clinical examination, the animal presented dehydration, mucosal hyperemia, hyperthermia, and bilateral edema of the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Based on the radiographic examination, a periosteal reaction with palisade-like appearance was found in the metacarpals, radios, ulna, humerus, scapulae, tibias, and fibulae. There were no significant changes in additional exams. Due to poor prognosis, the cat was euthanized and referred for necropsy and histopathological examination. All organs were examined both macroscopically and microscopically. Frag-ments were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed for histological slides with hematoxylin–eosin and Massons trichrome, and limb bones that were not fixed in formalin were macerated. Lesions were observed only in the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Macroscopically, there was a diffuse, regular, slightly firm volume increase, covered by abundant gelati-nous whitish tissue. The periosteal bone neoformations were characterized by numerous papillary projections distributed throughout the phalanges, radius, ulna, humerus, scapulae, tibia and fibulae. Histologically...(AU)

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em cordeiros lactentes / Spontaneous Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in suckling lambs

Background: Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most important and common poisonous plants in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil (RS). The intoxication occurs when native livestock are exposed to the plant for the first time, especially when they are hungry, thirsty and stressed after transportation. The lesions associated with the toxicosis are characterized necrosis of the epithelial lining of the pre-stomachs. Cases of intoxication by Baccharis spp. in sheep native of a certain farm are uncommon. The objective of this study is to report an outbreak of B. coridifolia poisoning in lambs in RS, Southern Brazil, and to address the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of this condition.Cases: Ten 15-20 day-old Corriedale and Texel lambs from a lot of 150 were affected. The onset of clinical signs occurred two days after the lambs were moved from ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture to a native pasture with moderate amounts of sprouting B. coridifolia. Main clinical signs were intense abdominal pain, during which some lambs distended the thoracic and pelvic limbs while standing up, diarrhea, dehydration, ruminal atony, salivation, decubitus and death. Gross lesions in three necropsied lambs were mainly located in the digestive tract and included varying degrees of hyperemia, edema and erosions in the fore stomach mucosae. Histologically, there were hyperemia and degenerative, necrotic and ulcerative changes in the epithelial lining of forestomachs. The lesions observed were characterized by hydropic degeneration stratified mucosal epithelium and multifocal intercellular edema. Necrosis of individual epithelial cells, which had the intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm with a pyknotic or karyorrhetic nucleus, was observed. Multiple clefts were seen at the junction of the epithelium with the lamina propria, some of which containing intact and viable neutrophils.[...](AU)

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em cordeiros lactentes / Spontaneous Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in suckling lambs

Background: Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most important and common poisonous plants in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil (RS). The intoxication occurs when native livestock are exposed to the plant for the first time, especially when they are hungry, thirsty and stressed after transportation. The lesions associated with the toxicosis are characterized necrosis of the epithelial lining of the pre-stomachs. Cases of intoxication by Baccharis spp. in sheep native of a certain farm are uncommon. The objective of this study is to report an outbreak of B. coridifolia poisoning in lambs in RS, Southern Brazil, and to address the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of this condition.Cases: Ten 15-20 day-old Corriedale and Texel lambs from a lot of 150 were affected. The onset of clinical signs occurred two days after the lambs were moved from ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture to a native pasture with moderate amounts of sprouting B. coridifolia. Main clinical signs were intense abdominal pain, during which some lambs distended the thoracic and pelvic limbs while standing up, diarrhea, dehydration, ruminal atony, salivation, decubitus and death. Gross lesions in three necropsied lambs were mainly located in the digestive tract and included varying degrees of hyperemia, edema and erosions in the fore stomach mucosae. Histologically, there were hyperemia and degenerative, necrotic and ulcerative changes in the epithelial lining of forestomachs. The lesions observed were characterized by hydropic degeneration stratified mucosal epithelium and multifocal intercellular edema. Necrosis of individual epithelial cells, which had the intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm with a pyknotic or karyorrhetic nucleus, was observed. Multiple clefts were seen at the junction of the epithelium with the lamina propria, some of which containing intact and viable neutrophils.[...]

INTOXICAÇÕES POR PLANTAS EM RUMINANTES NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

Plantas tóxicas de interesse pecuário são aquelas que quando ingeridas espontaneamente, provocam danos à saúde ou a morte de animais. Sistemas orgânicos ou órgãos específicos podem ser afetados, e sinais clínicos e patológicos irão ser variados a depender de cada planta. Esta tese está dividida em dois artigos: o primeiro objetivou relatar surtos naturais e descrever a intoxicação experimental por Froelichia humboldtiana em bovinos, delineando seus aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos; o segundo artigo tem por objetivo descrever um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Prosopis juliflora em caprinos. No primeiro artigo, casos de intoxicações por F. Humboldtiana, foram investigadas nos Municípios de Cachoeirinha e São Caetano, Pernambuco. Vinte e dois bovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos e lesões cutâneas compatíveis com fotossensibilização primária, dentre os quais, dois bezerros lactentes. Para reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação, três vacas, uma delas com bezerro ao pé, foram mantidas em um piquete de um hectare (ha) composto por F. humboldtiana, durante 14 dias consecutivos. Foram realizadas biópsias de pele e coletadas amostras de sangue para realização de bioquímica hepática. Os sinais clínicos surgiram três dias após a ingestão da planta e se caracterizaram por prurido e hiperemia em áreas despigmentadas de pele, que evoluíam para edema, dermatite exsudativa e necrose de áreas extensas de pele. À microscopia observou-se edema e infiltrado inflamatório composto por eosinófilos, linfócitos e plasmócitos principalmente ao redor dos vasos sanguíneos. Em todos os bovinos examinados, os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), bilirrubinas total, direta e indireta estavam normais. Nos bovinos adultos sinais de fotodermatite surgiram após o 3º dia e no bezerro lactente no 8º dia do experimento. Estimou-se que o consumo médio de matéria seca de F. humboldtiana necessário para iniciar os sinais clínicos em cada bovino adulto foi de 78 kg. No segundo artigo, os casos de intoxicação por Prosopis julifora ocorreram no Município de Jataúba, Pernambuco. Foram obtidos dados epidemiológicos e observados sinais clínicos, e realizadas as necropsias e coletas de fragmentos de órgãos das cavidades abdominal e torácica, encéfalo, medula espinhal, nervo facial e músculos masseteres, para posterior avaliação microscópica. Seis caprinos adoeceram, destes, cinco morreram e dois foram necropsiados. Na necropsia observou-se diminuição do volume do músculo masseter, atrofia da mucosa gengival, protrusão dos dentes molares em direção ao plano palatino, fígado friável e com coloração amarelada e conteúdo ruminal ressecado e com a presença das sementes da planta. Microscopicamente, as lesões consistiram em degeneração neuronal no núcleo motor do nervo trigêmeo, degeneração axonal com dilatação da bainha de mielina e presença de vacúolos, geralmente em cadeia, contendo, ocasionalmente, restos axonais ou macrófagos nas raízes do nervo trigêmeo. Além de severa atrofia por desnervação do músculo masseter caracterizada pela diminuição do tamanho das fibras, presença de fibras triangulares e desaparecimento de fibras com substituição por tecido conjuntivo. O diagnóstico da intoxicação por F. humboldtiana nos bovinos foi confirmado a presença da planta na pastagem, histórico de consumo da planta, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e lesões encontradas semelhantes a outros casos, a qual foi comprovada através de experimentos. A condição determinante para a ocorrência da intoxicação por P. juliflora nos caprinos foi a escassez de alimento o que levou os animais a se alimentarem da planta por um período de quatro a seis meses.

