Stable fly outbreaks in Brazil: a 50-year (1971-2020) retrospective / Surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos no Brasil: Retrospectiva 50 anos (1971-2020)

Over the last decades, stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks associated with agricultural and/or livestock production systems have become a serious problem in some Brazilian locations. This article presents a survey on the history, evolution and mapping of such outbreaks in Brazil over five decades (1971-2020). Outbreaks (n= 579) were recorded in 285 municipalities from 14 states, mainly associated with by-products from the ethanol industry (82.7%), in natura organic fertilizers (12.6%) and integrated crop-livestock systems (3.1%). Few cases were reported until the mid-2000s, progressively increasing since then. Outbreaks associated with ethanol mills occurred in 224 municipalities, mainly in Southeast and Midwest states, while those associated with organic fertilizers (mainly poultry litter and coffee mulch) affected 39 municipalities, mostly in the Northeast and Southeast states. More recently, outbreaks in integrated crop-livestock systems during the rainy season have occurred in Midwest states. This survey highlights the magnitude of the problem of stable fly outbreaks in Brazil and its relationship with environmental public policies, agricultural production chains and regional trends. Specific public actions and policies are urgently needed to prevent their occurrence and impact in the affected regions.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos (Stomoxys calcitrans), associados a sistemas de produção agrícola e/ou pecuária, tornaram-se um grave problema em algumas localidades brasileiras. Este artigo apresenta um levantamento sobre a história, evolução e mapeamento desses surtos no Brasil ao longo de cinco décadas (1971-2020). Surtos (n= 579) foram registrados em 285 municípios de 14 estados, principalmente associados a subprodutos da indústria do etanol (82,7%), fertilizantes orgânicos in natura (12,6%) e sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (3,1%). Poucos casos foram registrados até meados dos anos 2000, aumentando progressivamente desde então. Surtos associados a usinas de etanol ocorreram em 224 municípios, principalmente no Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, enquanto surtos associados a fertilizantes orgânicos (principalmente esterco aviário e palha de café) afetaram 39 municípios, principalmente nos estados do Nordeste e Sudeste. Mais recentemente, surtos em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária, durante a estação chuvosa, têm ocorrido no Centro-Oeste. Este levantamento ressalta a magnitude do problema dos surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos no Brasil e sua relação com políticas públicas ambientais, cadeias produtivas agrícolas e tendências regionais. Ações e políticas públicas específicas são urgentemente necessárias para prevenir sua ocorrência e impacto nas regiões afetadas.(AU)

Veganism and animal welfare, scientific, ethical, and philosophical arguments

The justification for this review article is to understand the position of vegans and those individuals who consume food of animal origin from an unbiased perspective but with a grounding in scientific evidence. This will provide people who eat meat with scientific and ethical arguments to defend their alimentary autonomy in the context of the moral conflict that has emerged in societies regarding the consumption of meat and animal products, which is criticized ­sometimes even attacked­ by activists, ovolactovegetarians, or vegetarians with alimentary habits that stress ethical and moral respect for animals. These individuals refuse to eat meat and animal products but sometimes show disrespect for those who do. In recent decades, veganism and vegetarianism have reached an apogee in some western societies where they are often considered a healthy option for humans that simultaneously fosters animal and environmental welfare. While those diets may provide numerous benefits, they can also entail health risks by failing to provide balance and necessary dietary supplements. Various researchers concur that they are not appropriate for pregnant women, children, or carnivorous or omnivorous pets. Our review of scientific articles in favor and against dietary regimens that lack protein of animal origin leads to the conclusion that these dietary changes, on their own, do not reduce animal suffering or the contamination generated by the meat, dairy, and poultry industries. Finally, it is important to consider that, despite the popular opinion that vegetarianism and veganism are healthy diet alternatives, the diet must be individualized and well-balanced according to each stage of their life cycle.

Consumer Preference and Quality Characteristics of Different-category Eggs Sold at Supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro / Preferência do Consumidor e Características de Qualidade em Ovos de Diferentes Categorias Comercializados nos Supermercados do Rio de Janeiro

This study approached the consumer preference and characteristics of eggs from various categories sold at supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro. The study was performed in three phases. In the first one, 180 'caipira' eggs were randomly acquired from three supermarkets considering the consumers' socioeconomic profile (middle, upper, and lower class). In the second phase, 456 eggs from conventional, free-range, 'caipira' and omega-3 enriched categories were obtained without considering the socioeconomic condition. After the acquisition, the eggs were taken for further analyses made the next day. The last phase was based on the perception and prevalence of consumers found in the second stage. This time, 443 consumers answered a Google Forms questionnaire. 'Caipira' eggs sold at supermarkets frequented by upper-class consumers maintained a better quality. When social class was discarded as a criterion, eggs from 'caipira', free-range, organic, and omega-3 enriched systems showed inferior quality compared to conventional eggs. The consumer preferences indicated that much misinformation regarding technical aspects of egg production persists, despite the increasing consumption of this protein source. In addition, the study revealed that many consumers still think there are hormone inputs in poultry farming, and they know very little about the production process or the differences among the egg categories for sale at Brazilian supermarkets.(AU)

