The consumption of fish by the riverine population of the lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil / O consumo de pescado de uma população ribeirinha do baixo rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil

The riverine population of the Amazon Basin are among the largest consumers of fish in the world, but the consumption patterns could be regionally distinct. Moreover, their total fish catches are not fully known. The objective of this work was to estimate the per capita fish consumption of the riverine people that inhabit the Paciência Island (Iranduba, Amazonas), where there is a fishing agreement in force. A total of 273 questionnaires were applied during the first two weeks of each month between April 2021 and March 2022. The sample unit was the residences. The questionnaire contained questions about the species captured and their quantities. Consumption was calculated by dividing the average monthly capture with the average number of residents per household interviewed, which was multiplied by the number of questionnaires applied. Thirty groups of consumed fish species belonging to 17 families and 5 orders were recorded. The total catch was 3,388.35 kg and the highest monthly catch was 602.60 kg during the falling-water season in October. Daily per capita fish consumption averaged 66.13 ± 29.21 g/day, with a peak of 116.45 g/day during the falling-water season in August. The high fish consumption rate highlighted the importance of fisheries management to food security and the maintenance of the community's lifestyle.

As populações amazônicas são uma das maiores consumidoras de pescado do mundo, contudo os padrões de consumo podem ser regionalmente distintos. Além disso, as capturas totais não são totalmente conhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o consumo per capita e as capturas de pescado por ribeirinhos residentes na Ilha da Paciência (Iranduba, Amazonas), onde há um acordo de pesca vigente. Foram aplicados no total 273 questionários durante as duas primeiras semanas de cada mês entre abril de 2021 e março de 2022. A unidade amostral foram as residências. O questionário continha perguntas sobre as espécies capturadas e respectivas quantidades. O consumo foi calculado pela divisão entre a média de captura mensal com a média de moradores por residência entrevistada que foi multiplicada pelo número de questionários aplicados. Foram registrados 30 grupos de espécies de peixes consumidos pertencentes a 17 famílias e 5 ordens. A captura total foi de 3.388,35 kg e a maior captura mensal foi de 602,60 kg durante a vazante no mês de outubro. O consumo de pescado per capita diário foi em média 66,13 ± 29,21 g/dia, com pico de 116,45 g/dia durante a vazante no mês de agosto. A alta taxa de consumo de pescado mostra a importância do manejo pesqueiro para a segurança alimentar e a manutenção do estilo de vida da comunidade.

Effect of Housing Design and Location on Production and Economic Performance of Broiler Chickens during Summer in Botswana

Botswana experiences long, hot summer periods which negatively affect broiler productivity and results in economic losses. To determine these negative effects, two parallel broiler production studies were conducted in the North eastern (NE) and South eastern (SE) regions. In each region, three large scale commercial broiler farms were randomly selected based on similarities in bird management and housing systems. In each farm, one house type (Gable, Hoop and See-saw) was selected for long term flock monitoring (1 to 35 days) over three production cycles. Results showed that the production performance of the broilers in the SE region was superior to that in the NE region, with temperatures on being average higher in the NE than in the SE. The European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) was significantly higher (p0.05) between the regions at 9.0% and 7.4% for the NE and SE, respectively. In the NE, the Gable structure had the highest profitability and economic efficiency and was thus superior in comparison to the other house structures.(AU)

Dejeto líquido de suínos: efeito no solo e nas perdas de K, Ca e Mg por erosão hídrica / Pig slurry: effect on soil and K, Ca and Mg losses by water erosion

O dejeto de suíno (DLS) é usado como fertilizante cujos nutrientes são perdidos por erosão e contaminam o ambiente se o dejeto é usado inadequadamente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de DLS nosolo e na erosão, num Nitossolo Bruno. Os tratamentos, 0; 50; 100; e 200 m³ ha-1de DLS foram aplicados superficialmente após a semeadura uma vez em cada um dos cinco cultivos, e na palhada do último cultivo, totalizando 0, 250, 500 e 1000 m³ ha-1, na aveia (Avena strigosa), milho (Zea mays), nabo (Raphanus sativus L.) e soja (Glycine max), e nos resíduos de aveia. A chuva simulada (65 mm h-1e 75 minutos) foi aplicada três vezes no milho e quatro vezes no nabo, na soja, e nos resíduos, com um simulador debraços rotativos. Antes e depois da pesquisa, determinou-se o teor de K, Ca e Mg no solo. As chuvas aplicadas em cada momento compuseram um teste (T). O T1 ocorreu após a aplicação do DLS e os demais testes em intervalos que variaram entre 14 e 70 dias, em função do clima. Durante o escoamento, em intervalos de cincominutos coletaram-se amostras de enxurrada para determinar as perdas de água e o teor de K, Ca e Mg na água. O DLS não influenciou o teor dos nutrientes no solo. O teore as perdas totais dos nutrientes foram maiores com 1000 m3ha-1de DLS do que na ausência do dejeto. Com o aumento de escoamento, diminuiu o teor na enxurrada e aumentou a perda total, a qual aumentou também com o aumento de teor dos nutrientes na enxurrada. Recomenda-se aplicar menos do que 500 m3ha-1de DLS total no solo, mesmo em aplicações intervalares, devido à elevada perda de K, Ca e Mg pela erosão hídrica.(AU)