Toxic plants of animal interest are those that when ingested spontaneously cause damage to the health or death of animals. Organ systems or specific organs may be affected, and clinical and pathological signs will be varied depending on each plant. This thesis is divided in two papers: the first objective was to report natural outbreaks and to describe the experimental poisoning by Froelichia humboldtiana in cattle, outlining its epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects; the second article aims to describe an outbreak of Prosopis juliflora intoxication in goats. In the first article, cases of intoxication by F. Humboldtiana, were investigated in the Municipalities of Cachoeirinha and São Caetano, Pernambuco. Twenty-two cattle presented clinical signs and skin lesions compatible with primary photosensitization, including two lactating calves. In order to experimentally reproduce the intoxication, three cows, one of them with calves at the foot, were kept in one-hectare paddock composed of F. humboldtiana for 14 consecutive days. Clinical signs appeared three days after ingestion of the plant and were characterized by pruritus and hyperemia in depigmented areas of skin, which evolved to edema, exudative dermatitis and necrosis of extensive areas of skin. Edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells were found mainly around the blood vessels. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), total, direct and indirect bilirubin were normal in all cattle examined. In the adult bovine photodermatitis signs appeared after the 3rd day and in the calf suckling on the 8th day of the experiment. It was estimated that the average dry matter intake of F. humboldtiana required to initiate clinical signs in each adult bovine animal was 78 kg. In the second article, the cases of poisoning by Prosopis julifora occurred in the Municipality of Jataúba, Pernambuco. Epidemiological data were obtained and clinical signs were observed, and necropsies were performed and organ fragments were collected from the abdominal and thoracic cavities, encephalon, spinal cord, facial nerve and masseter muscles for subsequent microscopic evaluation. Six goats became ill, of these, five died and two were necropsied. At necropsy, masseter muscle volume decreased, gingival mucosal atrophy, protrusion of the molar teeth and directed to the palatine plane, friable liver with a yellowish color and dried ruminal content and the presence of the plant's seeds were observed. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of neuronal degeneration in the trigeminal nerve motor nucleus, axonal degeneration with dilatation of the myelin sheath, and presence of vacuoles, usually in chain, occasionally containing axonal or macrophages in the trigeminal nerve roots. Beside of masseter muscle with severe atrophy due to deprivation, with decrease in fiber size, presence of triangular fibers and disappearance of fibers with substitution by connective tissue. The diagnostic of F. humboldtiana intoxication in cattle was the presence of the plant in the pasture, history of plant consumption, epidemiology, clinical signs and lesions found similar to other cases, which was verified through experiments. The determinant condition for the occurrence of P. juliflora intoxication in goats was the food shortage, which caused the animals to feed on the plant for a period of 4 to 6 months.