O estudo abordou a preferência de consumo e as características de qualidade em ovos de diversas categorias, comercializados em supermercados do Rio de Janeiro e foi realizado em três etapas. Na primeira, foram adquiridos de forma inteiramente casualizada, 180 ovos marrons apenas de categoria caipira, em três diferentes supermercados, considerando o perfil socioeconômico dos consumidores (classe média, baixa e alta). Na segunda, foram adquiridos pelos mesmos critérios e de supermercados distintos, 456 ovos marrons de várias categorias (convencional, free-range, caipira, orgânicos e enriquecidos (ômega-3), sem considerar a condição socioeconômica dos consumidores. Após aquisição, foram levados para análise, que foi realizada no dia seguinte. A terceira etapa, se baseou na percepção e prevalência de consumo de ovos da mesma categoria da segunda etapa, em entrevista na forma de questionário disponibilizado na plataforma Google Forms, para um total de 443 participantes. Ovos de categoria caipira, comercializados em mercados frequentados por consumidores de classe alta, mantiveram melhor a qualidade. Quando não foi considerada a classe social, ovos free-range, caipira, orgânico e enriquecidos apresentaram qualidade inferior, comparado aos convencionais. A preferência de consumo abordada, indicou que o aumento no consumo de ovos, é acompanhado de muita desinformação acerca de vários aspectos inerentes a essa proteína e de forma alarmante, revelou que muitos consumidores ainda acreditam na participação de hormônios na produção de aves, além de pouco ou nada conhecerem sobre como esse alimento é produzido e as diferenças entre as diversas categorias de ovos expostos à venda nos supermercados brasileiros.(AU)

Development and characterization of poultry collagen-based hybrid hydrogels for bone regeneration

Purpose: Poultry by-products can contribute as an innovative natural source for the development of composites based on polymers and minerals aiming at bone regeneration. The objective of this study was the physicochemical and biological characterization of collagen-based hydrogels crosslinked with ultraviolet (UV)-riboflavin. Methods: Pure hydrogels of 100% collagen (G1) or hybrid hydrogels, 90% collagen:10% apatite (G2), 90% collagen:10% nanokeratin (G3), and 90% collagen:5% apatite:5% nanokeratin (G4) were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, swelling degree and quali-quantitative histological analysis. Ectopic implantation in subcutaneous tissue in mice at one, three and nine weeks allowed to assess the inflammation (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and giant cells) and repair (neovascularization, and connective tissue) to determine biocompatibility and the integrity of biomaterials to score their biodegradability. Histomorphometry on critical size defects in rat calvaria at one and three months evaluated the percentage of bone, connective tissue, and biomaterials in all groups. Results: The hydrogels presented porous microstructure, water absorption and physicochemical characteristics compatible with their polymeric and/or mineral composition. All materials exhibited biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low osteoconductivity. G2 showed greater density of new bone and biomaterial than the G1, G3 and G4. Conclusions: The collagen-apatite group formulation suggests potential for development as osteopromoting membrane.

Ammonia gas for bacterial control in poultry litter

ABSTRACT: The current techniques used in the disinfection of reused poultry litter, such as lime addition, windrowing and plastic cover on the surface, do not guarantee the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, causing damage to the environment and animal health. Gram negative bacteria, i.e., Salmonella and Escherichia coli, can be transmitted from one batch to another through reused litter, causing health damage to broilers and humans that consume food contaminated by these agents. Our study assessed the effectiveness of the methods plastic cover on the surface (PCS) and plastic cover on the surface with ammonia gas injection (PCSAI) in the control of Gram negative bacteria. The results obtained, both in laboratory conditions (Experiment 1) and in the field (Experiment 2), demonstrate that the method PCSAI with 0.22% ammonia gas had a significant reduction (P 0.05) of Gram negative bacteria in the period of 48 hours This new methodology for disinfecting poultry litter will allow its reuse in a practical and safe way, improving the preservation of the environment, of the health of broilers and consumers of poultry products.

