Cholangiocarcinoma in a bitch - multimodal diagnosis

Background: Hepatic tumors of primary origin account for 0.6% to 2.9% of cases in canine species, less common than hepatic metastases. The hepatic tumors are divided into hepatocellular tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, bile duct tumors or cholangiocarcinomas, and mesenchymal tumors. Cholangiocarcinomas, are classified according to their origin, being intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or gallbladder type. Cholangiocarcinomas are considered rare in dogs and cats with a ratio of 29% to 71% compared to hepatocellular carcinomas, accounting for 9% of the hepatic tumors. The present study aims to describe a case of cholangiocarcinoma in a bitch, focusing on the diagnostic approach. Case: A 10-year-old castrated bitch Poodle was attended presenting hypoglycemia and seizure crisis. The patient had previous exams of hemogram and serum biochemical profile, showing a discrete increase of the hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), besides hypoglycemia. Previous ultrasound exam revealed the presence of a hepatic mass located between the right and square lobes, immeasurable, and significant splenomegaly. Abdominal palpation revealed the presence of immeasurable abdominal formation of undetermined origin. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT), glycemic curve, and insulin dosage were requested. Tomography exam showed an increase in hepatic volume with the presence of a heterogeneous formation in the right lateral lobe topography; increase in spleen dimensions and the presence of multiple nodules; and the presence of a nodule in the right lung, at the caudal thoracic region. The glycemic curve showed acute variations, and insulin dosage was between normal values. The animal was referred for surgery, as in abdominocentesis, it was observed the presence of hemorrhagic fluid, confirming active bleeding by ultrasonography. The owners chose for euthanasia. In the post-mortem evaluation the main lesion was confirmed of hepatic origin, with a massive, irregular, cavitary presentation, involving multiple hepatic lobes, and a single nodule was observed in the right caudal lobe of the right lung. Histopathological evaluation was considered inconclusive. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the association of the immunohistochemical profile with the morphological characteristics indicated diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Discussion: The related symptomatology, in hepatic neoplasms, is generally considered non-specific, with reports of lethargy, vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia and weight loss, however, the dog in this study presented a unique manifestation of hypoglycemia and one episode of convulsive crisis resulting from it. The clinical manifestation observed was extremely unspecific making initial diagnosis difficult. The ultrasonographic examination was effective in evidencing the abdominal mass. In addition, abdominal CT was also performed, which confirmed the hepatic origin, detailing the macroscopic aspect. Biochemical analyses of ALT and AST showed a discrete increase. Biochemical changes may occur in dogs with hepatic neoplasms, although they are not specific. Functional pancreatic beta-cell tumors producing insulin are the most common cause of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, although in the case the insulin dosage was within normal limits. In cases of nonislet cell tumor the mechanism is frequently associated with the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). In most cases the definitive diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma can be obtained by histopathological examination, although in the present report the result obtained was inconclusive, requiring an immunohistochemical examination. Due to the aggressive and metastatic character of this neoplastic type, early detection becomes extremely important in order to maximize therapeutic chances, however, diagnosis may be difficult.

Eurytrema coelomaticum infection: correlation between parasite burden and impairment of pancreatic exocrine enzyme secretion / Eurytrema coelomaticum: correlação entre carga parasitária e insuficiência pancreática exócrina

Eurytrema coelomaticum is a trematode reported in the pancreatic ducts of ruminants. It is conjectured that may cause disorders in the pancreas, as well as digestive and metabolic processes dependent on them. This study, determined if there is an impairment of exocrine pancreatic function, and correlated it with parasite burden. Pancreas, blood, and fecal samples were collected from 119 bovines at a abattoir. Stool samples were subjected to the gelatin and x-ray film digestion tests (to detect the presence of trypsin in feces). Using blood samples, the following biochemical tests were performed: amylase, lipase, glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, and globulins. Analyses were correlated with pancreatic parasite burden. Cattle with a high parasitic load presented higher incidence of negative tests in both gelatin digestion and x-ray film digestion tests (P < 0.001) when compared to non-parasitized animals and those with a low parasitic load. Changes in those tests only occurred if the parasitemia was moderate or severe. The activity of the amylase and lipase enzymes was significantly higher in animals with low parasitemia (P < 0.05), compared to non-parasitized animals and with a high parasitic burden. In this study, in cases of high parasitemia, negative results were observed in both gelatin and x-ray film in the feces digestion tests. However, the low infection of E. coelomaticum, higher levels of serum amylase and lipase that also indicated loss of pancreatic exocrine functions were reported.

Eurytrema coelomaticum, um trematódeo de ductos pancreáticos de ruminantes. Conjectura-se que possa ocasionar transtornos nas funções pancreáticas, mais especificamente nos processos digestivos e metabólicos dependentes destas. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi determinar se há comprometimento da função pancreática exócrina, correlacionado-a a carga parasitária. Foram utilizados pâncreas e respectivas amostras de sangue e fezes de 119 bovinos. As amostras de fezes foram submetidas aos testes de digestão da gelatina em tubo e digestão de filme radiográfico, ambos para detecção de tripsina nas fezes. Foram realizados os seguintes exames bioquímicos em amostras de sangue: amilase, lipase, glicemia, frutosamina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas. Após isto, as análises bioquímicas foram correlacionadas com a quantidade numérica de parasitas encontrados no pâncreas (post-mortem). Houve maior quantidade de testes negativos (digestão do filme radiográfico e prova de digestão da gelatina) nos animais com alta carga parasitária (P < 0.001), quando comparados aos animais não parasitados e com baixa carga parasitária. Portanto, os exames supracitados se alteram somente se a quantidade de parasitas for moderada ou severa. As atividades das enzimas amilase e lipase foram significativamente maiores nos animais que apresentavam baixa parasitemia (P < 0.05), em comparação com os animais com alta carga parasitária e não parasitados. Conclui-se que em quadros de alta parasitemia há alteração significativa nos testes de digestão nas fezes, e que em quadros de baixa parasitemia há alterações significativas nos valores de amilase e lipase séricas, ambos comprovando alterações pancreáticas importantes, de acordo com o quadro de parasitemia.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica das vias biliares em cães e gatos: coletas e análises de registros médicos veterinários / Ultrasonographic evaluation of the bile ducts in dogs and cats: Collections and analyses of veterinary medical records

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar achados ultrassonográficos de cães e gatos diagnosticados com colestase, correlacionando alterações concomitantes com espécies, sexo, idade, peso, sinais clínicos e dilatação das vias biliares. O sistema biliar de pequenos animais é composto pela vesícula biliar e a árvore biliar. Desta forma, os felinos apresentam mais alterações nestas estruturas devido à anatomia diferenciada. A redução do fluxo biliar, conhecida como colestase, ocorre por inúmeras situações, sendo o ultrassom o principal exame diagnóstico empregado na medicina veterinária. Ductos biliares de 4 e 3mm de diâmetro são considerados normais para felinos e caninos, respectivamente. Neste estudo, os sistemas biliares de 41 animais, incluindo felinos e caninos, foram avaliados por ultrassonografia no Setor de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Veterinário de janeiro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, demonstrando a presença de cálculos vesicais em ambas as populações, assim como alterações em ducto cístico associados à pancreatite em cães.