Pigg slurry (PS) is used as a fertilizer whose nutrients are lost through erosion and contaminate the environment if the manure is used inappropriately. The objective was to evaluate the effect of PS on soil and erosion, in a Alfisol soil. The treatments, 0; 50; 100; and 200 m³ ha-1of PS were applied superficially after sowing once in each of the five crops, and in the straw of the last crop, totaling 0, 250, 500 and 1000 m³ ha-1, in oat (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays), turnip (Raphanus sativusL.) and soybean (Glycine max), and in oat residues. The simulated rain (65 mm h-1and 75 minutes) was applied three times to corn and four times to turnip, soybeans, and residues, with a rotating arms simulator. Before and after the research, the content of K, Ca and Mg in thesoil was determined. The rainfall applied at each moment made up a test (T). T1 occurred after the application of the PS and the other tests at intervals that varied between 14 and 70 days, depending on the weather. During the runoff, at five-minute intervals, runoff samples were collected to determine water losses and the content of K, Ca and Mg in the water. The PS did not influence the nutrient content in the soil. The content and total losses of nutrients were higher with 1000 m3ha-1of PS than in theabsence of manure. With the increase in runoff, the content inthe runoff decreased and the total loss increased, which also increased with the increase in the nutrient content in the runoff. It is recommended to apply less than 500 m3ha-1of total PS inthe soil, even in interval applications, due to the high loss of K, Ca and Mg by water erosion.(AU)

Effect of satellite-emitted frequency sequences on Phakopsora pachyrhizi control, on soybean nutrition and yield

The obstacles in Phakopsora pachyrhizi management result especially from susceptible soybean genotypes and resistant fungal strains. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the applicability of the emission of extremely low and specific frequencies by Effatha technology in the soybean Asian rust control, nutrition, and its impact on yield. The in-vivo test followed the detached leaves method, with six treatments: frequencies 1 and 2 individually and in association; the conventional chemical treatment (fungicide azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr); and witnesses in presence and absence of the fungus. Frequency 1 relates to inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and 2 to ubiquinone oxidase. In the field, frequencies 1 and 2 associated (with the same fungicidal action of the in-vivo study); nutritional frequency; application of azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr + mancozeb, and control without application were evaluated. In vivo, the fungicide provided 85% control of the disease symptoms, against 65% of frequencies 1 and 2 in association, which showed a higher efficiency compared to the isolated frequencies. In the field, the rate of increase of symptoms were reduced by all treatments compared to the control. At the end of the soybean cycle, the conventional fungicide resulted in 33% severity against 56% of frequencies 1 and 2 associated, and 69.2% of the control. The emission of the frequency for increased nutrient efficiency stood out positively on yield in relation to all the other ones. The conventional application provided the highest weight of 1,000 grains, possibly a direct reflection of the better control of the disease.

Effects of mixed feeding strategies with different dietary energy: protein ratios on juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Efeitos de estratégias de alimentação mista com diferentes relações de energia: proteína para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

The evaluation of feeding strategies is necessary to ensure the sustainability of aquaculture. This study assessed the effect of two diets with different E:P ratios (9.6 and 10.3 kcal of digestible energy per gram of crude protein) on Nile tilapia juveniles. The growth, feed and nutrient use, economic parameters, whole-body composition, and liver steatosis of fish were evaluated. There was no significant effect of treatments on the growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, uniformity, and survival of the fish. The lower feed cost (P>0.05) per biomass or 1000 units produced was registered in Nile tilapia juveniles fed with 10.3 kcal DE/g CP diet for seven days. The contribution of ether extract in fish weight gain was reduced (P=0.055) by the increased use of the 10.3 kcal DE/g CP diet in the feeding strategies. The same trend was observed in fish whole-body lipid levels. Body indexes were similar (P>0.05) among fish from the different treatments. Mixing diets with different E:P ratios in a weekly feeding protocol does not impair productive performance of Nile tilapia juveniles. However, considering the cost of feeding, the recommendation is to supply a diet with 33%CPand 3.4 kcal/DE for seven days per week.(AU)

A avaliação das estratégias de alimentação é necessária para garantir a sustentabilidade da aquicultura. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de duas dietas com diferentes proporções de E:P (9,6 e 10,3 kcal de energia digestível por grama de proteína bruta) para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Foram avaliados o crescimento, uso da dieta e nutrientes, parâmetros econômicos, composição corporal e esteatose hepática de peixes. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre o crescimento, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, uniformidade e sobrevivência dos peixes. O menor custo de ração (P>0,05) por biomassa ou 1000 unidades produzidas foi registrado nos juvenis de tilápia do Nilo alimentados com a dieta 10,3 kcal DE/g PB por sete dias. A contribuição do extrato etéreo no ganho de peso dos peixes foi reduzida (P=0,055) pela maior utilização da dieta 10,3 kcal DE/g PB nas estratégias de alimentação utilizadas. A mesma tendência foi observada nos níveis de lipídios corporais em peixes. Os índices corporais foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os peixes dos diferentes tratamentos. A mistura de dietas com diferentes relações E:P em um protocolo de alimentação semanal não prejudica o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. No entanto, considerando os custos de alimentação, a recomendação é fornecer uma dieta com 33% PB e 3,4 kcal/DE por sete dias por semana.(AU)

Evaluation of different silvicultural management techniques and water seasonality on yield of eucalyptus stands