EFEITOS DA VIRULÊNCIA DAS CEPAS VACINAIS CONTRA AS DOENÇAS DE NEWCASTLE E BRONQUITE INFECCIOSA EM FRANGOS DE CORTE

A Doença de Newcastle (DN) e a Bronquite Infecciosa das Galinhas (BIG) estão entre as dez principais enfermidades de impacto econômico para a avicultura mundial. Diante da importância da avicultura brasileira como provedora de proteína e do impacto econômico que a DN e a BIG podem causar ao setor avícola, é necessário o estudo dos efeitos da virulência das cepas vacinais contra DN e BIG por meio de ferramentas como histomorfometria, histopatologia e sorologia, para a escolha do programa de imunização mais adequado para o plantel avícola. Em cada experimento foram utilizados 245 pintos de um dia de vida da linhagem Cobb, separados e alojados em blocos ao acaso em galpões distintos em condições controladas de temperatura e luz. No experimento com cepas de DN foram coletados fragmentos do terço médio da traqueia aos dois, quarto, sete, 14 e 21 dias de idade, enquanto que no experimento com cepas de BIG as coletas foram aos quatro, sete e 14 dias de vida e processados conforme rotina histológica. Para análise histomorfométrica da mucosa traqueal, as lâminas foram fotografadas e realizadas as mensurações da espessura da mucosa traqueal sendo aplicado teste ANOVA e utilizando o post-hoc de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Para a avaliação histopatológica das traqueias das aves vacinadas com cepas de DN foram observadas a presença de lesões e analisadas quanto ao grau de intensidade e distribuição. No experimento para BIG foram utilizadas as cepas Massachusetts H120 e a bronquite Variante BR, ambas administradas pela via ocular e spray. Amostras de sangue para obtenção de soro e posterior análise de resposta humoral por meio de ELISA, foram coletadas aos quatro, sete, 14, 21 e 28 dias de idade e em seguida foi confeccionado um perfil da resposta imune para cada grupo de vacina de acordo com a via de administração a partir dos títulos médios (GMT). Aos quatro dias as aves vacinadas com cepa La Sota para DN administrada por via ocular foram as que apresentaram pior resultado (p<0,05), sendo observado um maior espessamento da mucosa traqueal quando comparada a todas as demais cepas utilizadas. Já aos 21 dias foi possível observar que os animais vacinados com cepa PHY.LMV.42 por via ocular e com a cepa La Sota por via spray apresentaram maior espessamento da mucosa da traqueia comparada ao Sorotipo 3 (p<0,05). As aves vacinadas com a cepa Sorotipo 3 apresentaram os menores escores de lesões quando comparado às demais cepas estudadas. Já nas aves vacinadas com a cepa La Sota por via spray apresentaram os maiores escores de lesões histopatológicas em relação às demais cepas observando hiperemia e hiperplasia epitelial, hiperplasia de glândulas mucosas, desciliação e infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. Para a BIG ao compararmos aos títulos médios obtidos pelas cepas H120 e Variante BR nas diferentes vias de aplicação observamos que são semelhantes quanto a resposta imune, pois ambas apresentam o mesmo perfil sorológico. Já na análise histomorfométrica da espessura da mucosa traqueal foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) apenas dentro dos grupos quando comparado a cepa testada ao seu controle, também ocorrendo diferenças (p<0,05) entre os diferentes tipos de cepas vacinais e entre diferentes dias de vida. Aos quatro e 14 dias as aves vacinadas com a cepa H120 pela via ocular e spray apresentaram maior espessamento da mucosa traqueal quando comparadas às aves vacinadas com a cepa Variante BR (p<0,05). Desta forma, concluímos que a cepa Sorotipo 3 foi a melhor por ter apresentado menor espessamento da mucosa traqueal pós vacinação e menores escores de lesão histopatológica sendo a melhor opção para imunização das aves contra a DN, bem como que a resposta imune a cepa Variante BR se comporta semelhante a cepa H120. Em relação a virulência, a cepa Variante BR é a mais adequada por apresentar menor reação pós-vacinal e proteger de forma homóloga frente ao desafio presente no plantel avícola brasileiro.

Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Chicken Bronchitis (ICB) are among the top 10 diseases of economic impact for poultry farming worldwide. Given the importance of Brazilian poultry farming as a protein supplier and the economic impact that DN and ICB can cause to the poultry sector, it is necessary to study the effects of virulence of vaccine strains against DN and ICB through tools such as histomorphometry, histopathology and selection of the most appropriate immunization program for poultry. In each experiment, 245 day-old broilers of the Cobb lineage were used, separated and housed in randomized blocks in different houses under controlled conditions of temperature and light. In the experiment with ND strains fragments of the middle third of the trachea were collected at two, four, seven, 14 and 21 days of age, while in the experiment with ICB strains the collections were collected at four, seven and 14 days of life and processed according to histological routine. For the histomorphometric analysis of the tracheal mucosa, the slides were photographed and measurements of the thickness of the tracheal mucosa were performed using an ANOVA test and using Tukey post-hoc with a significance level of 5%. For the histopathological evaluation of the trachea of the birds vaccinated with ND strain, the presence of lesions was observed and the degree of intensity and distribution were analyzed. In the ICB experiment the Massachusetts H120 strains and BR variant bronchitis, both administered via the ocular route and spray, were used. Serum blood samples and subsequent humoral response analysis by ELISA were collected at four, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days of age and then a profile of the immune response was made for each vaccine group according to with the route of administration from the geometric mean titers (GMT). At four days the birds vaccinated with La Sota strain for ocular ND were the ones that presented the worst result (p <0.05), being observed a greater thickening of the tracheal mucosa when compared to all other strains used. At 21 days, it was possible to observe that the animals vaccinated with strain PHY.LMV.42 ocularly and with the La Sota strain by spray showed a greater thickening of the trachea mucosa compared to Serotype 3 (p <0.05). The birds vaccinated with the strain Sorotype 3 had the lowest lesion scores when compared to the other strains studied. In the birds vaccinated with the La Sota strain by spray, they presented the highest histopathological lesions in relation to the other strains, observing hyperemia and epithelial hyperplasia, mucosal gland hyperplasia, deciliation and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. For the ICB when comparing the average titers obtained by the H120 strains and the BR variant in the different routes of application we observed that they are similar as regards the immune response, since both have the same serological profile. In the histomorphometric analysis of the thickness of the tracheal mucosa, significant differences (p <0.05) were observed only within the groups when compared to the tested strain at their control, also occurring differences (p <0.05) between the different types of vaccine strains and between different days of life. At four and 14 days, the birds vaccinated with the H120 strain by the ocular route and spray presented greater thickening of the tracheal mucosa when compared to the birds vaccinated with the variant BR strain (p <0.05). In this way, we conclude that the strain Sorotype 3 was the best because it presented less thickening of the tracheal mucosa after vaccination and lower histopathological lesion scores being the best option for the immunization of the birds against DN, as well as that the immune response to strain Variante BR behaves similar to H120 strain. In relation to virulence, the Variante BR strain is the most adequate because it presents a smaller post-vaccinal reaction and protects homologously against the challenge present in the Brazilian poultry stock.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do método famacha em ovinos com e sem ceratoconjuntivite

Objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do método FAMACHA© em animais que tenham lesões oculares sugestivas de uma ceratoconjuntivite infecciosa, que é responsável por causar hiperemia dos vasos sanguíneos da conjuntiva. Desta forma, estes animais supostamente poderiam ser dados como falsos positivos pelo método. Quarenta e quatro (44) fêmeas de idade variada, mestiças de Santa Inês foram avaliadas em diferentes graus de lesão ocular e grau FAMACHA© para cada olho por quatro avaliadores treinados, obtendo, assim, um total de 352 dados. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram calculados para o grupo com e sem lesão, de acordo com Vatta et al. (2001), Thrusfield (2005) e Sotomaior et al. (2012). Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade, considerando o F© 3 como sendo grau de anemia, dos animais com lesão ocular, foram de 79,17% e 73,21%, respectivamente, se mostrando maiores do que os dos animais sem lesão que foram de 62,5% para sensibilidade e 63,94% para especificidade. Isso indica que a presença de lesão ocular não interfere significativamente na avaliação do método FAMACHA©, desde que o avaliador seja corretamente treinado e saiba diferenciar uma conjuntiva normal de uma com inflamação.

This paper aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity FAMACHA© system in animals with ocular lesions suggestive of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, which is responsible for causing redness of the conjunctiva blood vessels. Thus, these animals supposedly could be given as false positives by this method. Forty-four (44) females of varying age, Santa Ines crossbred, were evaluated in different degrees of ocular injury and FAMACHA© grade of each eye by four experienced evaluators, giving thus a total of 352 data. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for the group with and without injuries, according to Vatta et al. (2001), Thrusfield (2005) and Sotomaior et al. (2012). The values of sensitivity and specificity, considering the F© 3 as an anemia degree, for animals with ocular damage, were 79.17% and 73.21%, respectively, showing to be higher than those for animals that were uninjured, that were 62.5% for sensitivity and 63.94% for specificity. This indicates that the presence of eye injury does not interfere significantly in FAMACHA© evaluation, since the evaluator be properly trained and able to differentiate a normal conjunctiva from another with inflammation.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do método famacha em ovinos com e sem ceratoconjuntivite

Objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do método FAMACHA© em animais que tenham lesões oculares sugestivas de uma ceratoconjuntivite infecciosa, que é responsável por causar hiperemia dos vasos sanguíneos da conjuntiva. Desta forma, estes animais supostamente poderiam ser dados como falsos positivos pelo método. Quarenta e quatro (44) fêmeas de idade variada, mestiças de Santa Inês foram avaliadas em diferentes graus de lesão ocular e grau FAMACHA© para cada olho por quatro avaliadores treinados, obtendo, assim, um total de 352 dados. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram calculados para o grupo com e sem lesão, de acordo com Vatta et al. (2001), Thrusfield (2005) e Sotomaior et al. (2012). Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade, considerando o F© 3 como sendo grau de anemia, dos animais com lesão ocular, foram de 79,17% e 73,21%, respectivamente, se mostrando maiores do que os dos animais sem lesão que foram de 62,5% para sensibilidade e 63,94% para especificidade. Isso indica que a presença de lesão ocular não interfere significativamente na avaliação do método FAMACHA©, desde que o avaliador seja corretamente treinado e saiba diferenciar uma conjuntiva normal de uma com inflamação.(AU)

This paper aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity FAMACHA© system in animals with ocular lesions suggestive of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, which is responsible for causing redness of the conjunctiva blood vessels. Thus, these animals supposedly could be given as false positives by this method. Forty-four (44) females of varying age, Santa Ines crossbred, were evaluated in different degrees of ocular injury and FAMACHA© grade of each eye by four experienced evaluators, giving thus a total of 352 data. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for the group with and without injuries, according to Vatta et al. (2001), Thrusfield (2005) and Sotomaior et al. (2012). The values of sensitivity and specificity, considering the F© 3 as an anemia degree, for animals with ocular damage, were 79.17% and 73.21%, respectively, showing to be higher than those for animals that were uninjured, that were 62.5% for sensitivity and 63.94% for specificity. This indicates that the presence of eye injury does not interfere significantly in FAMACHA© evaluation, since the evaluator be properly trained and able to differentiate a normal conjunctiva from another with inflammation.(AU)

Utilização do exame endoscópico e sua interface clínica-laboratorial em animais de companhia portadores de doenças gastrointestinais

As avaliações endoscópicas do trato digestório podem se dividir na avaliação do trato digestório superior, avaliando esôfago, estômago e duodeno; e avaliação do trato digestório inferior, avaliando reto e segmentos do cólon e ceco. A avaliação endoscópica do trato digestório também possui a função terapêutica como a retirada de corpos estranhos e, colocação de sonda enteral gástrica. Em ambos, o procedimento permite avaliar em tempo real a integridade das mucosas, observar a presenças de alterações, além da obtenção de fragmentos de biópsia para estudo histopatológico de forma segura e minimamente invasiva. Esse estudo histopatológico é considerado padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico definitivo de doenças crônicas do trato gastrointestinal bem como neoplasias. As principais indicações em cães e gatos são a presença dos sinais clínicos de distúrbios gastrointestinais, sendo o vômito e a diarreia os sinais mais comumente reportados; seguido de dor abdominal, inapetência e perda de peso. Apesar de ser uma ferramenta de grande importância, há escassez de trabalhos sobre a ocorrência das doenças diagnosticadas. O objetivo do trabalho foi compilar os achados nos exames endoscópicos realizados em cães e gatos, com sinais clínicos compatíveis com doenças do sistema digestório, realizados entre Janeiro de 2014 e Junho de 2016, totalizando 182 exames. Para esse trabalho foram tabulados os achados macroscópicos e histopatológicos, além dos registros dos principais sinais clínicos reportados pelos tutores. A espécie em que se mais requisitou exames endoscópicos foi a canina com 86,3% (156 exames) dos casos. Dos 182 exames utilizados, 114 foram para finalidade diagnóstica (63%). Os animais acima dos sete anos de idade foram os que mais realizaram as endoscopias; sendo o paciente mais novo com dois meses e o mais idoso com 18 anos. Para finalidade diagnóstica, o sexo masculino (50,5%) foi um pouco mais representativo que o feminino. A êmese crônica foi o sinal clínico mais reportado pelos tutores, seguido de diarreia e perda de peso. Os pacientes sem raça definida, tanto na espécie canina como na felina foram os mais representativos. Na espécie canina, as raças Yorkshire, Bulldog francês e Poodle também tiveram boa amostragem. E na espécie felina, além dos sem raça definida somente a raça Siamês esteve presente. Hiperemia e edema foram as alterações mais observadas em estômago, duodeno e cólon sendo compatíveis com o diagnóstico endoscópico de inflamação crônica. Nas avaliações histopatológicas das amostras de biópsia o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário foi o mais diagnosticado. Através da endoscopia foi possível o diagnóstico histopatológico de Helicobacter spp em 17% dos estômagos avaliados, e o diagnóstico de linfangiectasia intestinal em 20% dos duodenos avaliados. O linfoma tipo MALT foi a neoplasia mais diagnostica pela histopatologia. E, através da endoscopia foi possível retirar os corpos estranhos em 79,6% dos casos sendo o tricobenzoar o material mais visualizado e retirado. A colocação de sonda gástrica enteral percutânea para alimentação enteral foi realizada em quatro pacientes.