This study aimed to evaluate ultrasound findings of dogs and cats diagnosed with cholestasis, correlating concomitant alterations with species, sex, age, weight, clinical signs, and dilation of bile ducts. The biliary system of small animals is composed of the gallbladder and the biliary tree. Thus, the felines show more alterations in these structures due to their differentiated anatomy. The reduction of the bile flow, known as cholestasis, occurs as a result of numerous situations, with ultrasound being the main diagnostic exam applied in veterinary medicine. Bile ducts of 4 and 3mm diameter are considered normal for felines and canines, respectively. In this study, the biliary systems of 41 animals, including felines and canines, were evaluated using ultrasound at the Diagnostic Imaging Sector of the Veterinary Hospital from January 2019 to February 2020, demonstrating the presence of bladder stones in both populations, as well as changes in the cystic duct associated with pancreatitis in dogs.

Platinossomose em felino doméstico no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil / Platinosomosis in feline domestic in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil / Platinosomosis en felinos domésticos en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil

Platynosomum spp. é um trematódeo, da família Dicrocoeliidae, que tem como hospedeiros definitivos, os felídeos, mas também pode parasitar primatas e aves silvestres. Animais que possuem o hábito de se alimentar de répteis ou anfíbios, são mais susceptíveis. Acomete principalmente o fígado e os ductos biliares, mas pode ser eventualmente encontrado também no intestino delgado, ductos pancreáticos, pulmões e outros tecidos. A fisiopatologia inclui quadro de colangite crônica, podendo se estender e acometer o parênquima hepático e culminar com colangiohepatite, fibrose biliar, cirrose e obstrução biliar. Os sinais clínicos variam conforme a gravidade do caso e duração da infecção. As manifestações clínicas incluem anorexia, letargia, perda de peso, hepatomegalia, distensão abdominal e vômitos, podendo ocorrer, ainda, icterícia e alteração de consistência das fezes. Os gatos adultos, não domiciliados ou domiciliados com acesso à rua que possuem hábitos de caça, são mais predispostos. O diagnóstico definitivo pode ser feito pela pesquisa parasitológica e presença de ovos em análise coproparasitológica, pela identificação de ovos na bile e mais frequentemente por histopatologia hepática. O tratamento consiste no uso de anti-helmínticos, sendo que o mais eficaz é o praziquantel. Além disso, medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas, como evitar que os gatos tenham acesso aos hospedeiros intermediários. O presente relato, consiste no diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinossomose em dois felinos domésticos, no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

Platynosomumspp. is a trematode, from the family Dicrocoeliidae, which has felids as its definitive host, but can also parasite primates and wild birds. Animals that have a habit of feeding on reptiles or amphibians are more susceptible. It mainly affects the liver and bile ducts, but it can eventually be found also in the small intestine, pancreatic ducts, lungs and other tissues. Pathophysiology includes chronic cholangitis, which may extend and affect the liver parenchyma and culminate in cholangiohepatitis, biliary fibrosis, cirrhosis and biliary obstruction. Clinical signs vary according to the severity of the case and the duration of the infection. Clinical manifestations include anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, bloating and vomiting, and jaundice and alteration of stool consistency may also occur. Adult cats, homeless or homeless with access to the street who have hunting habits, are more predisposed. The definitive diagnosis can be made through parasitological research and presence of eggs in coproparasitological analysis, by identifying eggs in the bile and more often through hepatic histopathology. Treatment consists of the use of anthelmintics, the most effective of which is praziquantel. In addition, preventive measures must be adopted, such as preventing cats from having access to intermediate hosts. The present report consists of the coproparasitological diagnosis of platinosomosis in two domestic cats, in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Platynosomum spp. es un trematodo, de la familia Dicrocoeliidae, que tiene a los felinos como hospedadores definitivos, pero también puede parasitar primates y aves silvestres. Los animales que tienen la costumbre de alimentarse de reptiles o anfibios, sonmás susceptibles. Afecta principalmente al hígado y los conductos biliares, pero eventualmente también se puede encontrar en el intestino delgado, los conductos pancreáticos, los pulmones y otros tejidos. La fisiopatología incluye la colangitis crónica, que puede extenderse y afectar el parénquima hepático y culminar en colangiohepatitis, fibrosis biliar, cirrosis y obstrucción biliar. Los signos clínicos varían según la gravedad del caso y la duración de la infección. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen anorexia, letargo, pérdida de peso, hepatomegalia, distensión abdominal y vómitos, e ictericia y alteración de la consistencia de las heces. Los gatos adultos, sin hogar o sin hogar con acceso a la calle que tienen hábitos de caza, están más predispuestos. El diagnóstico definitivo se puede realizar mediante la investigación parasitológica y la presencia de huevos en el análisis coproparasitológico, mediante la identificación de los huevos en la bilis y más a menudo mediante la histopatología hepática. El tratamiento consiste en el uso de antihelmínticos, el más eficaz de los cuales es el praziquantel. Además, se deben adoptar medidas preventivas, como evitar que los gatos tengan acceso a huéspedes intermediarios. El presente informe consiste en el diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinosomosa en dos gatos domésticos, en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

Platinossomose em felino doméstico no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil / Platinosomosis in feline domestic in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil / Platinosomosis en felinos domésticos en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil

Platynosomum spp. é um trematódeo, da família Dicrocoeliidae, que tem como hospedeiros definitivos, os felídeos, mas também pode parasitar primatas e aves silvestres. Animais que possuem o hábito de se alimentar de répteis ou anfíbios, são mais susceptíveis. Acomete principalmente o fígado e os ductos biliares, mas pode ser eventualmente encontrado também no intestino delgado, ductos pancreáticos, pulmões e outros tecidos. A fisiopatologia inclui quadro de colangite crônica, podendo se estender e acometer o parênquima hepático e culminar com colangiohepatite, fibrose biliar, cirrose e obstrução biliar. Os sinais clínicos variam conforme a gravidade do caso e duração da infecção. As manifestações clínicas incluem anorexia, letargia, perda de peso, hepatomegalia, distensão abdominal e vômitos, podendo ocorrer, ainda, icterícia e alteração de consistência das fezes. Os gatos adultos, não domiciliados ou domiciliados com acesso à rua que possuem hábitos de caça, são mais predispostos. O diagnóstico definitivo pode ser feito pela pesquisa parasitológica e presença de ovos em análise coproparasitológica, pela identificação de ovos na bile e mais frequentemente por histopatologia hepática. O tratamento consiste no uso de anti-helmínticos, sendo que o mais eficaz é o praziquantel. Além disso, medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas, como evitar que os gatos tenham acesso aos hospedeiros intermediários. O presente relato, consiste no diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinossomose em dois felinos domésticos, no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.(AU)

Platynosomumspp. is a trematode, from the family Dicrocoeliidae, which has felids as its definitive host, but can also parasite primates and wild birds. Animals that have a habit of feeding on reptiles or amphibians are more susceptible. It mainly affects the liver and bile ducts, but it can eventually be found also in the small intestine, pancreatic ducts, lungs and other tissues. Pathophysiology includes chronic cholangitis, which may extend and affect the liver parenchyma and culminate in cholangiohepatitis, biliary fibrosis, cirrhosis and biliary obstruction. Clinical signs vary according to the severity of the case and the duration of the infection. Clinical manifestations include anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, bloating and vomiting, and jaundice and alteration of stool consistency may also occur. Adult cats, homeless or homeless with access to the street who have hunting habits, are more predisposed. The definitive diagnosis can be made through parasitological research and presence of eggs in coproparasitological analysis, by identifying eggs in the bile and more often through hepatic histopathology. Treatment consists of the use of anthelmintics, the most effective of which is praziquantel. In addition, preventive measures must be adopted, such as preventing cats from having access to intermediate hosts. The present report consists of the coproparasitological diagnosis of platinosomosis in two domestic cats, in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil.(AU)

Platynosomum spp. es un trematodo, de la familia Dicrocoeliidae, que tiene a los felinos como hospedadores definitivos, pero también puede parasitar primates y aves silvestres. Los animales que tienen la costumbre de alimentarse de reptiles o anfibios, sonmás susceptibles. Afecta principalmente al hígado y los conductos biliares, pero eventualmente también se puede encontrar en el intestino delgado, los conductos pancreáticos, los pulmones y otros tejidos. La fisiopatología incluye la colangitis crónica, que puede extenderse y afectar el parénquima hepático y culminar en colangiohepatitis, fibrosis biliar, cirrosis y obstrucción biliar. Los signos clínicos varían según la gravedad del caso y la duración de la infección. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen anorexia, letargo, pérdida de peso, hepatomegalia, distensión abdominal y vómitos, e ictericia y alteración de la consistencia de las heces. Los gatos adultos, sin hogar o sin hogar con acceso a la calle que tienen hábitos de caza, están más predispuestos. El diagnóstico definitivo se puede realizar mediante la investigación parasitológica y la presencia de huevos en el análisis coproparasitológico, mediante la identificación de los huevos en la bilis y más a menudo mediante la histopatología hepática. El tratamiento consiste en el uso de antihelmínticos, el más eficaz de los cuales es el praziquantel. Además, se deben adoptar medidas preventivas, como evitar que los gatos tengan acceso a huéspedes intermediarios. El presente informe consiste en el diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinosomosa en dos gatos domésticos, en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.(AU)

Primary gallbladder adenocarcinoma in a cat

Background: Biliary tumors have low incidence in cats and are more common in elderly animals. Hepatobiliary tumors have different classifications and their etiology is difficult to interpret. In most cases, the diagnosis is only possible in advanced stages, which clouds the precursor factors. The late diagnosis is explained by the absence or specificity of clinical manifestations and laboratory changes. The majority of hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats are incidental findings in surgeries or necropsies. This study aimed to report clinical, laboratory, pathological and immunohistochemical results in a feline case of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Case: 4-year-old male castrated mix breed cat was admitted at a veterinary clinic with a history of polyuria / polydipsia, anorexia, apathy, jaundice and emesis for 60 days. The animal had been treated in another clinic with silymarin, famotidine and cyanocobalamin, and fed by esophageal tube based on the presumptive clinical diagnosis of cholangitis. The clinical examination revealed jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, enlargement of the liver and gallbladder and the presence of a structure in the epigastric region. Based on clinical signs, blood tests (complete blood count and liver enzymes), abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were requested. In the exam results, eosinophilia, bilirubinemia and increased alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and gamma glutamyl transferase were observed, in addition to the presence of icteric and hemolyzed serum. Ultrasound exam revealed thickened and dilated cystic and common ducts, large and thick gallbladder, bile with bile mud, hypoechogenic liver, thickening in the duodenal papilla and enlarged pancreatic and duodenal lymph nodes. There were no alterations in thoracic radiography. Based on the findings, the diagnosis of...

Primary gallbladder adenocarcinoma in a cat

Background: Biliary tumors have low incidence in cats and are more common in elderly animals. Hepatobiliary tumors have different classifications and their etiology is difficult to interpret. In most cases, the diagnosis is only possible in advanced stages, which clouds the precursor factors. The late diagnosis is explained by the absence or specificity of clinical manifestations and laboratory changes. The majority of hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats are incidental findings in surgeries or necropsies. This study aimed to report clinical, laboratory, pathological and immunohistochemical results in a feline case of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Case: 4-year-old male castrated mix breed cat was admitted at a veterinary clinic with a history of polyuria / polydipsia, anorexia, apathy, jaundice and emesis for 60 days. The animal had been treated in another clinic with silymarin, famotidine and cyanocobalamin, and fed by esophageal tube based on the presumptive clinical diagnosis of cholangitis. The clinical examination revealed jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, enlargement of the liver and gallbladder and the presence of a structure in the epigastric region. Based on clinical signs, blood tests (complete blood count and liver enzymes), abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were requested. In the exam results, eosinophilia, bilirubinemia and increased alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and gamma glutamyl transferase were observed, in addition to the presence of icteric and hemolyzed serum. Ultrasound exam revealed thickened and dilated cystic and common ducts, large and thick gallbladder, bile with bile mud, hypoechogenic liver, thickening in the duodenal papilla and enlarged pancreatic and duodenal lymph nodes. There were no alterations in thoracic radiography. Based on the findings, the diagnosis of...(AU)

