Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia / Influência de Trichoderma harzianum e Bacillus thuringiensis na redução das taxas de NPK no crescimento, fisiologia e qualidade de frutos de Citrus aurantifolia

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers gradually shrinks the crop yield and quality, and these adverse effects can be reduced by adopting new sustainable practices such as the use of manure, biofertilizers, and nano fertilizers. Limited information is existed on the application of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis microbes to improve lemon seedlings growth, physiology, and fruit formation. Therefore, the current study is aimed to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis microbes mixing with low levels of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) on the plant growth, development, and quality of limau nipis (key lemon) fruits. The lemon seedlings growing media were inoculated during transplanting with T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis at various NPK fertilizers under polybagged conditions. The seedlings were grown around eighteen (18) months after inoculation with biofertilizers followed by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five (5) replications. The results showed that T. harzianum with 50 g of NPK treatment (T2) increased the seedling's height, branch number, leaf height, ground area, and absolute growth rate (AGR) plant height by 50.12%, 107.84%, 17.91%, 17.91%, 116.93%, and 56.02%, respectively, over the control treatment. The number of leaves (60.82%), leaf area (42.75%), stem diameter (27.34%), specific leaf area (SLA) (39.07%), leaf area index (LAI) (54.40%), and absolute growth rate for leaf number (73.86%), leaf area (306.85%) and stem diameter (46.8%) of lemon seedlings increased significantly with B. thuringiensis plus 50 g NPK treatment (T3). The applications of B. thuringiensis with 25 g NPK fertilizer treatment (T5) increased leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf moisture content (LMC), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf relative growth rate (RGR), and chlorophyll content by 96.45%, 56.78%, 13.60%, 24.76%, 45.45%, and 16.22%, respectively, over the control group. In addition, T5 treatment increased the fruits number, individual fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit dimension, leaf total soluble solids (TSS), and fruit TSS content of lemon tress by 81.81%, 55.52%, 43.54%, 25.69%, 89.47%, and 70.78% compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, soil inoculation of B. thuringiensis significantly increased the pulp to peel ratio and juice content of lemon fruits. From this study, it can be concluded that soil inoculation of both T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis with 25-50% NPK during transplanting improved plant growth, physiology, and fruit quality of limau nipis trees.

O uso contínuo de fertilizantes químicos diminui gradualmente o rendimento e a qualidade das culturas, e esses efeitos adversos podem ser reduzidos com a adoção de novas práticas sustentáveis, como o uso de esterco, biofertilizantes e nanofertilizantes. A informação limitada existe sobre a aplicação de micróbios Trichoderma harzianum e Bacillus thuringiensis para melhorar o crescimento de mudas de limão, fisiologia e formação de frutos. Portanto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da mistura de micróbios T. harzianum e B. thuringiensis com baixo nível de fertilizante inorgânico (NPK) no crescimento, desenvolvimento e qualidade de frutos de limau nipis (limão-chave). Os meios de cultivo de mudas de limão foram inoculados durante o transplante com T. harzianum e B. thuringiensis em vários fertilizantes NPK sob condições de polybag. As mudas foram cultivadas em torno de 10 meses após a inoculação com biofertilizantes seguidas de delineamento em blocos completos randomizados (RCBD) com 5 repetições. Os resultados mostraram que T. harzianum com 50 g de tratamento NPK (T2) aumentou a altura de plântulas, número de ramos, altura de folha, área do solo e taxa de crescimento absoluto (AGR) em 50,12%, 107,84%, 17,91%, 17,91%, 116,93% e 56,02%, respectivamente, em relação ao tratamento controle. O número de folhas (60,82%), área foliar (42,75%), diâmetro do caule (27,34%), área foliar específica (SLA) (39,07%), índice de área foliar (IAF) (54,40%) e taxa absoluta de crescimento para número de folhas (73,86%), área foliar (306,85%) e diâmetro do caule (46,8%) das mudas de limão aumentaram significativamente com B. thuringiensis mais 50 g de tratamento NPK (T3). As aplicações de B. thuringiensis com 25 g de tratamento com fertilizante NPK (T5) aumentaram a massa fresca da folha (LFW), massa seca da folha (LDW), teor de umidade da folha (LMC), peso específico da folha (SLW), taxa de crescimento relativo da folha (RGR) e teor de clorofila em 96,45%, 56,78%, 13,60%, 24,76%, 45,45% e 16,22%, respectivamente, em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, o tratamento T5 aumentou o número de frutos, peso individual do fruto, diâmetro do fruto, dimensão do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais foliares (SST) e teor de SST do fruto do limão em 81,81%, 55,52%, 43,54%, 25,69%, 89,47% e 70,78% em relação ao tratamento controle. Além disso, a inoculação no solo de B. thuringiensis aumentou significativamente a relação polpa/casca e o teor de suco de frutos de limão. A partir deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a inoculação no solo de T. harzianum e B. thuringiensis com 25-50% de NPK durante o transplante melhorou o crescimento das plantas, a fisiologia e a qualidade dos frutos de limau nipis.