ABSTRACT: Appropriate management of factors that influence forest development is essential to increase yield of forest plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water seasonality, nutritional management, and uniformity on yield of eucalyptus plantations and estimate the potential, attainable, and observed yield of adult eucalyptus stands. We evaluated Eucalyptus clonal stands in six regions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in a system of first and second rotation across four age classes using the twin-plots method (TP). In the study, 142 TPs were allocated alongside 142 plots in a continuous forest inventory (CFI) network of a private enterprise. The CFI received operational fertilization and additional fertilization was carried out in the TP. The trees were measured at the beginning of the experiment and at every six months to quantify the production in the wet (PW) and dry (PD) periods of the year. Uniformity of plantations was evaluated using Pvar 50 % and the optimal uniformity index. Potential, attainable, and observed yields were estimated using the average annual increase at seven years of age. The PW showed higher plant yield. There was an effect due to water availability and nutrient level on the yield of the stands. The driest semester of the year produces approximately 30 % of the current annual increase. The stands under the second rotation tend to have less uniformity than the in the first rotation. Potential yield varied depending on rainfall intensity where wetter regions had the highest yield.

Physiological and biochemical responses of mini watermelon irrigated with brackish water under two types of irrigation system / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas de minimelancia irrigada com água salobra sob dois tipos de sistema de irrigação

The use of marginal quality water can be a viable alternative in regions with water scarcity when associated with an adequate irrigation management strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of 'Sugar Baby' mini watermelon as a function of irrigation management and salinity of the nutrient solution (ECsol). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, in the municipality of Cruz das Almas - BA, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The plants were grown under two types of irrigation management (conventional drip - CD and pulse - PD) and four saline levels of the fertigation nutrient solution (2.5 - control; 4.5; 5.5; 6.5 dS m-1). At 65 days after cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: chlorophyll a and b content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and organic and inorganic solutes content. The treatments did not influence the levels of chlorophyll a and b. Salinity decreased the quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion due to the increased quantum yield of unregulated energy loss. Irrigation management and water salinity did not affect carbohydrate content in mini watermelons leaves. However, soluble proteins were higher in the CD than in PD and decreased with increasing salinity in both managements. Salinity increased free amino acids in CD but did not change the content of these solutes in PD. Free proline was only influenced by the management system and was higher in CD than in PD. Sodium, chloride, and sodium to potassium ratio increased with ECsol, but these increases were more pronounced in PD. Salinity increased potassium content in PD and reduced in CD. The CD led to lower absorption of toxic ions, reducing the effects of salinity on the mini watermelon.(AU)

A utilização de água da qualidade marginal pode ser uma alternativa viável em regiões com escassez hídrica, quando associada a estratégias de manejo de irrigação adequadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas da minimelancia 'Sugar Baby' em função dos manejos de irrigação e da salinidade da solução nutritiva (CEsol). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, no município de Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas sob dois tipos de manejo de irrigação (gotejamento convencional - GC e por pulsos ­ GP) e quatro níveis salinos da solução nutritiva de fertirrigação (2,5 - controle; 4,5; 5,5; 6,5 dS m-1). Aos 65 dias após semeadura, foram avaliadas as variáveis: teores de clorofilas a e b, fluorescência da clorofila a e teores de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Os tratamentos não influenciaram os teores de clorofila a e b. A salinidade diminuiu o rendimento quântico da conversão de energia fotoquímica com aumento na dissipação de energia não regulada, sendo que ambos são vias competitivas de energia entre si. O tipo de manejo e a salinidade não afetaram os teores de carboidratos nas folhas de minimelancia. Entretanto, as proteínas solúveis foram maiores no GC que no GP e diminuíram com o incremento da salinidade em ambos os manejos. A salinidade aumentou os aminoácidos livres no GC, mas não alterou o conteúdo destes solutos no GP. Os teores de prolina livre só foram influenciados pelo tipo de manejo, sendo maiores no GC que no GP. Os íons sódio e cloreto e a razão sódio/potássio aumentaram com a CEsol, sendo esses aumentos mais pronunciados no GP. A salinidade aumentou os teores de potássio no GP e diminuiu no GC. O GC levou a uma menor absorção de íons tóxicos, atenuando os efeitos da salinidade sobre a minimelancia.(AU)

Severity of clubroot in kale related to management practices and soil attributes / Severidade da hérnia das crucíferas em couve-comum relacionada a práticas de manejo e atributos do solo

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, limits the production of Brassica spp. worldwide. Little is known about the factors related to the development of the disease in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants and in crops in mountainous areas under tropical conditions. This study examined the severity of clubroot in kale crops as well as identify potential flaws in management and the soil and relief factors related to its occurrence. The study was conducted in 24 kale fields in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Soil and kale growth management practices adopted in the region were identified and samples of soil and plants were collected. Subsequently, soil and relief attributes, disease severity, biomass and nutrient and Al contents and accumulation in the plants were determined. There was a high spread of the pathogen in the areas. Inappropriate and recurrent practices in the region were detected, e.g., sequential cultivation of host species, low adoption of soil fertility analysis and liming and conservation practices, and community use of agricultural machinery and implements without prior cleaning. The disease was associated with more acidic soils, subject to greater water accumulation and with high levels of Al³+ as well as with higher Al contents and accumulation in the roots. Management practices must be adopted in the region to reduce the potential inoculum of P. brassicae and to increase soil fertility.