Histopathological analysis of liver of the catfish Pimelodus maculatus in a tropical eutrophic reservoir from Southeastern Brazil

We described liver tissues of the long-whiskered catfish Pimelodus maculatus using histological techniques through structures stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A total of 21 adult individuals were collected using gill nets during the winter of 2012, in a eutrophic reservoir in Southeastern Brazil. The main aim was to characterize the tissues and eventual changes, since this organ has a notable sensitivity to changes in altered aquatic systems. The liver contains the exocrine pancreas (hepatopancreas) that have pancreatic cells arranged around a branch of the portal vein. The hepatocytes are diffuse and arranged in cords. Normal liver of P. maculatus have a continuous compact field of weakly eosinophilic, rounded hepatocytes with scattered islands of connective tissue that enclose the bile ducts and blood vessels. The organization of exocrine pancreatic tissues is similar to the acinar morphology of many teleosts. Histopathological alterations in liver were evaluated semi-quantitatively and based on the severity of the lesions. The alterations in each organ were classified in progressive stages of damage to the tissue. Six types of liver alterations were found: 1) cytoplasmic vacuolization; 2) congestion; 3) inflammatory infiltrated; 4) infiltration of adipocytes; 5) steatosis; 6) granuloma. Incidence of melanomacrophage centers were observed in the liver. However, we cannot directly associate such changes with the eutrophic conditions of the reservoir, because we have no available reference area to compare. These findings are a baseline contribution, which enables comparisons with similar fish species in other tropical aquatic systems in further studies.(AU)

Histopathological analysis of liver of the catfish Pimelodus maculatus in a tropical eutrophic reservoir from Southeastern Brazil

We described liver tissues of the long-whiskered catfish Pimelodus maculatus using histological techniques through structures stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A total of 21 adult individuals were collected using gill nets during the winter of 2012, in a eutrophic reservoir in Southeastern Brazil. The main aim was to characterize the tissues and eventual changes, since this organ has a notable sensitivity to changes in altered aquatic systems. The liver contains the exocrine pancreas (hepatopancreas) that have pancreatic cells arranged around a branch of the portal vein. The hepatocytes are diffuse and arranged in cords. Normal liver of P. maculatus have a continuous compact field of weakly eosinophilic, rounded hepatocytes with scattered islands of connective tissue that enclose the bile ducts and blood vessels. The organization of exocrine pancreatic tissues is similar to the acinar morphology of many teleosts. Histopathological alterations in liver were evaluated semi-quantitatively and based on the severity of the lesions. The alterations in each organ were classified in progressive stages of damage to the tissue. Six types of liver alterations were found: 1) cytoplasmic vacuolization; 2) congestion; 3) inflammatory infiltrated; 4) infiltration of adipocytes; 5) steatosis; 6) granuloma. Incidence of melanomacrophage centers were observed in the liver. However, we cannot directly associate such changes with the eutrophic conditions of the reservoir, because we have no available reference area to compare. These findings are a baseline contribution, which enables comparisons with similar fish species in other tropical aquatic systems in further studies.

Euritrematose pancreática em pequenos ruminantes no Distrito Federal.

Eurytrematose pancreática (PE) é uma parasitose indeterminada ou negligenciada em caprinos e ovinos nas Américas. As características clínicas e patológicas da EP não são bem determinadas em pequenos ruminantes em todo o mundo. Casos naturais de PE em pequenos ruminantes foram detectados no Distrito Federal, Brasil, e foi realizado um levantamento dos registros de necropsia em caprinos e ovinos. Dados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos foram recuperados, e a identificação morfológica e molecular de vermes também foi estabelecida. A maioria dos casos de PE ocorreu no período chuvoso em fêmeas adultas, com incidência de 12,9% em caprinos e 0,8% em ovinos. Os sinais clínicos variaram de infecções assintomáticas a anorexia, letargia, fraqueza, perda de peso acentuada e morte em algumas cabras. Grosseiramente, a maioria dos casos de PE em cabras e ovelhas foram achados de necropsia incidental com lesões pancreáticas menores. Em contraste, três cabras apresentaram pancreatite crônica, dilatação dos principais ductos pancreáticos com numerosos trematódeos e necrose de gordura abdominal marcada. Identificação morfológica e molecular de vermes detectados em Eurytrema coelomaticum. Nossos achados sugerem a relevância das infecções por E. coelomaticum em pequenos ruminantes da região e mostram a possibilidade de casos graves e letais em caprinos. O PE deve ser investigado em regiões relevantes de produção de pequenos ruminantes nas Américas.

Pancreatic eurytrematosis (PE) is an undetermined or neglected parasitosis in goats and sheep in the Americas. Clinical and pathological features of PE is not well determined in small ruminants worldwide. Natural cases of PE in small ruminants were detected in the Federal District, Brazil, and a survey of necropsy records in goats and sheep was conducted. Epidemiological and clinicopathological data were retrieved, and morphological and molecular identification of flukes were also established. Most cases of PE occurred in the rainy season in adult females, with an incidence of 12.9% in goats and 0.8% in sheep. Clinical signs varied from asymptomatic infections to anorexia, lethargy, weakness, marked weight loss, and death in some goats. Grossly, most cases of PE in goats and sheep were incidental necropsy findings with minor pancreatic lesions. In contrast, three goats showed chronic pancreatitis, dilation of major pancreatic ducts with numerous trematodes, and marked abdominal fat necrosis. Morphological and molecular identification of flukes detected Eurytrema coelomaticum. Our findings suggest the relevance of E. coelomaticum infections in small ruminants in the region and show the possibility of severe and lethal cases in goats. PE must be investigated in relevant regions of small ruminants production in the Americas.