The endoscopic evaluations of digestive tract may be divided into the evaluation of the upper digestive tract, evaluating the esophagus, stomach and duodenum; and evaluation of the lower digestive tract, evaluating rectum, colon segments and cecum. The endoscopic evaluation of the digestive tract also has the therapeutic function as the removal of foreign bodies and placement of gastric enteral feeding tube. In both, the procedure allows to evaluate in real time the mucosal integrity, to observe the presence of alterations, besides obtaining fragments of biopsy for histopathological study in a safe and minimally invasive way. This histopathological study is considered gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract as well as neoplasms. The main indications in dogs and cats ate the presence of clinical signs of gastrointestinal disorders, with vomiting and diarrhea being the most commonly reported signs, followed by abdominal pain, inappetence and weight loss. Despite being a tool of great importance, there is a shortage of article about the occurrence of the diagnosed diseases. The goal of this study was to compile the findings of endoscopic examinations performed in dogs and cats with clinical signs compatible with diseases of the digestive tract performed between January 2014 and June 2016, totaling 182 procedures. Macroscopic and histopathological findings were tabulated for this study, besides the data of the main clinical signs reported by the tutors. The species in which endoscopic examination was most requested was the canine with 86,3% of the cases (156 exams). Of the 182 examinations made, 114 were for diagnostic purposes (63%). Animals over seven years old were the ones who performed the most procedures; being the youngest patient with two months and the oldest patient with 18 years. For the diagnostic purpose, the male gender (50,5%) was slightly more representative than the female one. Chronic emesis was the most commonly reported clinical sign by tutors, followed by diarrhea and weight loss. Patient non-defined breed, both in canine and feline species, was the most representative one. In canine species, the Yorkshire, French Bulldog and Poodle also had sampling. And, in feline specie, in addition to non-defined breed, only Siameses breed ones was present. Hyperemia and edema were the most observed alterations in the stomach, duodenum and colon being compatible with the endoscopic diagnosis of chronic inflammation. In the histopathological evaluations of the biopsy specimens the lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate was the most diagnosed. Through the endoscopic exams was possible the histopathological diagnosis of Helicobacter spp in 17% of the stomach evaluated, and the diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia in 20% of the duodenum evaluated. MALT-like lymphoma was the neoplasm most diagnosed by histopathology. And, through endoscopic exams it was possible to remove the foreign bodies in 79,6% of the cases, being the tricobenzoar the most visualized and removed. Placement of the percutaneous gastric enteral tube for feeding purpose was performed in four patients.

OESTROSE AUTÓCTONE NO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO

A oestrose é uma enfermidade parasitária cosmopolita causada por larvas da mosca Oestrus ovis promovendo uma miíase na cavidade nasal e seios paranasais de ovinos e caprinos. O processo inflamatório causado pela larva afeta negativamente a produtividade. Considerada também uma zoonose, promove uma oftalmomiíase temporária pela presença de larvas na conjuntiva ocular. Os estudos do Brasil sobre oestrose estão restritos ás regiões Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Sul do Brasil, onde as condições climáticas são favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da mosca em praticamente todos os meses do ano. O trabalho registra surtos de oestrose no Nordeste brasileiro, com descrição e identificação do agente, sinais clínicos, alterações patológicas, obtenção de imago e caracterização climática com sua influência no ciclo biológico da mosca. De janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2014 foram diagnosticados 9 surtos de oestrose em ovinos e 2 casos em caprinos no Estado da Bahia. Os animais apresentaram respiração ruidosa e espirro seguido de secreção nasal catarral. Os seios e conchas nasais encontravam-se com hiperemia, edema da mucosa e presença de larvas. Na submucosa encontrava-se infiltrado inflamatório composto principalmente por neutrófilos e eosinófilos, além de edema difuso moderado. As larvas colhidas durante as necropsias foram identificadas como Oestrus ovis. Algumas larvas foram coletadas e acompanhadas durante a fase de pupa para obtenção do imago. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e bivariada dos dados de temperatura (máxima e mínima), umidade do ar e chuvas acumuladas durante o período, demonstrado a capacidade de adaptação da mosca com a perpetuação do seu ciclo biológico e a possibilidade de disseminação da doença. Concluiu-se que a oestrose ocorre no Nordeste Brasileiro e as condições climáticas são ideais para o desenvolvimento da mosca e sua disseminação, e a associação com outras doenças pode comprometer a produtividade do rebanho de ovinos e caprinos.