A hérnia das crucíferas, causada por Plasmodiophora brassicae, é limitante à produção de Brassica spp. em todo o mundo. Pouco se conhece sobre os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento da doença em plantas de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) e em cultivos em áreas de montanha sob condições tropicais. Objetivou-se avaliar a severidade da hérnia das crucíferas em lavouras de couve-comum, identificar potenciais falhas no manejo e os fatores de solo e relevo relacionados a sua ocorrência. O estudo foi conduzido em 24 lavouras de couve-comum da Região Serrana do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Registraram-se as práticas de manejo do solo e da couve-comum adotadas na região e coletaram-se amostras de solo e plantas. Em seguida, determinaram-se os atributos do solo e do relevo, a severidade da doença, biomassa e os teores e acúmulo de nutrientes e Al nas plantas. Observou-se alta disseminação do patógeno nas áreas. Foram identificadas práticas inadequadas e recorrentes na região como o cultivo sequencial de espécies hospedeiras, baixa adoção a análise de fertilidade, calagem e de medidas de conservação do solo, e o uso comunitário de máquinas e implementos agrícolas sem limpeza prévia. Identificou-se associação da doença com solos mais ácidos, sujeitos a maior acúmulo de água e com elevados teores de Al³+; e a maior teor e acúmulo de Al nas raízes. Práticas de manejo devem ser adotadas na região visando a redução do potencial de inóculo de P. brassicae e o aumento da fertilidade do solo.

Sustainability indicators for Brazilian dairy livestock: the perception of professionals in the sector

The objective of this study was to analyze the perceptions of professionals in relation to the importance of indicators used to assess the sustainability of Brazilian dairy cattle. A survey method was used through a questionnaire. The target audience was professionals related to dairy cattle: researchers, professors, consultants, farmers, and other professionals. The total number of respondents to the survey was 347. Cluster analysis resulted in the formation of four distinct groups: G1 ("Holistic"), participants agreed that all indicators are very important or, at least, important; G2 ("Technician") considered the indicators important and desirable, except for some environmental indicators which were assessed as non-priority and expendable; G3 ("Socioenvironmentalist") assessed the indicators as desirable, but environmental indicators received more importance; and G4 ("Skeptic") generally believed that indicators were non-priority and expendable. The groups showed significant differences in relation to knowledge about technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of dairy cattle. More than 60% of professionals consider milk production per area, reproductive index, production costs, profit from the activity, milk quality, quality of life of the producer and employees, succession, protection of water courses, and soil management as very important indicators of the sustainability of dairy cattle. On the other hand, important environmental indicators such as emissions of gases and substances, energy use, nutrient balance, and land use were neglected by most respondents. These results can help select and implement policies and strategies for decision making, aiming at producing milk in a more sustainable way.(AU)

Forage performance and cattle production as a function of the seasonality of a Brazilian tropical region

This study aimed to evaluate forage yield, tiller population density, canopy height, nutritional value as well as cattle performance in alternate stocking from three tropical forage cultivars. The experiment followed a randomized block design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three replications. Three forage cultivars (Marandu, Massai and Xaraés) distributed in nine hectares were evaluated in three dry season periods (transition wet/dry, dry, and end of dry season), with repeated measures over time. The following variables were evaluated: canopy height, leaf: stem ratio, forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material mass. Total digestible nutrients, crude protein and in vitro dry mass digestibility were evaluated regarding forage nutrition. Animal performance, using 36 eleven-month-old animals (half-blood Nelore), was evaluated by the daily average gain and weight gain by area. During pre-grazing, canopy height presented interaction among forage cultivars and the evaluated periods. The average daily gain showed no interaction among cultivars and period of the year the similarity in animal performance among the cultivars Marandu and Massai show that the Massai grass can be used as an alternative for forage diversification under an alternate management system.(AU)

Evaluation of different silvicultural management techniques and water seasonality on yield of eucalyptus stands

Appropriate management of factors that influence forest development is essential to increase yield of forest plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water seasonality, nutritional management, and uniformity on yield of eucalyptus plantations and estimate the potential, attainable, and observed yield of adult eucalyptus stands. We evaluated Eucalyptus clonal stands in six regions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in a system of first and second rotation across four age classes using the twin-plots method (TP). In the study, 142 TPs were allocated alongside 142 plots in a continuous forest inventory (CFI) network of a private enterprise. The CFI received operational fertilization and additional fertilization was carried out in the TP. The trees were measured at the beginning of the experiment and at every six months to quantify the production in the wet (PW) and dry (PD) periods of the year. Uniformity of plantations was evaluated using Pvar 50 % and the optimal uniformity index. Potential, attainable, and observed yields were estimated using the average annual increase at seven years of age. The PW showed higher plant yield. There was an effect due to water availability and nutrient level on the yield of the stands. The driest semester of the year produces approximately 30 % of the current annual increase. The stands under the second rotation tend to have less uniformity than the in the first rotation. Potential yield varied depending on rainfall intensity where wetter regions had the highest yield.

Evaluation of different silvicultural management techniques and water seasonality on yield of eucalyptus stands

Appropriate management of factors that influence forest development is essential to increase yield of forest plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water seasonality, nutritional management, and uniformity on yield of eucalyptus plantations and estimate the potential, attainable, and observed yield of adult eucalyptus stands. We evaluated Eucalyptus clonal stands in six regions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in a system of first and second rotation across four age classes using the twin-plots method (TP). In the study, 142 TPs were allocated alongside 142 plots in a continuous forest inventory (CFI) network of a private enterprise. The CFI received operational fertilization and additional fertilization was carried out in the TP. The trees were measured at the beginning of the experiment and at every six months to quantify the production in the wet (PW) and dry (PD) periods of the year. Uniformity of plantations was evaluated using Pvar 50 % and the optimal uniformity index. Potential, attainable, and observed yields were estimated using the average annual increase at seven years of age. The PW showed higher plant yield. There was an effect due to water availability and nutrient level on the yield of the stands. The driest semester of the year produces approximately 30 % of the current annual increase. The stands under the second rotation tend to have less uniformity than the in the first rotation. Potential yield varied depending on rainfall intensity where wetter regions had the highest yield.