RESUMO: O reaproveitamento de camas aviárias na criação de frangos de corte é uma prática muito utilizada no Brasil. Essa prática reduz custos de produção e contribui na conservação do meio ambiente. As técnicas atuais utilizadas na desinfecção de camas aviárias reaproveitadas, como adição de cal, enleiramento e lona na superfície, não garantem a eliminação de microrganismos patogênicos porque não geram quantidade suficiente de amônia. O gás amônia, em concentrações elevadas, tem efeito biocida. Bactérias Gram negativas, como as Salmonelas e Escherichia coli, podem ser transmitidas de um lote para outro através do reaproveitamento da cama, ocasionando prejuízos para a saúde das aves e dos humanos que consomem alimentos contaminados por estes agentes. Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia do método lona na superfície com injeção de gás amônia no controle de microrganismos Gram negativos. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que esse método controlou os microrganismos Gram negativos num período de 48 horas em camas de frangos de corte reaproveitadas. Assim, essa nova metodologia de desinfecção de camas de aviário permitirá sua reutilização de forma prática e segura, melhorando a saúde das aves e dos consumidores dos produtos avícolas.

Ammonia gas for bacterial control in poultry litter / Gás amônia para controle bacteriano em cama aviária

The current techniques used in the disinfection of reused poultry litter, such as lime addition, windrowing and plastic cover on the surface, do not guarantee the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, causing damage to the environment and animal health. Gram negative bacteria, i.e., Salmonella and Escherichia coli, can be transmitted from one batch to another through reused litter, causing health damage to broilers and humans that consume food contaminated by these agents. Our study assessed the effectiveness of the methods plastic cover on the surface (PCS) and plastic cover on the surface with ammonia gas injection (PCSAI) in the control of Gram negative bacteria. The results obtained, both in laboratory conditions (Experiment 1) and in the field (Experiment 2), demonstrate that the method PCSAI with 0.22% ammonia gas had a significant reduction (P<0.05) of Gram negative bacteria in the period of 48 hours This new methodology for disinfecting poultry litter will allow its reuse in a practical and safe way, improving the preservation of the environment, of the health of broilers and consumers of poultry products.

O reaproveitamento de camas aviárias na criação de frangos de corte é uma prática muito utilizada no Brasil. Essa prática reduz custos de produção e contribui na conservação do meio ambiente. As técnicas atuais utilizadas na desinfecção de camas aviárias reaproveitadas, como adição de cal, enleiramento e lona na superfície, não garantem a eliminação de microrganismos patogênicos porque não geram quantidade suficiente de amônia. O gás amônia, em concentrações elevadas, tem efeito biocida. Bactérias Gram negativas, como as Salmonelas e Escherichia coli, podem ser transmitidas de um lote para outro através do reaproveitamento da cama, ocasionando prejuízos para a saúde das aves e dos humanos que consomem alimentos contaminados por estes agentes. Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia do método lona na superfície com injeção de gás amônia no controle de microrganismos Gram negativos. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que esse método controlou os microrganismos Gram negativos num período de 48 horas em camas de frangos de corte reaproveitadas. Assim, essa nova metodologia de desinfecção de camas de aviário permitirá sua reutilização de forma prática e segura, melhorando a saúde das aves e dos consumidores dos produtos avícolas.

Temporal and spatial patterns in the detection of veterinary drug residues in poultry and swine in Brazil / Padrões temporais e espaciais na detecção de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em aves e suínos no Brasil

Food Safety is an important topic for public health and international trade in food. Residues of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants in animal products can cause diseases and acute toxicity in organisms exposed to these substances. This study evaluated official monitoring data of veterinary drug residues from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply in tissues of poultry and swine in the period between 2002 and 2014 to check for hidden patterns in the occurrence of six common drugs (Closantel, Diclazuril, Nicarbazin, Sulfaquinoxaline, Doxycycline and Sulfamethazinein). The analysis of data was performed by using two machine learning methods: decision tree and neural networks, in addition to visual evaluation through graphs and maps. Contamination rates were low, varying from 0 to 0.66%. A spatial distribution pattern of detections of substances by region was identified, but no pattern of temporal distribution was observed. Nevertless, regressions showed an increase in levels when these substances were detected, so monitoring should continue. However, the results show that the products monitored during the study period presented a low risk to public health.(AU)

A Segurança Alimentar é um tema importante para a saúde pública e o comércio internacional de alimentos. Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários e contaminantes ambientais em produtos de origem animal podem causar doenças e toxicidade aguda em organismos expostos a essas substâncias. Este estudo avaliou dados oficiais de monitoramento de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento em tecidos de aves e suínos no período de 2002 a 2014 para verificar padrões ocultos na ocorrência de seis medicamentos comuns (Closantel, Diclazuril, Nicarbazina, Sulfaquinoxalina, Doxiciclina e Sulfametazina). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de dois métodos de aprendizado de máquina: árvore de decisão e redes neurais, além da avaliação visual por meio de gráficos e mapas. As taxas de contaminação foram baixas, variando de 0 a 0,66%. Foi identificado um padrão de distribuição espacial das detecções de substâncias por região, mas nenhum padrão de distribuição temporal foi observado. No entanto, as regressões mostraram um aumento nos níveis quando essas substâncias foram detectadas, portanto, o monitoramento deve continuar. No entanto, os resultados mostram que os produtos monitorados durante o período do estudo apresentaram baixo risco à saúde pública.(AU)