The oestrose is a cosmopolitan parasitic disease caused by fly larvae Oestrus ovis promoting myiasis in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of sheep and goats. The inflammation caused by the larva negatively affects productivity. Also considered a zoonosis, promotes a temporary ophthalmomyiasis by larvae in the conjunctiva. Studies of Brazil on oestrose are restricted ace Southeast, Midwest and southern Brazil, where climatic conditions are favorable to fly in almost every month of the year. The paper reports oestrose outbreak in northeast Brazil, with description and identification of the agent, clinical signs, pathological changes, obtaining imago and climatic characterization with its influence in the biological cycle of the fly. From January 2011 to December 2014 were diagnosed 9 oestrose outbreaks in sheep and goats 2 cases in the state of Bahia. The animals showed wheezing and sneezing followed by catarrhal nasal discharge. The sinuses and nasal turbinates were meeting hyperemia, mucosal edema and the presence of larvae. Submucosal inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly was by neutrophils and eosinophils, and moderate diffuse edema. The larvae collected during the autopsies were identified as Oestrus ovis. Some larvae were collected and monitored during the pupal stage to obtain the imago. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis of temperature data (maximum and minimum) was performed, humidity and accumulated rainfall during the period, demonstrated the fly's ability to adapt to the perpetuation of their life cycle and the possibility of spread of the disease. It was concluded that the oestrose occurs in Northeast Brazil and climatic conditions are ideal for the development of the fly and its dissemination, and the association with other diseases can affect the productivity of the herd of sheep and goats.

FEBRE CATARRAL MALIGNA EM BOVINOS NOS ESTADOS DO PARÁ E MARANHÃO

Febre Catarral Maligna (FCM) é uma enfermidade infecciosa viral, aguda, pansistêmica, que acomete principalmente ruminantes domésticos e selvagens. A doença possui alta letalidade e no Brasil tem sido relacionada ao herpesvírus ovino2. A doença é relatada em várias regiões do Brasil, porém não há dados da mesma na região norte do país e no estado do Maranhão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e moleculares de surtos de FCM ocorridos em bovinos de quatro propriedades rurais no estado do Pará e duas no estado do Maranhão. Em cinco propriedades foi observada a criação consorciada entre bovinos e ovinos. A taxa de morbidade variou de 0,07% a 37,14% em todos os surtos, enquanto a taxa de letalidade foi de 100% na maioria destes. Em apenas um surto, a letalidade foi de 99,5%, devido a recuperação de um animal. Os principais sinais clínicos incluíram hipertermia, opacidade de córnea, ceratoconjuntivite, secreção ocular e nasal, sialorreia, anorexia, diarreia, erosões e ulcerações na mucosa oral e desordens neurológicas. As principais alterações observadas nas necropsias foram lesões erosivas e ulcerativas nas mucosas da cavidade oral, da língua, da gengiva, do esôfago, da cavidade nasal e da traqueia. Adicionalmente foi observado exsudato catarral nas narinas, hiperemia e edema nos cornetos nasais, além de petéquias e hematomas na face central da língua e esôfago, respectivamente. Outros achados relevantes nos surtos foram aumento de volume de linfonodos e placas de Peyer, focos esbranquiçados no córtex renal, lesões ulcerativas e hemorrágicas na bexiga e hiperemia nas leptomeninges do encéfalo. Microscopicamente, o principal achado foi vasculite com necrose fibrinoide em artérias de pequeno e médio calibre de múltiplos órgãos. Outros achados frequentes foram necrose e inflamação de epitélios de revestimento em vários tecidos, hiperplasia linfoide, bem como, encefalite, nefrite, cistite e pneumonia intersticiais não supurativas. O DNA do herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 foi detectado pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) em tecidos fixados em formol e incluídos em parafina de bovinos de um dos surtos no estado do Pará e nos dois surtos no estado do Maranhão. Os dados do presente trabalho confirmam a ocorrência da FCM em rebanhos bovinos do estado do Pará e Maranhão e demonstram que a enfermidade deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de doenças neurológicas ou digestivas em bovinos em ambos estados.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an acute and systemic viral infectious disease of domestics and wild ruminants. The disease has high fatality rate and on Brazil has been associated to ovine herpesvirus-2. The disease is reported in several regions of Brazil, but there is no data the same in the north of the country and in the state of Maranhão. The aim this paper was reported the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular findings of MCF outbreaks in cattle from four farms in the state of Pará and two in the state of Maranhão. In five farms was observed a mixed farming of cattle and sheep. The morbidity rate ranged from 0.07% to 37.14% in all outbreaks. While the fatality rate was 100% in almost outbreaks, but just one outbreak the fatality rate was 99.5% due to recovery of an animal. The main clinical signs included hyperthermia, corneal opacity, keratoconjunctivitis, ocular discharge and nose, drooling, anorexia, diarrhea, erosions and ulcerations in the oral mucosa and neurological disorders. The main changes observed in necropsies were erosive and ulcerative lesions in the mucosal of the oral cavity, tongue, esophagus, nasal cavity and trachea. Additionally it was observed catarrhal exudate in the nose, hyperemia and edema in the nasal turbinates, and petechiae and bruising in the central surface of the tongue and esophagus, respectively. Other relevant findings in the outbreaks were enlargement of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, whitish foci in the renal córtex, ulcerative and hemorrhagic lesions in the bladder and hyperemia of leptomeninges of the brain. Microscopically, the main finding was vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis in small and medium-sized arteries of multiple organs. Other common findings were necrosis and inflammation epithelium lining in several tissues, lymphoid hyperplasia, as well as nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis, cystitis and pneumonia. The ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in tissues fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin of cattle from a outbreak in the state of Pará and two outbreaks in the state of Maranhão. The present data confirm the occurrence of MCF in cattle herds on states of Pará and Maranhão and demonstrate that the disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological or digestive diseases in cattle in both states.