Composition differences between organic and conventional processed foods: a meta-analytical study / Diferenças de composição entre alimentos processados orgânicos e convencionais: um estudo meta-analítico

Comparisons between the nutritional quality of organic and conventional fresh foods are frequently reported in the literature; however, discussion about processed foods is less frequent. Therefore, this study compared the nutritional content of processed products from both production systems using a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis, regarding aspects of raw material management and processing. The study reviewed scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 and the data obtained were analyzed using the standardized mean difference method with Hedges' adjustment and a random analytical model. Thirty-seven articles were selected, and the foods analyzed in the studies were grouped into five categories: meat products, dairy products, caught fish, wines, and fruit juices/pulps. In products of animal origin, the comparative focus shown was mainly that of the fatty acid profile, while in those of vegetable origin it was that of phytochemicals. Related to the comparison of nutrient contents, it was possible to verify the similarities in organic and conventional products in most studies; however, specific differences were verified (P < 0.05): organics contained more proteins (meat), omega 3 (dairy), and less linoleic acid (dairy and caught fish). Also, there were differences in the management of organic and conventional raw materials, and similarities in processing. Therefore, the choice for organic processed foods should not be made exclusively based on nutritional aspects, considering that the differences in nutrient contents in relation to those of conventional products are practically nonexistent.

Frequentemente são encontradas na literatura comparações entre a qualidade nutricional dos alimentos orgânicos e convencionais in natura, no entanto, pouco se discute acerca dos processados. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o teor nutricional dos processados de ambos os sistemas de produção utilizando uma revisão sistemática da literatura e meta-análise, associando a aspectos de manejo das matérias-primas e processamento. Para isso, buscou-se artigos científicos publicados entre 2010 e 2020 e os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando o método da diferença média padronizada com ajuste de Hedges e modelo analítico aleatório. Trinta e sete artigos foram selecionados, e os alimentos analisados em tais estudos foram agrupados em cinco categorias: cárneos, lácteos, pescado, vinhos e sucos/polpas de frutas. Nos produtos de origem animal o foco comparativo evidenciado foi principalmente o do perfil de ácidos graxos, enquanto nos de origem vegetal foi o dos fitoquímicos. Em relação à comparação do teor de nutrientes, foi possível constatar a similaridade nos orgânicos e nos convencionais na maioria dos estudos, entretanto, diferenças pontuais foram verificadas (P < 0,05): orgânicos com mais proteínas (cárneos), ômega 3 (lácteos) e menos ácido linoleico (lácteos e pescado). Também, notaram-se diferenças no manejo das matérias-primas orgânicas e convencionais, e similaridade no processamento. Portanto, a escolha por alimentos processados orgânicos não deve ser feita exclusivamente baseada em aspectos nutricionais, tendo em vista que as diferenças nos teores dos nutrientes em relação aos convencionais são praticamente inexistentes.

Effect of stocking management and nitrogen supplementation on pasture milk yield / Efeito do manejo do pastejo e suplementação nitrogenada sobre a produção de leite a pasto

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the first and last stocking strategies combined with a partial substitution of the protein from the supplement for urea nitrogen on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk composition, and nitrogen balance of primiparous Girolando cows. The cows were allocated to a double 4 × 4 Latin square composed of four animals and four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Supplements were formulated to provide an intake of 0.6% body weight, with and without the inclusion of 21% urea nitrogen in their composition. The first stocking management method improved nutrient intake and digestibility. Supplementation with urea led to a 47% higher excretion of urine N (g/day) than the urea treatment. The combination of the supplement without urea and the first stocking provided higher intake and retention of nitrogen and higher retained-N levels (%digested N). The combination of a supplement containing 21% urea nitrogen and the first stocking can be used without compromising the nutritional and productive parameters of the cows.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos manejos do pastejo ponta e repasse combinados a substituição parcial da proteína do suplemento por nitrogênio ureico sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, composição do leite e balanço de nitrogênio de vacas primíparas da raça Girolanda. As vacas foram alocadas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4 compostos de quatro animais cada e quatro tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os suplementos foram formulados para um consumo de 0,6% do peso corporal: sem utilização de nitrogênio ureico; ou com 21% de nitrogênio ureico em sua composição. O manejo do pastejo de ponta melhorou o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O suplemento contendo ureia excretou 47% a mais de N urina (g/dia) em comparação ao suplemento sem ureia. A combinação entre o suplemento sem ureia e o manejo de pastejo ponta apresentou maior ingestão e retenção de nitrogênio e maior N retido (%N digerido). A combinação entre o suplemento contendo 21% de nitrogênio ureico e o pastejo de ponta pode ser utilizada sem prejuízos aos parâmetros nutricionais e produtivos das vacas.