Perfil pancreático na euritrematose bovina de acordo com a carga parasitária

Euritrematose bovina é causada pelo Eurytrema coelomaticum, um trematódeo de ductos pancreáticos de ruminantes, predominantemente nos estados do sul do Brasil. Lesões pancreáticas macroscópicas foram relacionadas à atrofia pancreática, pancreatite intersticial fibrosante e obliteração total ou parcial dos ductos pancreáticos. Conjectura-se que possam ocasionar transtornos nas funções secretoras do pâncreas, mais especificamente nos processos digestivos e metabólicos dependentes destas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se há diminuição das enzimas pancreáticas a nível intestinal, alterações séricas ou hematológicas em bovinos parasitados, correlacionado-as a carga parasitária. Foram utilizados pâncreas e respectivas amostras de sangue e fezes de 119 bovinos, machos e fêmeas, pertencentes a diferentes raças e oriundos de diferentes propriedades rurais, provenientes de abatedouro municipal de Concórdia-SC. As amostras de fezes foram mantidas em geladeira à 4oC, até o momento de serem submetidas aos testes de digestão da gelatina em tubo e digestão de filme radiográfico. Foram realizados os seguintes exames bioquímicos: amilase, lipase, glicemia, frutosamina, colesterol, triglicerídios, proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas. Após isto, as análises bioquímicas foram correlacionadas com a quantidade numérica de parasitas encontrados no pâncreas (post-mortem). A prevalência da euritrematose na região foi de aproximadamente 60%. Houve maior quantidade de testes negativos (digestão do filme radiográfico e prova de digestão da gelatina) nos animais com alta carga parasitária (p<0.001), quando comparados aos animais não parasitados e com com baixa carga parasitária. Portanto, os exames supracitados se alteram somente se a quantidade de parasitas for moderada ou severa. As atividades das enzimas amilase e lipase foram significativamente maiores nos animais que apresentavam baixa parasitemia (p<0.05), em comparação com os animais com alta carga parasitária e não parasitados. Ainda, os animais altamente parasitados pelo E. coelomaticum demonstraram hiperproteinemia por hiperglobulinemia (p<0.05), correlacionando-se isto a resposta inflamatória com formação de anticorpos. Conclui-se que em quadros de alta parasitemia, há alteração significativa nos testes de digestão nas fezes, e que em quadros de baixa parasitemia há alterações significativas nos valores de amilase e lipase séricas, ambos comprovando alterações pancreáticas importantes, de acordo com o quadro de parasitemia.

Bovine Euritrematosis in Brazil is caused by Eurytrema coelomaticum, a trematode of pancreatic ducts in ruminants, mainly in the southern states. Macroscopic pancreatic lesions were related to pancreatic atrophy, fibrous interstitial pancreatitis, and total or partial pancreatic duct obliteration. It is conjectured these lesions may cause disorders in the secretory functions of the pancreas, as well as, digestive and metabolic processes dependent on them. The aim of this work was to determine if there is a decrease in the digestibility of nutrients, serum, hematological and fecal changes in parasitized cattle correlated with parasite burden. Pancreas and respective blood and fecal samples from 119 bovines, belonging to different breeds and farms, collected at a slaughterhouse in Concórdia-SC, were used. Stool samples were kept at 4oC until they were subjected to tub gelatin digestion tests and radiographic film digestion. The following biochemical tests were performed: amylase, lipase, glycemia, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, and globulins. Analyzes were correlated with pancreatic parasite burden. The prevalence of euritrematosis in the region was approximately 60%. Cattle with a high parasitic load presented high incidence of negative tests in both the radiographic film digestion and the gelatin digestion (p<0.001), when compared to non-parasitized animals and those with low parasitic load; demonstrating changes in the above mentioned exams only if the parasitemia is moderate or severe. The activities of the amylase and lipase enzymes were significantly higher in animals with low parasitemia (p<0.05), compared to animals with high parasitic burden and non-parasitized. Also, animals highly parasitized by E. coelomaticum demonstrated hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia (p<0.05), correlating this with the antibodies titers due to inflammatory response. It is concluded that in cases of high parasitemia, there is a significant change in the tests of digestion in feces and that in cases of low parasitemia there are significant changes in the values of serum amylase and lipase, both proving biochemical changes in the pancreatic profile, according to parasitemia.

Características e medidas ultrassonográficas do pâncreas de cães e gatos filhotes / Ultrasonographic characteristics and measurements of pancreas in puppies and kittens / Características y medidas ultrassograficas de páncreas en cachorro y cachorro de gato

O diagnóstico da pancreatite é um desafio contínuo na medicina veterinária, visto que a mesma não apresenta sinais clínicos patognomônicos, sendo diagnosticada, em cães e gatos, como um achado acidental durante a necropsia. O exame ultrassonográfico é uma técnica de diagnóstico por imagem para visibilização de alterações do pâncreas, analisando de forma segura e não invasiva. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar as características e dimensões ultrassonográficas do pâncreas nos cães e gatos filhotes hígidos, estabelecendo padrões de normalidade e de referência. Foram utilizados no estudo 15 cães filhotes e 15 gatos filhotes com idade entre cinco e seis meses, sem raça definida e peso médio de 3 kg e 2 kg, respectivamente. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame ultrassonográfico do pâncreas, para visibilização das características internas do órgão e sua mensuração. O corpo e ambos os lobos pancreáticos foram observados em todos os grupos do estudo. Em ambos os grupos, o pâncreas foi visibilizado como uma estrutura linear e com ecotextura homogênea, hipoecogênica e com margens definidas. O lobo pancreático direito foi visibilizado ligeiramente hiperecogênico em relação ao lobo caudato hepático, enquanto o lobo pancreático esquerdo e o corpo pancreático foram visibilizados hipoecogênicos em relação ao parênquima esplênico, isoecoicos em relação ao fígado e hipoecogênicos em relação à gordura mesenterica. O corpo pancreático dos cães e dos gatos filhotes mediram 4,2 mm ± 0,10 mm e 4,1 mm ± 0,09 mm, respectivamente. Os lobos pancreáticos direito e esquerdo dos cães filhotes mediram 5,4 mm ± 0,20 mm (sagital), 5,4 mm ± 0,10 mm (transversal), e 4,4 mm ± 0,20 mm, respectivamente. Nos gatos filhotes mediram 2,7 mm ± 0,01 mm (sagital e transversal), e 3,6 mm + 0,02 mm, respectivamente. Os valores das mensurações do corpo e lobos pancreáticos dos cães filhotes foram maiores em relação aos gatos filhotes. O estudo forneceu valores de referência de dimensões do corpo e lobos pancreáticos para cães e gatos filhotes hígidos com idade entre 5 e 6 meses.