Growth analysis, photosynthate partition and nodulation in bean and soybean / Análise de crescimento, partição de fotoassimilados e nodulação em feijão e soja

Photoassimilate partition and allocation among plant organs varies throughout their development and is also influenced by factors inherent to the genotype and the environment. Nodulation in the soybean-diazotrophic bacteria interaction is more effective than in the bean-diazotrophic bacteria interaction. This investigation studied growth and photoassimilate partitioning throughout the bean and soybean cycles and inferred how much it could affect the nodulation of the roots. For this purpose, an experiment with two treatments was carried out, soybean (cultivar BRS GO - 7760 - RR) and bean (cultivar BRS Estilo), with four replications, conducted in pots and entirely randomized. The seeds were inoculated with commercial rhizobia specific for bean and soybean LeguMax® (Novozymes-Turfal). Plants were analyzed throughout their cycles based on leaf area and dry mass of all organs, including nodules. Mathematical models were fitted to the data and based on them, the instantaneous physiological indicators of growth were estimated, and the percentages of photoassimilate partition among organs were evaluated. Crop growth rate, relative growth rates, net assimilation rate as well as net photosynthesis rate had higher values in soybean compared to bean, following the pattern of leaf area and total dry mass. For both species, the highest rates occurred at the beginning of the cycle, decreasing with age. Unlike the bean, soybean has a high capacity to supply photosynthates to all of its organs throughout its entire cycle, favoring the maintenance of nodule growth and explaining its greater capacity for nitrogen assimilation.

Durante o desenvolvimento das plantas a partição e alocação de fotoassimilados variam entre os seus órgãos, e dependem de fatores inerentes ao genótipo e ao meio ambiente. A nodulação é mais efetiva na interação soja-bactéria diazotrófica do que na interação feijão-bactéria diazotrófica. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o crescimento e a partição de fotoassimilados ao longo dos ciclos do feijão e da soja e inferir o quanto isso pode afetar a nodulação das raízes. Para tanto, foi instalado um experimento com dois tratamentos, soja (cultivar BRS GO - 7760 - RR) e feijão comum (cultivar BRS Estilo), com quatro repetições, conduzido em vasos e inteiramente ao acaso. As sementes foram inoculadas com inoculantes comerciais específicos para feijão e soja LeguMax® (Novozymes-Turfal). Plantas foram coletadas ao longo de seus ciclos e medidas as áreas foliares e as massas secas de todos os órgãos, incluindo nódulos. Modelos matemáticos foram ajustados aos dados e, com base neles, foram estimados os indicadores fisiológicos instantâneos do crescimento e, também, foram avaliadas as porcentagens de partição de fotoassimilados entre os órgãos. A taxa de crescimento das culturas (CGR), as taxas de crescimento relativo (RGR), a taxa líquida de assimilação (NAR) e a taxa líquida de fotossíntese (Pn) apresentaram maiores valores na soja em relação ao feijoeiro. Para ambas as culturas as maiores taxas ocorreram no início do ciclo, decrescendo ao longo do ciclo cultural. Diferentemente do feijoeiro a soja tem alta capacidade de suprir de fotoassimilados a todos os seus órgãos ao longo de todo o seu ciclo, o que favorece o maior crescimento dos seus nódulos, justificando a sua maior capacidade na captura do N2 atmosférico.