Detection of Salmonella spp. in eggs for human consumption from poultry farms in municipalities of Alagoas State, Brazil / Detecção de Salmonella spp. em ovos destinados ao consumo humano de propriedades familiares avícolas em municípios do Estado de Alagoas, Brasiil

Salmonellosis is a disease that worries poultry farmers and can seriously impact the food safety of the population that consumes products of animal origin. The present study sought to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in eggs intended for consumption from family poultry farms in municipalities of Alagoas State. The study was carried out from eight farms, where the sample from each farm was obtained by making pools of shell and internal contents of six randomly selected eggs. The pools were submitted to microbiological culture and the colonies were characterized and evaluated by means of laboratory tests. To this end, 50% (4/8) of the shell samples and 75% (6/8) of the internal contents of the eggs were positive for Salmonella spp. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae 12.5% (1/8) and Proteus spp. 25% (2/8) were found in the shell samples, and Yersinia spp. 12.5% (1/8) in the internal contents of the eggs. Salmonella spp. and other enterobacteria were confirmed to occur in eggs intended for consumption. The way the birds were raised did not seem to have a significant influence on the results obtained, and the presence of passerines on the farms may have contributed to the existence of bacteria there. Being aware of the risk to public health that some of these bacteria can present, it is necessary to take decisions that support the small producer in search of food safety for all.(AU)

A Salmonelose é uma doença que preocupa os criadores de aves e pode impactar seriamente a segurança alimentar da população que consome produtos de origem animal. O presente estudo buscou detectar a presença de Salmonella spp. em ovos destinados ao consumo provindos de aviculturas familiares de municípios do Estado de Alagoas. O estudo foi realizado a partir de oito granjas, onde a amostra de cada uma delas foi obtida pela confecção de pools de casca e de conteúdo interno de seis ovos selecionados aleatoriamente. Os pools foram submetidos a cultivo microbiológico e as colônias caracterizadas e avaliadas por meio de testes laboratoriais. Para tanto, 50% (4/8) das amostras de casca e 75% (6/8) das amostras de conteúdo interno dos ovos foram positivos para Salmonella spp. Além disso, também fora constatada a presença de Klebsiella pneumoniae12.5% (1/8) e Proteus spp. 25% (2/8) nas amostras de casca, e a presença de Yersinia spp. 12.5% (1/8) no conteúdo interno dos ovos. Foi confirmada a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e outras enterobactérias em ovos destinados ao consumo. O modo de criação das aves não parece ter influenciado significativamente nos resultados obtidos e a presença de passeriformes nas granjas podem ter contribuído com a existência das bactérias no local. Tendo ciência do risco à saúde pública que algumas dessas bactérias podem apresentar, se faz necessária a tomada de decisões que apoiem o pequeno produtor em busca de uma segurança alimentar para todos.(AU)

Direct Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Pathogens from Broiler Cecal Samples in the Slaughter Line by Real-Time PCR

Chicken meat is an important source of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria can occur in the intestinal microbiota of broilers and contaminate chicken carcasses in industrial meat processing. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a procedure based on real-time PCRs for the direct detection and quantification of these three bacteria in broilers' ceca collected in poultry slaughter houses and demonstrate the occurrence of these important foodborne pathogens in Brazilian poultry production flocks. Cecal contents were collected from 45 different broiler flocks in three different slaughterhouses in the state of Paraná, Brazil, totaling 45 samples (in pools of 10 different ceca/chickens per broiler flock). Then, these samples were tested for the detection and quantification of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens by real-time PCRs. The results demonstrated the occurrence of three (6.7%) positive pools for Salmonella, 20 (44.4%) for Campylobacter, and 32 (71.1%) for C. perfringens. Mean bacterial concentrations in the positive samples were 4.3log10 cells/g for Salmonella, 6.4 log10 cells/g for Campylobacter, and 5.5 log10 cells/g for C. perfringens. In conclusion, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and C. perfringens could be detected and quantified directly from the broilers cecal contents collected in the slaughter line. This procedure will be certainly useful to more quickly detect these foodborne pathogens and prevent their occurrence in chicken meat and other poultry food products.(AU)

Total heat loss in broilers fed with different lipid sources

To meet the growing demand for poultry products, many producers have decided to increase the density of animals per square meter. This, coupled with global warming, creates a severe problem for the poultry industry, as it is common to observe birds moving away from the thermal comfort zone. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three lipid sources and three levels of inclusion in broiler diets on sensible heat loss. Three hundred twenty-four female broilers from the Ross 308 line were housed in cages in an open house and distributed into nine different treatments. The body surface temperature was observed with an infrared thermography camera. Heat loss was analyzed by radiation, and convection was calculated by equations at weeks three, four, and six of broiler life, considering the importance of measuring and analyzing the following variables: wind speed, bird weight, bird area, ambient temperature, and relative humidity, among others. The treatments had no significant effect on Qt; however, the inclusion of palm oil, chicken oil at 3%, and sacha inchi oil at 9% can be an alternative in broiler chicken feed since they tend to reduce Qt at day 42 of life.

Psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and PFGE profiles of Bacillus cereus isolated from different foods and spices / Propriedades psicrotróficas, características toxigênicas e perfis PFGE de Bacillus cereus isolado de diferentes alimentos e especiarias

Bacillus cereus is an aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, and it is found naturally in soil and poses a risk factor for the contamination of food and foodstuffs including cereals, vegetables, spices, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, meats, milk, and dairy products. This study determined the prevalence of B. cereus in raw poultry meat, raw cow's milk, cheese, spices, and RTE foods in Hatay province. The study also analysed the psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of the isolates. The levels of contamination with B. cereus determined for cheese, raw milk, RTE foods, spices, and raw poultry meat were 16.6%, 34.2%, 42.8%, 49%, and 55.5%, respectively. B. cereus was isolated from 84 (42%) of the 200 samples analysed and the 84 isolates were verified by PCR analysis targeting the haemolysin gene specific for B. cereus. Of the total isolates, 64 (76.1%) were psychrotrophic. The toxin gene profiling of B. cereus isolates was determined by amplifying the four genes nhe, hbl, cytK, and ces. The nhe and cytK genes were most frequently detected in the isolates, while the hbl and ces genes were not found. In addition, a high genetic relationship between the isolates was detected at a 92% similarity level by PFGE analysis. In conclusion, the occurrence of both psychrotrophic and toxigenic B. cereus strains in this study indicated a potential risk for food spoilage and food poisoning.

Bacillus cereus é uma bactéria formadora de esporos aeróbica e facultativamente anaeróbica, encontrada naturalmente no solo e representa um fator de risco para a contaminação de alimentos e alimentos, incluindo cereais, vegetais, especiarias, alimentos prontos para comer (RTE), carnes, leite e laticínios. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de B. cereus em carne crua de aves, leite de vaca cru, queijo, especiarias e alimentos RTE na província de Hatay. O estudo também analisou as propriedades psicrotróficas, características toxigênicas e perfis de PFGE dos isolados. Os níveis de contaminação com B. cereus determinados para queijo, leite cru, alimentos RTE, especiarias e carne de frango crua foram de 16,6%, 34,2%, 42,8%, 49% e 55,5%, respectivamente. B. cereus foi isolado de 84 (42%) das 200 amostras analisadas e os 84 isolados foram verificados por análise de PCR visando o gene da hemolisina específico para B. cereus. Do total de isolados, 64 (76,1%) eram psicrotróficos. O perfil do gene da toxina de isolados de B. cereus foi determinado pela amplificação dos quatro genes nhe, hbl, cytK e ces. Os genes nhe e cytK foram detectados com maior frequência nos isolados, enquanto os genes hbl e ces não foram encontrados. Além disso, uma alta relação genética entre os isolados foi detectada em um nível de similaridade de 92% pela análise de PFGE. Em conclusão, a ocorrência de cepas psicrotróficas e toxigênicas de B. cereus neste estudo indica um risco potencial de deterioração e intoxicação alimentar.

Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance and Class 1 Integron in Salmonella Heidelberg Isolated from Poultry Farms in Santander - Colombia

Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans by the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Salmonella causes around 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths worldwide. A high number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates has been found from different segments of poultry production, and it is often associated with horizontal antibiotic resistance gene transfer through mobile elements such as plasmids, integrons, and transposons. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has been associated with the misuse of antibiotics in animal production and it is classified as a highly important pathogen from public health due to its zoonotic character and its high dissemination ability. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance associated with plasmids, and class 1 and 2 integrons from Salmonella Heidelberg isolates from healthy chickens in poultry farms from Santander, Colombia. 15 Salmonella Heidelberg isolates obtained from cloacal samples, were evaluated through endpoint PCR to determine the presence of plasmid-encoded resistance genes, and class 1 and 2 integrons. The bla CMY2 , strA and strB, sul1 and sul2, and tetB genes were found in all 15 Salmonella Heidelberg. The class 1 integron was present in 11 out of 15 isolates, harbored the gene cassette dfra7.The results indicate the presence of a high number of antibiotic resistance genes associated with plasmids and class 1 integrons in Salmonella Heidelberg strains isolated from poultry farms, resulting in a public health concern, both in humans and poultry production in Colombia.(AU)

Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance and Class 1 Integron in Salmonella Heidelberg Isolated from Poultry Farms in Santander - Colombia

Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans by the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Salmonella causes around 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths worldwide. A high number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates has been found from different segments of poultry production, and it is often associated with horizontal antibiotic resistance gene transfer through mobile elements such as plasmids, integrons, and transposons. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has been associated with the misuse of antibiotics in animal production and it is classified as a highly important pathogen from public health due to its zoonotic character and its high dissemination ability. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance associated with plasmids, and class 1 and 2 integrons from Salmonella Heidelberg isolates from healthy chickens in poultry farms from Santander, Colombia. 15 Salmonella Heidelberg isolates obtained from cloacal samples, were evaluated through endpoint PCR to determine the presence of plasmid-encoded resistance genes, and class 1 and 2 integrons. The bla CMY2 , strA and strB, sul1 and sul2, and tetB genes were found in all 15 Salmonella Heidelberg. The class 1 integron was present in 11 out of 15 isolates, harbored the gene cassette dfra7.The results indicate the presence of a high number of antibiotic resistance genes associated with plasmids and class 1 integrons in Salmonella Heidelberg strains isolated from poultry farms, resulting in a public health concern, both in humans and poultry production in Colombia.

Protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of pacific white shrimp / Roteína hidrolisada de subprodutos de frango e fígado suíno na dieta do camarão-branco-do-pacífico

This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei and its effect on the intestinal microbiota and on the enzymatic activity of the hepatopancreas. Shrimp (10.94 ± 0.90 g) were fed with diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement of salmon by-product meal by protein hydrolysate, in triplicate. The hepatopancreas enzymatic activity and composition of intestinal microbiota was studied. It was observed that the protein hydrolysate in the diet changed the enzymatic activity of the shrimp when compared to the control group (p <0.05). Amylase activity increases directly with the percent of protein replacement in the diet. Metagenomic analysis revealed change in the gut biome of the shrimps. The increasing levels of protein replacement provided greater richness and diversity in gut microbiota in the 75% and 100% treatments, which were mainly related to changes in the abundances in the families Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae. A reduction in the abundance of the Vibrionaceae family was observed with the inclusion of protein hydrolysate in the diet. These results indicate that the protein hydrolysate demonstrated beneficial changes when added at concentrations of 25% in the diet of L. vannamei.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de hidrolisado proteico de subproduto de aves e fígado de suíno na dieta do Litopenaeus vannamei e seu efeito na microbiota intestinal e na atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas. Camarões (10,94 ± 0,90 g) foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de subproduto de salmão pela proteína hidrolisada, em triplicata. A atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas e a composição da microbiota intestinal foram estudadas. Observou-se que a proteína hidrolisada da dieta alterou a atividade enzimática do camarão quando comparado ao grupo controle (p <0,05). A atividade da amilase aumentou diretamente com a porcentagem de reposição de proteínas na dieta. A análise metagenômica revelou mudança no bioma intestinal dos camarões. Os níveis crescentes de reposição proteica proporcionaram maior riqueza e diversidade no trato digestório nos tratamentos 75% e 100%, estando principalmente relacionadas a mudanças na abundância das famílias Rhodobacteraceae e Flavobacteriaceae. Uma redução na abundância da família Vibrionaceae foi observada com a inclusão do hidrolisado proteico na dieta. Esses resultados indicam que a proteína hidrolisada demonstrou alterações benéficas quando adicionada em concentrações de 25% na dieta do L. vannamei.

Protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of pacific white shrimp / Roteína hidrolisada de subprodutos de frango e fígado suíno na dieta do camarão-branco-do-pacífico

This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei and its effect on the intestinal microbiota and on the enzymatic activity of the hepatopancreas. Shrimp (10.94 ± 0.90 g) were fed with diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement of salmon by-product meal by protein hydrolysate, in triplicate. The hepatopancreas enzymatic activity and composition of intestinal microbiota was studied. It was observed that the protein hydrolysate in the diet changed the enzymatic activity of the shrimp when compared to the control group (p <0.05). Amylase activity increases directly with the percent of protein replacement in the diet. Metagenomic analysis revealed change in the gut biome of the shrimps. The increasing levels of protein replacement provided greater richness and diversity in gut microbiota in the 75% and 100% treatments, which were mainly related to changes in the abundances in the families Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae. A reduction in the abundance of the Vibrionaceae family was observed with the inclusion of protein hydrolysate in the diet. These results indicate that the protein hydrolysate demonstrated beneficial changes when added at concentrations of 25% in the diet of L. vannamei.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de hidrolisado proteico de subproduto de aves e fígado de suíno na dieta do Litopenaeus vannamei e seu efeito na microbiota intestinal e na atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas. Camarões (10,94 ± 0,90 g) foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de subproduto de salmão pela proteína hidrolisada, em triplicata. A atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas e a composição da microbiota intestinal foram estudadas. Observou-se que a proteína hidrolisada da dieta alterou a atividade enzimática do camarão quando comparado ao grupo controle (p <0,05). A atividade da amilase aumentou diretamente com a porcentagem de reposição de proteínas na dieta. A análise metagenômica revelou mudança no bioma intestinal dos camarões. Os níveis crescentes de reposição proteica proporcionaram maior riqueza e diversidade no trato digestório nos tratamentos 75% e 100%, estando principalmente relacionadas a mudanças na abundância das famílias Rhodobacteraceae e Flavobacteriaceae. Uma redução na abundância da família Vibrionaceae foi observada com a inclusão do hidrolisado proteico na dieta. Esses resultados indicam que a proteína hidrolisada demonstrou alterações benéficas quando adicionada em concentrações de 25% na dieta do L. vannamei.(AU)