Response of Rhizobacterial strains and organic amendments on chickpea growth / Resposta de cepas de rizobactérias e alterações orgânicas no crescimento do grão-de-bico

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth through a variety of mechanisms such as phosphate solubilization, phytohormones production, antifungal activity and also improve plant growth and yield. Field experiment was carried out to investigate the residual effect of organic amendments plus soil microbes along with integrated nutrient management. (PGPR) are important soil organism that promotes plant growth and yield root colonization is an example of a direct and indirect mechanism. The treatments included control, (inorganic fertilizer and no organic fertilization).Five bacterial strains were identified morphologically and biochemically screened from the rhizospheres of chickpea, lentil, barseem, mungbean, and sesame. The experiment was conducted at the Arid Zone Research Center in D.I.Khan (Pakistan). The majority of isolates resulted in significant increase in shoot length, root length, and dry matter production of Cicer arietinum seedlings' shoot and root. The experiment represented that isolates treated plots with rhizobium strain inoculation resulted in greater plant height (35.000 cm) and nodule count (38.00) No of pods per plant-1 (44.66) when compared to the control treatment, While (Mesorhizobium cicero) along with organic amendments showed significant response the greater root length (50 cm) was observed in T4 treatment. The Performance of rhizobial strains on chickpea germination in an arid environment was found to significantly increase crop germination percentage. This combination thus increases nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in inoculation treated plots. The study found that plots with inoculation treatments yielded significantly higher than non-treated plots Treatment with Mesorhizobium Cicero and compost resulted in a higher grain yield (8%) as compared to the control. The greater grain yield was observed in Treatment T4 (183.67).The result showed that use of PGPR have the potential to increase nutrient absorption from soil while improved growth of chickpea.(AU)

As rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (PGPR) são bactérias benéficas que colonizam as raízes das plantas e promovem o crescimento das plantas através de uma variedade de mecanismos, como solubilização de fosfato, produção de fito-hormônios, atividade antifúngica e também melhoram o crescimento e o rendimento das plantas. O experimento de campo foi realizado para investigar o efeito residual de corretivos orgânicos mais micróbios do solo, juntamente com o manejo integrado de nutrientes. PGPR são importantes organismos do solo que promovem o crescimento das plantas e produzem a colonização de raízes, que é um exemplo de mecanismo direto e indireto. Os tratamentos incluíram controle (fertilizante inorgânico e sem adubação orgânica). Cinco cepas bacterianas foram identificadas morfologicamente e bioquimicamente selecionadas das rizosferas de grão-de-bico, lentilha, barseem, feijão-mungo e gergelim. O experimento foi conduzido no Arid Zone Research Center em D.I.Khan (Paquistão). A maioria dos isolados resultou em aumento significativo no comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz das plântulas de Cicer arietinum. O experimento demonstrou que isolados de parcelas tratadas com inoculação de cepa de rizóbio resultaram em maior altura de planta (35.000 cm) e contagem de nódulos (38,00) n.º de vagens por planta-1 (44,66), quando comparado ao tratamento controle, enquanto (Mesorhizobium cicero), juntamente com as alterações orgânicas, apresentaram resposta significativa quanto maior o comprimento da raiz (50 cm) observado no Tratamento T4. O desempenho de linhagens de rizóbios na germinação do grão-de-bico em ambiente árido aumentou significativamente a porcentagem de germinação da cultura. Esta combinação aumenta assim a absorção de nitrogênio e fósforo nas parcelas tratadas com inoculação. O estudo constatou que as parcelas com tratamentos de inoculação produziram significativamente mais do que as parcelas não tratadas. O tratamento com Mesorhizobium cicero e composto resultou em maior produtividade de grãos (8%) em comparação com o controle. A maior produtividade de grãos foi observada no Tratamento T4 (183,67). O resultado mostrou que o uso de PGPR tem potencial para aumentar a absorção de nutrientes do solo enquanto melhora o crescimento do grão-de-bico.(AU)

Warm-climate, legume-grass forage mixtures versus grass-only swards: An ecosystem services comparison

Integrating warm-climate forage legumes into grass monocultures has received significant research attention during the past 70 years, but widespread adoption by end users has been elusive. The objectives of this review are to provide historical context regarding legume use in warm-climate grasslands; synthesize the current literature addressing contributions to grassland ecosystem services of warm-climate, grass-only vs. legume-grass mixed swards; and consider how to achieve more widespread adoption of legume technology in warm climates. For this review, warm-climate grasslands are considered those in areas between latitudes 30° N and 30° S, where C4 perennial grasses dominate. The literature suggests measurable advantages in animal performance, soil carbon accumulation, and nutrient cycling of legume-grass mixtures are most likely when grass-only swards receive little or no N fertilizer. Advantages are less or may disappear when mixtures are compared with grasses receiving high N fertilizer rates. In contrast, amelioration of greenhouse gas emissions is often most pronounced for mixtures when compared with grass-only swards receiving high rates of N, because of the magnitude of N fertilizer effects on emissions. Going forward, there is need to focus on selecting for, and thoroughly documenting legume persistence, achieving low-risk and affordable legume establishment methods, assessing compatibility of legumes in mixture with grasses prior to legume cultivar release, emphasizing adoption of both legume species and optimal management practices, and recognizing scientists must assume a larger and more intentional role in encouraging adoption by end-users of research innovations, in addition to our traditional role in technology and product development.(AU)