Seed discontinuous hydration does not benefit germination, but improves drought tolerance of Triplaris gardneriana seedlings

The discontinuous seed hydration enables the acquisition of tolerance to environmental stresses, causing a stress imprint. It may modify metabolic patterns and lead to improved stress responses. This study aims to evaluate the effects of discontinuous hydration on germination and on seedling growth of Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. under intermittent drought. The seeds have gone through cycles (0, 1, 2 and 3) of hydration and dehydration (HD). The seedlings produced were subjected to water deficit (daily watering and intervals of seven and fourteen days between watering). Seed germinability parameters and, relative growth rate (RGR) of seedling, leaf area, dry matter yield and leaf relative water content (RWC) were evaluated. The HD cycles did not benefit germination, but two HD cycles induced a better biomass accumulation and increased leaf area in seedlings under moderate water deficit, while three HD cycles promoted an increase in RGR and influenced the RWC values. Severe stress affects seedling growth, but subjection to HD cycles minimizes the deleterious effects of drought, suggesting discontinuous hydration acts leading stress imprint in plants.

Seed discontinuous hydration does not benefit germination, but improves drought tolerance of Triplaris gardneriana seedlings

The discontinuous seed hydration enables the acquisition of tolerance to environmental stresses, causing a stress imprint. It may modify metabolic patterns and lead to improved stress responses. This study aims to evaluate the effects of discontinuous hydration on germination and on seedling growth of Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. under intermittent drought. The seeds have gone through cycles (0, 1, 2 and 3) of hydration and dehydration (HD). The seedlings produced were subjected to water deficit (daily watering and intervals of seven and fourteen days between watering). Seed germinability parameters and, relative growth rate (RGR) of seedling, leaf area, dry matter yield and leaf relative water content (RWC) were evaluated. The HD cycles did not benefit germination, but two HD cycles induced a better biomass accumulation and increased leaf area in seedlings under moderate water deficit, while three HD cycles promoted an increase in RGR and influenced the RWC values. Severe stress affects seedling growth, but subjection to HD cycles minimizes the deleterious effects of drought, suggesting discontinuous hydration acts leading stress imprint in plants.(AU)

Influência da compactação do solo no crescimento de milho (Zea mays L) em latossolo vermelho-amarelo / Influence of soil compaction in the growth of maize (Zea mays L) in oxisol

A compactação do solo constitui um fator limitante ao crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetativo, reduzindo a produtividade agrícola. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da profundidade da camada compactada e do nível de compactação de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico no crescimento de plântulas de milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdividas no tempo, disposto em um esquema fatorial 2×2 + 1, sendo duas densidades do solo (1,5 e 1,7 g cm-3), duas profundidades da camada compactada (0 -3 cm e 8 -11 cm) e um controle com densidade natural do solo (1,3 g cm-3), com três repetições. Foi cultivado o milho híbrido AG 1051 em colunas durante o período de 38 dias. Durante o período experimental, foram avaliados: a área foliar (AF), o número de folhas (NF), o diâmetro do caule (DC), comprimento do caule (CC), volume radicular (VR), massa seca foliar (MSF), do caule (MSC) e das raízes (MSR), a taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) e relativo (TCR). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o aumento da densidade do solo promoveu alterações morfológicas no diâmetro do caule (DC), e no volume da raiz (VR), e, consequentemente, na massa seca da raiz (MSR) e massa seca total (MST). A compactação na camada superficial é mais prejudicial ao crescimento da cultura do que na camada subsuperficial.

Soil compaction is a limiting factor to growth and vegetative development, reducing agricultural productivity. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the depth of the compacted layer and the level of compaction of a Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol on the growth of maize seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plots in time, arranged in a factorial 2 ×2 + 1, being two soil densities (1.5 and 1.7 g cm-3), two layers of compacted layer (0 -3 cm and 8 -11 cm) and a control with natural soil density (1.3 g cm-3), with three replications. Hybrid maize AG 1051 were cultivated in columns, over the period of 31 days. During the trial period, were evaluated: the leaf area (LA), the number of leaves (NL), stem diameter (SD), stem length (SL), root volume (RV), leaves dry matter (LDM), stem (SDM) and root (RDM), the absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative (RGR). According to the results, the increase in soil density promoted morphological changes in stem diameter, and the volume of the root, and consequently, the root dry mass and total dry matter. The compression in the surface layer is more harmful to crop growth than in the subsurface layer.