Enterococcus Spp. Survival Through the Use of Standard Protocol for Clostridium Sp. Isolation

The genera Clostridium and Enterococcus are very different from each other, both morphologically and physiologically. Due to the high resistance by the sporulation capacity of Clostridium species, the thermal shock is a characteristic tool used for the isolation and identification of these microorganisms, this way, it would eliminate any other bacteria that did not present spores. The objective of this work is to show that Enterococcus sp. resist the temperature treatment and grow in culture media used for the isolation of Clostridium sp. For this, the present study initially attempted to identify reducing sulfite clostridia in poultry products, through the use of specific culture media and heat shock treatment. However, the PCR did not detect the presence of Clostridium sp. Then, sequencing of the 16S rDNA region was performed, which showed that the reducing sulfite colonies that were being isolated were, actually, Enterococcus spp. With this, some tests were carried out using different temperature and time combinations in the thermal shock, as well as the use of five different selective and differential culture media, in an attempt to eliminate any contaminants, but all without success, because these bacteria resisted to all modification. Therefore, the standard protocol for the isolation of bacteria of the genus Clostridium does not eliminate Enterococcus, which can lead to failures in the quantification and qualification of sulfite reducing microorganisms, a fact that can significantly affect food safety and animal health.(AU)

Enterococcus Spp. Survival Through the Use of Standard Protocol for Clostridium Sp. Isolation

The genera Clostridium and Enterococcus are very different from each other, both morphologically and physiologically. Due to the high resistance by the sporulation capacity of Clostridium species, the thermal shock is a characteristic tool used for the isolation and identification of these microorganisms, this way, it would eliminate any other bacteria that did not present spores. The objective of this work is to show that Enterococcus sp. resist the temperature treatment and grow in culture media used for the isolation of Clostridium sp. For this, the present study initially attempted to identify reducing sulfite clostridia in poultry products, through the use of specific culture media and heat shock treatment. However, the PCR did not detect the presence of Clostridium sp. Then, sequencing of the 16S rDNA region was performed, which showed that the reducing sulfite colonies that were being isolated were, actually, Enterococcus spp. With this, some tests were carried out using different temperature and time combinations in the thermal shock, as well as the use of five different selective and differential culture media, in an attempt to eliminate any contaminants, but all without success, because these bacteria resisted to all modification. Therefore, the standard protocol for the isolation of bacteria of the genus Clostridium does not eliminate Enterococcus, which can lead to failures in the quantification and qualification of sulfite reducing microorganisms, a fact that can significantly affect food safety and animal health.

Main causes of chicken carcass condemnations in Espírito Santo, Brazil / Principais causas de condenações de carcaça de frango no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Brazil is the third largest producer and the main exporter of chicken meat in the world. In 2019, it produced approximately 13.245 million tons of the product, generating more than six million dollars. According to the Poultry Association of the state of Espírito Santo, broiler production is carried out by 28 independent producers/companies, three integrator businesses, 42 integrated producers and seven slaughterhouses (structures with SIF, SIE/SISBI or SIE certification). Despite the growth of this sector, problems persist regarding the quality of carcasses and the number of condemnations. From the sanitary and industrial point of view, all products of animal origin must undergo prior inspection. The present study was developed using data generated by the Federal Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal, SIF) and the State Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Estadual, SIE). The main causes of condemnation of birds as inspected by SIF represented 9.26% of the slaughtered birds. Total condemnations corresponded to 1.35%. Overall, this study recorded a greater number of condemnations of non-pathological origin. In conclusion, there was consistency in the reasons why these products were condemned. Bruises/fractures and contamination were the most frequent causes according to both inspection services (SIF and SIE), indicating a common problem on the slaughter and inspection lines.(AU)