Energy supplementation as strategy of pasture management

This study evaluated the effect of increased energy via supplementation on the performance, ingestive behavior, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen metabolism of grazing heifers fed tropical forage in the rainy-dry transition season. Treatments consisted of mineral supplementation ad libitum (control) and multiple supplements formulated to provide different energy levels and the same amount of protein (300 g CP animal d-1) and were denominated as low (LE; 340 g TDN animal d-1), medium (ME; 780 g TDN animal d-1) and high (HE; 1220 g TDN animal d-1) energy. Animals supplemented with ME, and HE had a greater average daily gain in relation to the control treatment, with an increase of 41 and 46%, respectively. Greater values for total apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber were observed for the treatment HE. Lesser values of urinary urea N were observed for the control and HE treatments. Our results define the use of energy levels in the supplement as a tool for pasture management. If the purpose of the production system is to enhance forage intake, the option is to supply supplements with less energy levels. In contrast, if the purpose is to increase the stocking rate, supplements with greater energy levels should be used.(AU)

Fertilization recommendation for Brassica oleraceausing Bulletin 100 is still valid after more than two decades / Recomendação de fertilização para Brassica oleraceausando o Boletim 100 ainda é válida após mais de duas décadas

The 4R Nutrient Stewardship is a concept that aims to optimizefertilization of agricultural crops, encompassing social, economic and environmental aspects. This concept involves 4 scientific principles (the right source of fertilizer, the right rate, the right timing and the right place) that should be defined basedon local conditions and knowledge. This studyaimed at determining best fertilization practices for broccoli in the region of Tatuí-SPin Brazil, using the 4Rnutrient stewardship principles. Four experiments were installed, each one referring to a 4R principle, comparing the standard fertilization applied in the region with different management options. The recommended rate bythefertilization bulletin outperformed other rates we tested.An increase or decrease by 25% in the bulletin recommended rate ledto a reduction in broccoli productivity. Mineral fertilizer sourcepromoted highest growth, followed by a combination of mineral and organic. In regard to timing, the standard practice applied in the region, which is applying 100% ofN and K at planting, did not differ from splitting the dose in 3 parcels. Lastly, applying the fertilizer in the planting rowpromotedbetter growth than broadcasting on the soil surface. The standard fertilization practiced in the region promoted the highest growth, although there are other possibilities in terms of timing and placement that also resulted in similargrowth, and the decision should be made according to the reality of each farmer.(AU)

O Manejo de Nutrientes 4C é um conceito que visa otimizar a fertilização de culturas agrícolas, englobando aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Este conceito envolve 4 princípios científicos (a fonte certa de fertilizante, a dose certa, a época certa e o local certo) que devem ser definidos levando em conta condições e conhecimentos locais. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as melhores práticas de fertilização para brócolis na região de Tatuí-SPno Brasil, utilizando osprincípiosdomanejo de nutrientes 4C. Foram instalados quatro experimentos, cada um referindo-se a um princípio 4C, comparando a fertilização padrão aplicada na região com diferentesopções de manejo.A dose recomendada pelo boletim de fertilização superou as outras doses testadas.Um aumento ou diminuição de 25% na dose causou uma redução na produtividade dos brócolis. A fonte que promoveu o maior crescimento foi a mineral, seguida por uma combinação de mineral e orgânico. Em relação à época, a prática padrão aplicada na região, que é aplicar 100% de N e K no plantio, não diferiu da divisão da dose em 3 parcelas. Por fim, a aplicação do fertilizante na linha de plantio promoveu melhorcrescimento do que a aplicação na superfície do solo. A fertilização padrão praticada na região promoveu o maior crescimento, emboraexistam outras possibilidades em termos de época e local que também resultaram em crescimentosemelhante, e a decisão deveser tomada de acordo com a realidade de cada agricultor.(AU)

A condição sexual influencia no desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de bovinos cruzados Angus X Nelore? / Does the sexual condition influence the performance and carcass yield of Angus X Nelore crossed cattle? / Influye la condición sexual en el rendimiento y rendimiento en carcasa del ganado cruzado Angus X Nelore?

O presente trabalho consistiu num estudo de caso dentro de um confinamento comercial, para avaliar o efeito da condição sexual (CS) sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça (RC) no cruzamento Angus x Nelore. Foram registrados dados de 33 lotes com n° de animais/lote variados, ao todo, foram 3049 bovinos (1674 M e 1402 F). Os animais foram apartados por peso e sexo, buscando a homogeneização dos lotes, sendo as fêmeas com peso médio (PM) de 350 kg e os machos de 400 kg. O PM dos bovinos Angus x Nelore apresentaram diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas durante todas as pesagens, sendo a média de peso maior para os animais machos. A CS se mostrou influente, também, no consumo de matéria seca e no consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais, onde as fêmeas Angus x Nelore apresentaram médias maiores para ambos os casos, comparados com os machos igualmente confinados. Machos tiveram maiores médias para ganho de peso diário e ganho de peso total por arroba, já para ganho diário de carcaça, as fêmeas apresentaram média superior por Kg/cabeça comparado aos machos. Ao considerar as eficiências produtivas, o estudo apontou diferença significativa apenas para a média de eficiência biológica, onde as fêmeas foram menos eficientes biologicamente em relação a quantidade de dieta usada para produzir uma @ de carcaça, uma vez que consumiram mais e ganharam menos, embora a eficiência alimentar entre os animais machos e fêmeas tenha se mantido indiferente estatisticamente. O RC total foi superior nos machos Angus x Nelore. Contudo, a CS foi um fator influenciador no desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de bovinos cruzados Angus x Nelore dentro do confinamento comercial estudado.