Síndrome uveodermatológica em um Akita: relato de caso / Uveodermatologic Syndrome inan Akita: Case report / Síndrome uveodermatológicoenun Akita: reporte de caso

Um Akita foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Metodista com histórico de lesões ulcerativase despigmentação em plano nasal e mucosa labial. O exame oftalmológico revelou hiperemia vascular conjuntival, reflexo pupilar reduzido, palidez discreta em disco óptico com atenuação vascular e áreas de despigmentação em região tapetal. O exame histopatológico evidenciou uma dermatite interface vacuolare liquenoide, com grande quantidade de histiócitos. Baseado nos sinais clínicos e achados histopatológicos o cão foi diagnosticado com Síndrome Uveodermatológica. A terapia medicamentosa com Azatioprina, Prednisona, Tacrolimus e Cloridrato de Dorzolamida melhoraram parcialmente as lesões dermatológicas,e as lesões oftalmológicas demonstraram uma regressão lenta.(AU)

An Akita was referred to Metodista Veterinary Hospital with a history of ulcerative lesions and depigmentation in nasal planum and labial mucosal. The ophthalmic examination revealed vascular conjunctival hyperemia, pupillary reflex reduced, slightly pale in optical disc with vascular attenuation andareas of depigmentation in tapetal region. Histopathological examination evidenced vacuolar and lichenoid interface dermatitis, with great amount of histiocytes. Based on the clinical signs and histopathologicalfindings the dog was diagnosed with Uveodermatologic syndrome. The drug therapy with azathioprine,prednisone, tacrolimus and dorzolamide, partially improved the dermatological lesions and had a slightreduce of theophthalmological signs.(AU)

Un Akita fue llevado ai Hospital Veterinario Metodista con antecedentes de lesiones ulcerosasy despigmentación en el plan de la mucosa nasal y labial. El examen oftalmológico mostró hiperemiavascular conjuntival, disminución dei reflejo pupilar, ligeramente pálida en disco óptico con atenuación vascular y áreas de despigmentación en la región tapetal. El examen histopatológico reveló una dermatitis de interfase vacuolar y liquenoide, predominante histiocitario. Con base en el examen físico y el resultado histopatológico el perro fue diagnosticado con el Síndrome uveodermatológica. El tratamiento farmacológico con azatioprina, prednisona, tacrolimus y clorhidrato de dorzolamida mejoró parcialmente las lesiones dermatológicas, y el signos oftalmológicos mostró una regresión lenta.(AU)

Síndrome uveodermatológica em um Akita: relato de caso / Uveodermatologic Syndrome inan Akita: Case report / Síndrome uveodermatológicoenun Akita: reporte de caso

Um Akita foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Metodista com histórico de lesões ulcerativase despigmentação em plano nasal e mucosa labial. O exame oftalmológico revelou hiperemia vascular conjuntival, reflexo pupilar reduzido, palidez discreta em disco óptico com atenuação vascular e áreas de despigmentação em região tapetal. O exame histopatológico evidenciou uma dermatite interface vacuolare liquenoide, com grande quantidade de histiócitos. Baseado nos sinais clínicos e achados histopatológicos o cão foi diagnosticado com Síndrome Uveodermatológica. A terapia medicamentosa com Azatioprina, Prednisona, Tacrolimus e Cloridrato de Dorzolamida melhoraram parcialmente as lesões dermatológicas,e as lesões oftalmológicas demonstraram uma regressão lenta.

An Akita was referred to Metodista Veterinary Hospital with a history of ulcerative lesions and depigmentation in nasal planum and labial mucosal. The ophthalmic examination revealed vascular conjunctival hyperemia, pupillary reflex reduced, slightly pale in optical disc with vascular attenuation andareas of depigmentation in tapetal region. Histopathological examination evidenced vacuolar and lichenoid interface dermatitis, with great amount of histiocytes. Based on the clinical signs and histopathologicalfindings the dog was diagnosed with Uveodermatologic syndrome. The drug therapy with azathioprine,prednisone, tacrolimus and dorzolamide, partially improved the dermatological lesions and had a slightreduce of theophthalmological signs.

Un Akita fue llevado ai Hospital Veterinario Metodista con antecedentes de lesiones ulcerosasy despigmentación en el plan de la mucosa nasal y labial. El examen oftalmológico mostró hiperemiavascular conjuntival, disminución dei reflejo pupilar, ligeramente pálida en disco óptico con atenuación vascular y áreas de despigmentación en la región tapetal. El examen histopatológico reveló una dermatitis de interfase vacuolar y liquenoide, predominante histiocitario. Con base en el examen físico y el resultado histopatológico el perro fue diagnosticado con el Síndrome uveodermatológica. El tratamiento farmacológico con azatioprina, prednisona, tacrolimus y clorhidrato de dorzolamida mejoró parcialmente las lesiones dermatológicas, y el signos oftalmológicos mostró una regresión lenta.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos do Mato Grosso do Sul e de São Paulo

The epidemiology, clinical signs, necropsy findings and histopathology of 6 cases of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle from five farms located in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo, Brazil are described. The disease occurred in cattle of both sexes, ranging from 4-months to 11 years of age. Morbidity rates were 0.25%-6.6% and lethality was 100%. Clinical courses were acute in six cases (2-3 days) and chronic in one (3 months). Presumptive diagnosis of MCF in the cases in this report were made by clinical signs and necropsy findings and comfirmed by histopathological examination. Clinical signs in acute cases were fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal opacity, drooling and ulcers in several mucosal surfaces and neurologic disturbances. The chronic case had corneal opacity and neurologic signs. Necropsy findings included hyperemia and diphteric lesions in several epithelial surfaces and histopathology consisted of vasculitis, multifocal disseminated foci of mononuclear cell infiltrate, and necrosis of epithelial surfaces.