Influência da compactação do solo no crescimento de milho (Zea mays L) em latossolo vermelho-amarelo / Influence of soil compaction in the growth of maize (Zea mays L) in oxisol

A compactação do solo constitui um fator limitante ao crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetativo, reduzindo a produtividade agrícola. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da profundidade da camada compactada e do nível de compactação de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico no crescimento de plântulas de milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdividas no tempo, disposto em um esquema fatorial 2×2 + 1, sendo duas densidades do solo (1,5 e 1,7 g cm-3), duas profundidades da camada compactada (0 -3 cm e 8 -11 cm) e um controle com densidade natural do solo (1,3 g cm-3), com três repetições. Foi cultivado o milho híbrido AG 1051 em colunas durante o período de 38 dias. Durante o período experimental, foram avaliados: a área foliar (AF), o número de folhas (NF), o diâmetro do caule (DC), comprimento do caule (CC), volume radicular (VR), massa seca foliar (MSF), do caule (MSC) e das raízes (MSR), a taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) e relativo (TCR). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o aumento da densidade do solo promoveu alterações morfológicas no diâmetro do caule (DC), e no volume da raiz (VR), e, consequentemente, na massa seca da raiz (MSR) e massa seca total (MST). A compactação na camada superficial é mais prejudicial ao crescimento da cultura do que na camada subsuperficial.(AU)

Soil compaction is a limiting factor to growth and vegetative development, reducing agricultural productivity. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the depth of the compacted layer and the level of compaction of a Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol on the growth of maize seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plots in time, arranged in a factorial 2 ×2 + 1, being two soil densities (1.5 and 1.7 g cm-3), two layers of compacted layer (0 -3 cm and 8 -11 cm) and a control with natural soil density (1.3 g cm-3), with three replications. Hybrid maize AG 1051 were cultivated in columns, over the period of 31 days. During the trial period, were evaluated: the leaf area (LA), the number of leaves (NL), stem diameter (SD), stem length (SL), root volume (RV), leaves dry matter (LDM), stem (SDM) and root (RDM), the absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative (RGR). According to the results, the increase in soil density promoted morphological changes in stem diameter, and the volume of the root, and consequently, the root dry mass and total dry matter. The compression in the surface layer is more harmful to crop growth than in the subsurface layer.(AU)

Winery distillery waste compost effect on the performance of melon crop under field conditions

ABSTRACT: The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.

Winery distillery waste compost effect on the performance of melon crop under field conditions

ABSTRACT: The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.

Winery distillery waste compost effect on the performance of melon crop under field conditions

The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.(AU)

Flooding avoidance Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. (Polygonaceae): growth and morpho-anatomical aspects / Evitação do alagamento em Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. (Polygonaceae): crescimento e aspectos morfo-anatômicos

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of flooding in Triplaris gardneriana Wedd, cultivated in drained soil (control) and in flooded condition. The experiment was developed in a greenhouse, using plants with 90 days after the emergency. The response to treatment was evaluated at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. Growth measurements were made, such as biomass allocation, relative growth rate (RGR). Adventitious roots were not measured only observed, as well as the development of hypertrophied lenticels. The RGR was continuously reduced along the 90 days in flooding conditions for the roots, stem and leaves, compared to control. The flooding of the substrate caused alterations such as: increasing of the cortex width and diameter of the central cylinder of root and increasing the diameter of the vessel element of the root and stem. Results show that T. gardneriana remains under stress when submitted to flooding. Therefore, the production of structures as lenticels, aerenchyma and adventitious roots, structures related to the avoidance of this type of stress, were key factors for the maintenance and survival of T. gardneriana.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito do alagamento em Triplaris gardneriana Wedd, cultivadas em condições de solo drenado (controle) e solo alagado. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se plantas com 90 dias após a emergência. As respostas ao tratamento foram avaliadas para os períodos de 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias. Foram feitas medidas de crescimento, como alocação de biomassa, taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR). Raízes adventícias não foram medidas, apenas observadas, assim como o desenvolvimento de lenticelas hipertrofiadas. A TCR foi continuamente reduzida durante os 90 dias em condições de inundação para as raízes, o caule e as folhas em relação ao controle. O alagamento do substrato provocou alterações anatômicas como aumento da largura do córtex e do diâmetro do cilindro central da raiz e aumento do diâmetro dos elementos de vaso do caule e da raiz. Nossos resultados indicam que T. gardneriana permanece em estresse quando submetida a inundações. No entanto, a produção de estruturas relacionadas à evitação deste tipo de estresse foi chave para a manutenção e sobrevivência de T. gardneriana.(AU)