The diagnosis of pancreatitis is a challenge in veterinary medicine because there are no pathognomonic clinical signs, and the diagnostic in dogs and cats is an incidental finding during necropsy. The ultrasonography is an imaging technique which visualize the pancreas changes safely and noninvasively. The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the ultrasonographic characteristics and dimensions of the pancreas in health puppies and kittens, establishing standards of normality and references. Fifteen healthy puppies with mean weight of 3 kg and fifteen healthy kittens with mean weight of 2 kg, with age between five and six months, cross breed, were included in the study. All animals were submitted to ultrasound exam of pancreas for visualization of their internal characteristics. In both groups, the pancreas was visualized. In puppies and kittens were observed the body and the both pancreatic lobes. The pancreas was visualized as a linear structure with homogeneous hypoechoic echotexture and defined margins. The right pancreatic lobe was visualized slight hyperechoic relative to the liver caudate lobe, while the left pancreatic lobe and pancreatic body were observed hypoechoic in relation to the spleen, isoechoic in relation to the liver parenchyma and hypoechoic in relation to the mesenteric fat. The puppies and kittens pancreatic body measured 4.2 mm ± 0.10 mm and 4.1 mm ± 0.09 mm, respectively. The puppy's pancreatic lobes right and left measured 5.4 mm ± 0.20 mm (sagittal), 5.4 mm ± 0.10 mm (transversal), and 4.4 mm, respectively. In kittens was measured 2.7 mm ± 0.01 mm (sagittal and transversal), and 3.6 mm ± 0.02 mm, respectively. The puppies' body and pancreatic lobes was observed bigger than the kittens. The study provided reference values of body and pancreatic lobes for healthy puppies and kittens with age between 5 and 6 months.

El diagnóstico de la pancreatitis es un desafío permanente en la medicina veterinaria, ya que no tiene signos clínicos patognomónicos y lo se diagnostica en perros y gatos como un hallazgo incidental durante la necropsia. La ecografía es la técnica de imagen para la visualización de los cambios en el páncreas y capaz de analizar de forma segura y no invasiva. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar y comparar las características y dimensiones del páncreas ecográficos en cachorros y cachorros de gato sanos, estableciendo los rangos normales y de referencia. Fueran utilizados en el estudio 15 cachorros e 15 cachorros de gato de entre cinco y seis meses y peso entre 3 kg y 2 kg, respectivamente. Los animales fueron sometidos a examen ultrassonográfico del páncreas para la visualización de las características internas del órgano y su medición. En cachorros y cachorros de gato se observó el cuerpo y ambos lóbulos del páncreas. En ambos grupos, el páncreas se visualizó como una estructura lineal, homogénea y hipoecoica y márgenes definidos. El lóbulo derecho de páncreas se visualizó ligeramente hiperecoico en relación con el lóbulo caudado del hígado, mientras que el lóbulo pancreático izquierdo y el cuerpo de páncreas se observaron hipoecoica en relación al bajo, isoecoicos en relación al parénquima del hígado y hipoecoica con relación a la grasa mesenterica. O cuerpo del páncreas de cachorros y cachorros de gato mide 4,2 mm ± 0,10 mm y 4,1 mm ± 0,09 mm, respectivamente. Los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo del páncreas de cachorro miden 5,4 mm ± 0,20 mm (sagital), 5,4 mm ± 0,10 mm (horizontal) y 4,4 mm ±0, 20 mm, respectivamente. En los cachorros de gato medido 2,7 mm ± 0,01 mm (sagital y transversal) y 3,6 mm ± 0,02 mm, respectivamente. Los cuerpos e lobos del páncreas de los cachorros fueran mayores en relación los gatos. O estudio revelo los valores de referencia del para el tamaño del cuerpo y lobos pancreáticos para cachorros y cachorros de gato sanos con edad entre de 5 a 6 meses.

Chronic interstitial pancreatitis and chronic wasting disease caused by Eurytrema coelomaticum in Nelore cow / Pancreatite crônica intersticial e caquexia causada por Eurytrema coelomaticum em vaca Nelore

A euritrematose bovina, causada por Eurytrema coelomaticum, tem sido relatada no Brasil. A doença pode afetar animais domésticos, incluindo ruminantes. Estes parasitos geralmente vivem nos ductos pancreáticos e ocasionalmente nos ductos biliares. Este estudo relata um quadro de caquexia em um bovino parasitado por E. coelomaticum proveniente de um rebanho de gado de corte localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais. O animal acometido apresentou perda progressiva de peso, glicosúria e cetonúria. Na necropsia o pâncreas apresentava-se diminuído de tamanho, brancacento, intensa e difusamente firme (fibrose). Vários ductos apresentavam-se dilatados e repletos de Eurytrema. Microscopicamente foi observada destruição extensa do parênquima pancreático e fibrose, ovos e parasitas intralesionais, hiperplasia ductal e inflamação multifocal crônica. Este relato descreve a perda progressiva de peso e pancreatite crônica associada a E. coelomaticum em bovino de corte no Estado de Minas Gerais.(AU)

Descrição de quatro casos de atrofia do pâncreas exócrino em cães / Description of four exocrine pancreatic atrophy cases in dogs

Background: Exocrine pancreatic atrophy (EPA) is characterized by marked decrease of the exocrine pancreatic tissue in dogs, the disease is more frequently described in German Shepherd Dogs and there are features of herdability in this breed. Clinical signs observed are those typical of chronic pancreatic insufficiency, including voluminous stool, steatorrhoea and weight loss. The purpose of this paper is to describe clinical and pathological findings of four cases of EPA in dogs. Cases: Files of all necropsies performed in dogs in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) between January, 2001 and December, 2010 were reviewed, searching for EPA cases. Were collected information about age, breed, clinical signs, evolution of the disease, and pathological findings of the cases that were found. Pancreatic portions of the affected dogs were submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and chromogranin, labeled with streptavidin-biotin linked to peroxidase method and red chromogen were applied. Hematoxylin was used for counterstaining. During the period analyzed four cases were found, representing a small percentage (0.9%) of dog cases with post-mortem examination during the period. Two dogs were German Shepherd Dogs, one male and one female, both aged three years. The other two dogs were mixed breed females with one and two years of age. Clinical course of the disease varied between five months and one year and the main clinical signs presented were: pale and voluminous feces (4/4), weight loss (4/4), recent loss of appetite (2/4), vomiting (1/4) and polydipsia (1/4). Loss of appetite was noticed one week before death. Feces of all animals were tested for fecal protease (trypsin), and all resulted negative. In one case feces were also evaluated for fecal amylase and lipase, resulting negative for both enzymes. Gross lesions observed were: pancreatic tissue extremely diminished, semi-transparent and narrow (4/4), decreased muscular tissue volume (4/4), diminished subcutaneous adipose tissue (4/4), intestine filled with soft, voluminous and pale feces (4/4). Microscopically, pancreas presented absence of acinar structures, containing rare epithelial cells scattered throughout the parenchyma, essentially composed of Langerhans islet cells, surrounded by pancreatic ducts and evident supportive stroma. Lymphocytic multifocal mild infiltrate and adipose infiltrate were observed in two cases. Multifocal muscle fiber atrophy occurred in all four cases, in one of them it was associated with hyaline and flocular degeneration of muscle fibers. Remaining cells of pancreatic tissue were positive for chromogranin IHC, staining granular material inside the cells, showing the neuroendocrine tissue. Cytokeratin IHC stained rare remaining acinar cells and duct cells. Discussion: EPA diagnosis of the presented cases was performed based on clinical history, pathological findings and IHC staining. EPA cases shall be considered as causes of weight loss, chronic presentation of voluminous pale feces and death in young German Shepherd Dog. The lack of familiar history among mongrel dogs makes difficult to assess the susceptibility of these dogs to EPA, and it should be considered a differential diagnosis in cases presenting the clinical signs highlighted in this paper.