The present work consisted of a case study within a commercial confinement, to evaluate the effect of sexual condition (SC) on carcass performance and yield (CR) in the Angus x Nellore crossing. Data from 33 lots with varied number of animals/lots were recorded, in all, were 3049 cattle. The animals were apart by weight and sex, seeking the homogenization of the lots, being the females with average weight (PM) of 350 kg and males of 400 kg. The PM of Angus x Nellore cattle showed a significant difference between males and females during all weighing´s, with the mean weight higher for male animals. SC was also influential in dry matter intake and total digestible nutrient intake, where Angus x Nellore females presented higher means for both cases, compared with equally confined males. Males had higher averages for daily medium gain (GMD) and total weight gain per art (GPT@) already for daily carcass gain (GDC), females presented higher average per Kg/head compared to males. When considering the productive efficiencies, the study showed a significant difference only for the average biological efficiency, where females were less biologically efficient in relation to the amount of diet used to produce carcass @ since they consumed more and gained less, although feed efficiency between male and female animals remained statistically indifferent. Total CR was higher in Angus x Nelores males. However, SC was an influencing factor in the performance and carcass yield of Angus x Nellore crossed cattle within the commercial feedlot studied.

El presente trabajo consistió en un estudio de caso dentro de un confinamiento comercial, para evaluar el efecto de la condición sexual (CS) sobre el rendimiento y el rendimiento en canal (RC) en el cruce Angus x Nellore. Se registraron datos de 33 lotes con diferente número de animales/lote, en total hubo 3049 bovinos (1674 M y 1402 F). Los animales se separaron por peso y sexo, buscando homogeneizar los lotes, con hembras de 350 kg y machos de 400 kg. El PM del ganado Angus x Nellore mostró una diferencia significativa entre machos y hembras durante todos los pesajes, siendo el peso medio mayor para los machos. CS también influyó en el consumo de materia seca y en el consumo de nutrientes digestibles totales, donde las hembras Angus x Nellore mostraron promedios más altos para ambos casos, en comparación con los machos igualmente confinados. Los machos tuvieron promedios más altos de ganancia promedio diaria y ganancia de peso total por arroba, mientras que para la ganancia diaria de canal, las hembras tuvieron un promedio más alto por kg/cabeza en comparación con los machos. Al considerar las eficiencias productivas, el estudio mostró una diferencia significativa solo para la eficiencia biológica media, donde las hembras fueron menos eficientes biológicamente en relación a la cantidad de dieta utilizada para producir una @ canal, ya que consumieron más y ganaron menos, aunque la eficiencia alimenticia entre animales machos y hembras permaneció estadísticamente indiferente. La RC total fue mayor en los machos Angus x Nellore. Sin embargo, la CS fue un factor que influyó en el rendimiento y rendimiento en canal de los bovinos mestizos Angus x Nellore dentro del confinamiento comercial estudiado.

Short-term effect of a crop-livestock-forestry system on soil, water and nutrient loss in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone / Efeito da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta em fase inicial sobre as perdas de solo, água e nutrientes no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia

Soil, water, and nutrient loss by water erosion are among the main factors leading to land degradation, decreasing soil productivity and the provision of ecosystem services. The Cerrado-Amazon ecotone in western Brazil has suffered rapid land-use cover changes with impacts on soil erosion and land degradation. Despite the importance of the region for Brazilian agriculture and environmental conservation, studies on soil, water, and nutrient loss are still scarce. We tested integrated crop-livestockforestry (ICLF) as a sustainable agriculture management system for the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone region. A field experiment was established in the north of Mato Grosso state to quantify total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen loss during the rainy season in 2012-2013 in plots of integrated crop-forestry (ICF), pasture (PAST), eucalyptus plantation (EUC), no-tillage crop succession (CS) and bare soil (BS). Total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen losses in BS were, on average, 96.7% higher than in ICF, EUC, PAST, and CS. ICF had significantly lower water loss than CS, EUC and PAST. Total loss of carbon (4.3 - 428.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0.3 - 29.2 kg ha-1) differed significantly among treatments. The production systems with tree components (EUC and ICF) and PAST showed reduced soil and nutrients loss compared to CS. Our results demonstrated that ICLF can avoid soil quality loss and thus improve agriculture sustainability in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone.(AU)

A erosão hídrica é um dos principais fatores da degradação dos solos, impactando seu potencial produtivo e capacidade de provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. O ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia, no norte de Mato Grosso, Brasil, tem sofrido intensas modificações em seu uso e cobertura com impacto na erosão e degradação do solo. Apesar da importância ambiental e agropecuária da região, estudos sobre as perdas de água, solo e nutrientes são escassos. Neste trabalho, testamos a utilidade da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ICLF) para a produção agrícola sustentável no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. Foi implantado um experimento de campo no norte de Mato Grosso para quantificar as perdas de solo, água, carbono e nitrogênio durante o período chuvoso de 2012-2013 em parcelas de integração lavoura-floresta (ICF), pastagem (PAST), plantação de eucalipto (EUC), plantio direto com sucessão de culturas (CS) e solo descoberto (BS). As perdas totais de água, solo, carbono e nitrogênio foram, em média, 96,7% maiores em BS, quando comparadas a ICF, EUC, PAST e CS. As perdas de água e solo foram significativamente menores na ICF comparado a CS. As perdas totais de carbono (4.3 - 428.2 kg ha-1) e nitrogênio (1.05 - 10.4 kg ha-1) diferiram significativamente. Os sistemas com um componente arbóreo (EUC e ICF) e PAST tiveram menores perdas de solo e nutrientes em comparação com CS. Nossos resultados demonstraram que ICLF pode evitar a perda de qualidade de solo, melhorando a sustentabilidade da agricultura no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia.(AU)