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE CARCAÇA E QUALIDADE DE CARNE DE OVINOS CLASSIFICADOS POR DIFERENTES MEDIDAS DE EFICIÊNCIA ALIMENTAR

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de duas medidas de eficiência alimentar nos índices zoométricos, nas características de carcaça e qualidade de carne. Foram utilizados 40 machos ovinos, não castrados, da raça Santa Inês, com idade inicial média de 187±30 dias e peso inicial médio de 44,5±4,1 kg. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi registrado durante 61 dias e os animais foram pesados a cada 14 dias para obtenção do ganho médio diário (GMD). Foram calculados o peso vivo médio metabólico (PVMM), a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), a taxa de Kleiber (TK), a conversão alimentar (CA), o consumo de matéria seca em relação ao peso vivo (CMSPV), o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) e o consumo e ganho residual (CGR). Medidas morfométricas foram registradas no início e no final do experimento para o cálculo dos índices zoométricos. Após o abate foram registrados os pesos dos componentes não carcaça, peso de carcaça quente, pH, temperatura e foram aferidas as medidas do trato gastrointestinal. Após o resfriamento as carcaças foram avaliadas quanto a conformação, escore de acabamento, medidas internas e externas e separação dos cortes comerciais. Em seguida foi registrada a área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura, perdas por cocção, força de cisalhamento (FC) e análise físico-química da carne. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelos procedimentos CORR e GLM (SAS, Inst., Inc.,Care, NC, USA). A análise de correlação (PROC CORR) foi feita pelo método de Pearson e a análise de variância (PROC GLM) foi realizada incluindo no modelo o efeito de classes de CAR ou RIG (SAS, Inst., Inc.,Care, NC, USA). A análise de correlação entre as características de eficiência, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne e índices zoométricos foram feitas pelo método de Pearson pelo PROC CORR (SAS, Inst., Inc., Care, NC, USA). Os animais mais eficientes pelo CAR e CGR tiveram um consumo de matéria seca de 0,700 Kg e 0,400 Kg, respectivamente, menor do que os menos eficientes. Os menores valores de conversão alimentar foram apresentados pelo grupo dos cordeiros mais eficientes, sendo 6,29 e 6,37, para CAR - e CGR +. Apesar destas variações nas medidas de eficiência, o ganho médio diário (0,230 kg/dia) não diferiu entre os grupos (P>0,05), assim como as demais variáveis de desempenho avaliadas. Ao analisar os índices zoométricos, as características de carcaça, os componentes não carcaça, os rendimentos dos cortes e a análise físico-química não foi observado diferença (P>0,05) entre os grupos classificados para CAR e para CGR, com exceção da FC, na qual os animais menos eficientes apresentaram uma carne com menor FC. A utilização de ambas as medidas estudadas são adequadas para identificar animais mais eficientes dentro de um grupo padronizado, sem causar prejuízos no desempenho, nas características de carcaça e qualidade de carne. .