O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor e o principal exportador de carne de frango do mundo. Em 2019, produziu aproximadamente 13,245 milhões de toneladas, faturando mais de seis milhões de dólares. Segundo a Associação dos Avicultores do Estado do Espírito Santo, a avicultura de corte conta com 28 produtores/empresas independentes, três integradoras, 42 integrados além de 7 abatedouros (estruturas com SIF, SIE/SISBI ou SIE). Embora tenha havido crescimento neste setor, ainda persistem problemas relacionados com a qualidade das carcaças e com o quantitativo de condenações. Sob o ponto de vista sanitário e industrial todos os produtos de origem animal devem receber fiscalização prévia. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido mediante levantamento de dados gerados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) e pelo Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (SIE). As principais causas de condenações de aves inspecionadas pelo SIF representaram 9,26% das aves abatidas. Para as condenações totais foi registrado o percentual de 1,35%. Este estudo registrou, no geral, um maior número de condenações de origem não patológica. Conclui-se que houve uma constância nas razões pelas quais esses produtos sofreram condenações. As contusões/fraturas e contaminações foram as de maior ocorrência, em ambos os Serviços de Inspeção (SIF e SIE), indicando um problema comum na linha de abate e inspeção.(AU)

Physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil / Condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos de abate de frangos do município de Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. Ten slaughterhouses were visited, using a checklist as an evaluation criterion, seeking to assess the physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of facilities, equipment, handlers, environment, production, and food transportation, during the entire slaughtering process, to verify compliance with current legislation. The slaughterhouses visited (10 / 100%) had no Official Inspection Service and did not obey the rules established by legislation, showing precarious physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of operation. Most of the establishments (9 / 90%) were located in the urban area and one (10%) in the rural area. None of them followed the animal welfare recommendations. Moreover, seven (70%) establishments had no waste treatment and the residues were dumped in an open area. Therefore, it was concluded that the hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in Parnaíba pose risks to meet quality and the health of slaughterhouses employees and people who consume the products from those establishments.

Objetivou-se avaliar as condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos de abate de frango, no muni-cípio de Parnaíba, estado do Piauí. Foram visitados 10 estabelecimentos de abate, sendo utilizado como critério avaliativo da pesquisa um checklist, que buscou avaliar as condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias das instalações, equipamentos, dos mani-puladores, ambiente, como também, da produção, assim como, transporte do alimento durante todo o processo de abate para averiguar conformidade com a legislação vigente. Todos os abatedouros visitados (10) 100% não apresentavam Serviço de Inspeção Oficial e encontravam-se fora das normas estabelecidas pela legislação, com condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias precárias de funcionamento. A grande maioria dos estabelecimentos, (9) 90% encontravam-se localizados na zona urbana e um (10%) na zona rural. Estes não seguiam as recomendações de bem-estar animal voltado as atividades. Ainda, (7) 70% dos estabelecimentos não realizavam tratamento dos resíduos, sendo despejados a céu aberto. Portanto, concluiu-se que as condi-ções higiênico-sanitárias dos abatedouros da cidade de Parnaíba proporcionam riscos à qualidade da carne, à saúde dos funcio-nários dos abatedouros e da população que consome os produtos provenientes desses estabelecimentos.

Physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil / Condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos de abate de frangos do município de Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. Ten slaughterhouses were visited, using a checklist as an evaluation criterion, seeking to assess the physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of facilities, equipment, handlers, environment, production, and food transportation, during the entire slaughtering process, to verify compliance with current legislation. The slaughterhouses visited (10 / 100%) had no Official Inspection Service and did not obey the rules established by legislation, showing precarious physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of operation. Most of the establishments (9 / 90%) were located in the urban area and one (10%) in the rural area. None of them followed the animal welfare recommendations. Moreover, seven (70%) establishments had no waste treatment and the residues were dumped in an open area. Therefore, it was concluded that the hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in Parnaíba pose risks to meet quality and the health of slaughterhouses employees and people who consume the products from those establishments.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos de abate de frango, no muni-cípio de Parnaíba, estado do Piauí. Foram visitados 10 estabelecimentos de abate, sendo utilizado como critério avaliativo da pesquisa um checklist, que buscou avaliar as condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias das instalações, equipamentos, dos mani-puladores, ambiente, como também, da produção, assim como, transporte do alimento durante todo o processo de abate para averiguar conformidade com a legislação vigente. Todos os abatedouros visitados (10) 100% não apresentavam Serviço de Inspeção Oficial e encontravam-se fora das normas estabelecidas pela legislação, com condições físicas e higiênico-sanitárias precárias de funcionamento. A grande maioria dos estabelecimentos, (9) 90% encontravam-se localizados na zona urbana e um (10%) na zona rural. Estes não seguiam as recomendações de bem-estar animal voltado as atividades. Ainda, (7) 70% dos estabelecimentos não realizavam tratamento dos resíduos, sendo despejados a céu aberto. Portanto, concluiu-se que as condi-ções higiênico-sanitárias dos abatedouros da cidade de Parnaíba proporcionam riscos à qualidade da carne, à saúde dos funcio-nários dos abatedouros e da população que consome os produtos provenientes desses estabelecimentos.(AU)