Descrição de quatro casos de atrofia do pâncreas exócrino em cães / Description of four exocrine pancreatic atrophy cases in dogs

Background: Exocrine pancreatic atrophy (EPA) is characterized by marked decrease of the exocrine pancreatic tissue in dogs, the disease is more frequently described in German Shepherd Dogs and there are features of herdability in this breed. Clinical signs observed are those typical of chronic pancreatic insufficiency, including voluminous stool, steatorrhoea and weight loss. The purpose of this paper is to describe clinical and pathological findings of four cases of EPA in dogs. Cases: Files of all necropsies performed in dogs in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) between January, 2001 and December, 2010 were reviewed, searching for EPA cases. Were collected information about age, breed, clinical signs, evolution of the disease, and pathological findings of the cases that were found. Pancreatic portions of the affected dogs were submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and chromogranin, labeled with streptavidin-biotin linked to peroxidase method and red chromogen were applied. Hematoxylin was used for counterstaining. During the period analyzed four cases were found, representing a small percentage (0.9%) of dog cases with post-mortem examination during the period. Two dogs were German Shepherd Dogs, one male and one female, both aged three years. The other two dogs were mixed breed females with one and two years of age. Clinical course of the disease varied between five months and one year and the main clinical signs presented were: pale and voluminous feces (4/4), weight loss (4/4), recent loss of appetite (2/4), vomiting (1/4) and polydipsia (1/4). Loss of appetite was noticed one week before death. Feces of all animals were tested for fecal protease (trypsin), and all resulted negative. In one case feces were also evaluated for fecal amylase and lipase, resulting negative for both enzymes. Gross lesions observed were: pancreatic tissue extremely diminished, semi-transparent and narrow (4/4), decreased muscular tissue volume (4/4), diminished subcutaneous adipose tissue (4/4), intestine filled with soft, voluminous and pale feces (4/4). Microscopically, pancreas presented absence of acinar structures, containing rare epithelial cells scattered throughout the parenchyma, essentially composed of Langerhans islet cells, surrounded by pancreatic ducts and evident supportive stroma. Lymphocytic multifocal mild infiltrate and adipose infiltrate were observed in two cases. Multifocal muscle fiber atrophy occurred in all four cases, in one of them it was associated with hyaline and flocular degeneration of muscle fibers. Remaining cells of pancreatic tissue were positive for chromogranin IHC, staining granular material inside the cells, showing the neuroendocrine tissue. Cytokeratin IHC stained rare remaining acinar cells and duct cells. Discussion: EPA diagnosis of the presented cases was performed based on clinical history, pathological findings and IHC staining. EPA cases shall be considered as causes of weight loss, chronic presentation of voluminous pale feces and death in young German Shepherd Dog. The lack of familiar history among mongrel dogs makes difficult to assess the susceptibility of these dogs to EPA, and it should be considered a differential diagnosis in cases presenting the clinical signs highlighted in this paper.(AU)

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and ductal adenocarcinoma induced by DMBA in mice: effects of alcohol and caffeine / Neoplasia pancreática intraepithelial e adenocarcinoma ductal induzidos pelo DMBA em camundongos. Efeitos do álcool e da cafeína

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of alcohol and caffeine in a pancreatic carcinogenesis mouse model induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzantracene (DMBA), according to the PanIN classification system. METHODS: 120 male, Mus musculus, CF-1 mice were divided into four groups. Animals received either water or caffeine or alcohol or alcohol + caffeine in their drinking water. In all animals, 1 mg of DMBA was implanted into the head of the pancreas. After 30 days, euthanasia was performed; excised pancreata were then fixed in formalin, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and categorized as follows: normal ducts, reactive hyperplasia, PanIN-1A, PanIN-1B, PanIN-2, PanIN-3 or adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: PanIN lesions were verified in all groups. Adenocarcinoma was detected in 15 percent of animals in the caffeine group, 16.6 percent in the water group, 23.8 percent in the alcohol + caffeine group and 52.9 percent in the alcohol group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The experimental pancreatic carcinogenesis mouse model using DMBA effectively induces PanIN lesions and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This study verified the association between alcohol use and pancreatic adenocarcinoma; caffeine did not present the same effect.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do álcool e da cafeína na carcinogênese pancreática induzida pelo 7,12-dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA) em camundongos, descrevendo as lesões de acordo com a classificação das neoplasias pacreáticas intraepiteliais (PanIN). MÉTODOS: 120 camundogos machos, Mus musculus, CF-1 foram divididos em quatro grupos. Animais receberam água ou cafeína ou álcool ou álcool + cafeína para beber. Em todos animais, 1 mg de DMBA foi implantado na cabeça do pâncreas. Após 30 dias, eutanásia foi realizada, o pâncreas foi removido, fixado em formalina e corado com hematoxilina e eosina sendo classificado em: ductos normais, hiperplasia reativa, PanIN-1A, PanIN-1B, PanIN-2, PanIN-3 ou adenocarcinoma. RESULTADOS: Neoplasias pancreáticas intraepiteliais foram encontradas em todos grupos. Adenocarcinoma foi detectado em 15 por cento dos animais do grupo cafeína, 16,6 por cento do grupo água, 23,8 por cento do grupo álcool + cafeína e 52,9 por cento do grupo álcool (P<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O modelo experimental de carcinogênese pancreática em camundongos utilizando DMBA induz neoplasias pancreáticas intraepiteliais (PanIN) e adenocarcinoma pancreático. Este estudoverificou associação entre álcool e adenocarcinoma pancreático, enquanto a cafeína não demonstrou este efeito.(AU)