São descritos a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos, os achados de necropsia e a histopatologia de seis casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos de 5 fazendas localizadas nos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. A doença ocorreu em bovinos de ambos os sexos e com idades variando de 4 meses a 11 anos. Os índices de morbidade variaram de 0,25% a 6.6% e a letalidade foi de 100%. A evolução clínica foi aguda (2-3 dias) em seis casos e crônica em um (3 meses). O diagnóstico presuntivo de FCM nos casos descritos neste relato foi baseado nos sinais clínicos, achados de necropsia e confirmados pela histopatologia. Os principais sinais clínicos nos casos agudos foram febre, corrimento mucopurulento pelas fossas nasais, opacidade da córnea, sialorréia, úlceras em várias superfícies mucosas e distúrbios nervosos. O bovino do caso crônico mostrou opacidade da córnea e distúrbios neurológicos. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíam hiperemia e lesões diftéricas em várias superfícies epiteliais e a histopatologia consistiu de vasculite, focos de infiltrado mononuclear multifocal em vários órgãos e necrose de superfícies epiteliais.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos do Mato Grosso do Sul e de São Paulo

The epidemiology, clinical signs, necropsy findings and histopathology of 6 cases of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle from five farms located in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo, Brazil are described. The disease occurred in cattle of both sexes, ranging from 4-months to 11 years of age. Morbidity rates were 0.25%-6.6% and lethality was 100%. Clinical courses were acute in six cases (2-3 days) and chronic in one (3 months). Presumptive diagnosis of MCF in the cases in this report were made by clinical signs and necropsy findings and comfirmed by histopathological examination. Clinical signs in acute cases were fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal opacity, drooling and ulcers in several mucosal surfaces and neurologic disturbances. The chronic case had corneal opacity and neurologic signs. Necropsy findings included hyperemia and diphteric lesions in several epithelial surfaces and histopathology consisted of vasculitis, multifocal disseminated foci of mononuclear cell infiltrate, and necrosis of epithelial surfaces.

São descritos a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos, os achados de necropsia e a histopatologia de seis casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos de 5 fazendas localizadas nos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. A doença ocorreu em bovinos de ambos os sexos e com idades variando de 4 meses a 11 anos. Os índices de morbidade variaram de 0,25% a 6.6% e a letalidade foi de 100%. A evolução clínica foi aguda (2-3 dias) em seis casos e crônica em um (3 meses). O diagnóstico presuntivo de FCM nos casos descritos neste relato foi baseado nos sinais clínicos, achados de necropsia e confirmados pela histopatologia. Os principais sinais clínicos nos casos agudos foram febre, corrimento mucopurulento pelas fossas nasais, opacidade da córnea, sialorréia, úlceras em várias superfícies mucosas e distúrbios nervosos. O bovino do caso crônico mostrou opacidade da córnea e distúrbios neurológicos. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíam hiperemia e lesões diftéricas em várias superfícies epiteliais e a histopatologia consistiu de vasculite, focos de infiltrado mononuclear multifocal em vários órgãos e necrose de superfícies epiteliais.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: transmissão experimental para bovinos e caracterização do agente etiológico / Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: experimental transmission to cattle and characterization of the etiological agent

São relatados dois surtos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos de duas propriedades rurais (A e B) do município de Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a transmissão da doença a bovinos suscetíveis e a detecção de DNA viral de herpesvírus bovino-2 (OvHV-2) em tecidos de bovinos afetados. Os dois surtos ocorreram de novembro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002 (Propriedade A) e de janeiro a fevereiro de 2003 (Propriedade B). O número de bovinos sob risco, as taxas de morbidade e de letalidade foram, respectivamente, 170, 10,59 por cento e 83,33 por cento na Propriedade A e 500, 2,4 por cento e 100 por cento na Propriedade B. Em ambas as propriedades havia contato de ovinos com os bovinos afetados, mas somente na Propriedade A havia ovelhas em parição. Nos bovinos afetados nas duas propriedades, a duração do curso clínico, os achados de necropsia e a histopatologia foram semelhantes. A maioria dos bovinos afetados morreu ou foi submetida à eutanásia in extremis após um curso clínico de 2 a 8 dias. Os sinais clínicos incluíam febre (40,5 e 41,5ºC), corrimento nasal e ocular, opacidade da córnea, conjuntivite, salivação, erosões e ulcerações em mucosas, diarréia, hematúria e distúrbios neurológicos. Foram realizadas onze necropsias...(AU)

Two oubreaks of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) occurring in cattle on two farms (A and B) in the municipality of Santiago, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, and the transmission of the disease to susceptible calves as well as the detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in tissues of affected cattle are reported. The two epizootics occurred from November 2001 to February 2002 (Farm A) and in January-February 2003 (Farm B). Numbers of cattle at risk, morbidity and letality rates were respectively 170, 10.59% and 83.33% for Farm A and 500, 2.4% and 100% for Farm B. Contact between affected cattle and sheep was detected in both farms, but lambing ewes were present only in farm A. Duration of clinical courses, gross findings and histopathology were the same for the affected cattle in both farms. Most affected cattle died or were euthanatized in extremis after a clinical course of 2-8 days. Clinical signs included fever (40.5 and 41.5°C), nasal and ocular discharge, corneal opacity, conjunctivitis, drooling, erosions and ulcerations of the mucosae, diarrhea, hematuria, and neurological disturbances. Eleven necropsies (9 on Farm A, 2 on Farm B) were performed. Gross lesions included erosions and ulcers affecting the mucosae of nasal turbinates, oral cavity, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts; hemorrhage and necrosis of the tip of the buccal papillae, lymph node enlargement, multifocal white foci in renal cortex, and hyperemia of leptomeninges. Microscopically, there were arteritis and fibrinoid degeneration in medium and small arteries and arterioles of multiple organs and tissues, necrosis and inflammation in several mucosal surfaces, keratitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis, intersticial nephritis, and encephalitis. Transmission experiments were attempted in five calves (E1-E5) by inocculating each of them intravenously with 500 ml of whole heparinized blood from a MCF affected cow. The transmission was suscessful in at least three (E1-E3) ... (AU)