Contribution to the study of the pancreatic duct system in dogs / Contribuição ao estudo do sistema excretor do pâncreas em cães

The study made through diafanization of the pancreatic duct system in 70 mates and 30 females dogs showed 12 arrangements of the ducts, aggregated in 3 basic types, i.e.: A the right lobe duct and the left one formed a common trunck ("Y" shape 81.0%); B these ducts showed a cross in their ways (16.0%); C the left lobe duct arrived directly to the duodenum "being the right lobe duct its tributary (3.0%).

Estudou-se o sistema excretor do pâncreas de 100 cães (70 machos e 30 fêmeas), com auxílio do processo de diafanização de SPALTEHOLZ, descrevendo doze arranjos dos duetos glandulares, reunidos em três tipos básicos: A - o dueto do lobo direito e o dueto do lobo esquerdo concorrem para tronco comum, resultando uma formação em "Y" (81,0%); B - os dois duetos cruzam-se em seu trajeto (16,0%); C - o dueto do lobo esquerdo alcança diretamente o duodeno sendo, o dueto do lobo direito, seu tributário (3,0%). No atinente à comunicação do referido sistema com o duodeno, encontra mais comumente (97,0%) dois coletores, um dirigindo-se à papila duodenal menor e, outro, à papila duodenal maior não se identificando, algumas vezes (3,0%), o último deles. Os tipos básicos de comportamento dos duetos pancreáticos-são descritos em todas as suas variações.

Contribution to the study of the pancreatic duct system in dogs / Contribuição ao estudo do sistema excretor do pâncreas em cães

The study made through diafanization of the pancreatic duct system in 70 mates and 30 females dogs showed 12 arrangements of the ducts, aggregated in 3 basic types, i.e.: A the right lobe duct and the left one formed a common trunck ("Y" shape 81.0%); B these ducts showed a cross in their ways (16.0%); C the left lobe duct arrived directly to the duodenum "being the right lobe duct its tributary (3.0%).

Estudou-se o sistema excretor do pâncreas de 100 cães (70 machos e 30 fêmeas), com auxílio do processo de diafanização de SPALTEHOLZ, descrevendo doze arranjos dos duetos glandulares, reunidos em três tipos básicos: A - o dueto do lobo direito e o dueto do lobo esquerdo concorrem para tronco comum, resultando uma formação em "Y" (81,0%); B - os dois duetos cruzam-se em seu trajeto (16,0%); C - o dueto do lobo esquerdo alcança diretamente o duodeno sendo, o dueto do lobo direito, seu tributário (3,0%). No atinente à comunicação do referido sistema com o duodeno, encontra mais comumente (97,0%) dois coletores, um dirigindo-se à papila duodenal menor e, outro, à papila duodenal maior não se identificando, algumas vezes (3,0%), o último deles. Os tipos básicos de comportamento dos duetos pancreáticos-são descritos em todas as suas variações.

Contribution to the study of the pancreatic duct system in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) / Contribuição ao estudo do sistema excretor do pâncreas em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758)

The AA. observed the pancreatic duct system of 19 Jaffarabadi buffaloes (10 males and 3 females), in order to study: 1. a possible accessory communication with duodenum through the bile duct; 2. the arrangement of the main pancreatic ducts. The results of this investigation showed: a) it has not a secondary communication of the pancreatic duct system with the duodenum through the bile duct; b) the duct of Santorini, when passing through the right lobe of the gland, receives eight (26,3% ), four (21,0%), seven (15,8%), five (10,5%), six (10,5%) and less frequently, three (5,3%), nine (5,3%) and ten (5,3%) main ducts, besides many small ones earning from the whole pancreas.

Examinou-se o sistema excretor do pâncreas de 19 búfalos da raça Jaffarabadi (10 machos e 9 fêmeas), com o objetivo de estudar: 1. a possibilidade de comunicação de suas vias integrantes, com o duodeno através do colédoco; 2. o arranjo geral dos principais duetos glandulares. Os resultados desta investigação mostram: a) não há comunicação secundária do sistema excretor pancreático com o duodeno por intermédio da via biliar; b) o dueto de Santorini, ao atravessar o lobo direito da glândula, recebe oito (26,3%), quatro (21,0%), sete (15,8%), cinco (10,5%), seis (10,5%) e menos frequentemente três (5,3%), nove (5,3%) e dez (5,3%) ductos conspícuos afora outros, pequenos, que procedem de todo o pâncreas.

Contribution to the study of the pancreatic duct system in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) / Contribuição ao estudo do sistema excretor do pâncreas em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758)

The AA. observed the pancreatic duct system of 19 Jaffarabadi buffaloes (10 males and 3 females), in order to study: 1. a possible accessory communication with duodenum through the bile duct; 2. the arrangement of the main pancreatic ducts. The results of this investigation showed: a) it has not a secondary communication of the pancreatic duct system with the duodenum through the bile duct; b) the duct of Santorini, when passing through the right lobe of the gland, receives eight (26,3% ), four (21,0%), seven (15,8%), five (10,5%), six (10,5%) and less frequently, three (5,3%), nine (5,3%) and ten (5,3%) main ducts, besides many small ones earning from the whole pancreas.

Examinou-se o sistema excretor do pâncreas de 19 búfalos da raça Jaffarabadi (10 machos e 9 fêmeas), com o objetivo de estudar: 1. a possibilidade de comunicação de suas vias integrantes, com o duodeno através do colédoco; 2. o arranjo geral dos principais duetos glandulares. Os resultados desta investigação mostram: a) não há comunicação secundária do sistema excretor pancreático com o duodeno por intermédio da via biliar; b) o dueto de Santorini, ao atravessar o lobo direito da glândula, recebe oito (26,3%), quatro (21,0%), sete (15,8%), cinco (10,5%), seis (10,5%) e menos frequentemente três (5,3%), nove (5,3%) e dez (5,3%) ductos conspícuos afora outros, pequenos, que procedem de todo o pâncreas.