This study aimed to investigate the effects of two feed efficiency measures on zoometric indices, on carcass characteristics and meat quality. Forty non-castrated male Santa Inês sheep were used, with an average initial age of 187±30 days and average starting weight of 44,5±4,1 kg. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded for 61 days and the animals were weighed every 14 days to obtain the average daily gain (ADG). There were calculated the metabolic body weight (MBW), relative growth rate (RGR), Kleibers ratio (KR), feed conversion rate (FCR), the dry matter intake in relation to the live weight (DMILW), residual feed intake (RFI) and the residual intake and gain (RIG). Morphometric measurements were recorded at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to calculate the zoometric indices. After slaughter, the weights of the non-carcass components, hot carcass weight, pH, Tº were recorded and the measurements of the gastrointestinal tract were measured. After cooling, the carcasses were classified in terms of conformation, finishing score, internal and external measures and separation of commercial cuts. Then the rib eye area, fat thickness, cooking losses, shear force and physical-chemical analysis of the meat were recorded. Statistical analyzes were performed using the CORR and GLM procedures (SAS, Inst., Inc.,Care, NC, USA). Correlation analysis (PROC CORR) was performed using Pearson's method and analysis of variance (PROC GLM) was performed including the effect of RFI or RIG classes (SAS, Inst., Inc., Care, NC, USA) in the model. The correlation analysis between efficiency characteristics, carcass characteristics, meat quality and zoometrics indices were performed using Persons method by PROC CORR (SAS, Inst., Inc., Care, NC, USA). The most efficient animals by RFI and RIG had a dry matter consumption of 0,700 Kg and 0,400 Kg, respectively, respectively, less than the least efficient. The lowest values of feed conversion were presented by the group of the most efficient lambs, being 6.29 and 6.37, for RFI - and RIG +. Despite these variations in efficiency measures, the average daily gain (0,230 kg / day) did not differ between groups (P> 0.05), as well as the other performance variables evaluated. When analyzing the zoometrics indices, the carcass characteristics, the non-carcass components, the cut yields and the physical-chemical analysis, no difference was observed (P> 0.05) between the groups classified for RFI and for RIG, except for the shear force (SF), in which the less efficient animals presented a meat with greater tenderness. The use of both measures studied are adequate to identify more efficient animals within a standardized group, without causing damage to performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality.

Grazing and nitrogen on the growth of roots in the mixture of oat and ryegrass / Pastejo e nitrogênio sobre o crescimento de raízes na mistura de aveia preta e azevém

This study evaluated the effect of grazing and its absence, and the nitrogen on the morphology ofroots of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).The experimental design was a randomized block design in split-split, the main portion was studythe effects of grazing and its absence, in the subplots the nitrogen doses of 75 and 150 kg ha-1 and in the sub-subplots were at sampling period. There was used the cylinder method to collect the root,being measured the length, surface area, mean diameter and volume by image analysis system Win /MacRizho (4.1c). Determined the dry mass of roots and shoot, and estimated the density of the roottissue and shoot:root ratio. From these results we determined the rate of root growth relative (RGR),relative root expansion rate (RRER) and rate of accumulation of dry matter daily (RADM). In the firstperiod, was higher RGR, RRER, the second period there was a reduction of the same, probably dueto the period of drought and plant senescence. There was also reduced due to grazing RADM. Withgrazing, the length, surface area, mean diameter and root volume were higher, indicating that there wasgreater root growth of plants grazed compared to ungrazed. The systems studied had no effect on thedry weight of roots. There were found greater specific mass and shot:root ratio in the system withoutgrazing. There was no significant difference between the nitrogen studied. At mixed of black oat andryegrass, the grazing and nitrogen dose until 150 kg ha-1 little affect root growth. The nitrogen dosechanged a little the growth rates and expansion of the roots. On the other hand, the grazing favored thelength, area, volume and root diameter.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do pastejo e sua ausência e doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre a morfologia de raízes da mistura de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos cazualizados em parcelas subsubdivididas, na parcela principal foram estudados os efeitos do pastejo e de sua ausência, na subparcela as doses de N 75 e 150 kg ha-1 e as sub-subparcelas às épocas de amostragens. Foi utilizado o método do cilindro para coleta de raiz, sendo mensurados o comprimento, área superficial, diâmetro médio e volume radical pelo sistema de análise de imagem Win/MacRizho (4.1c). Determinou-se a massa seca radical e da parte aérea e estimou-se a massa específica do tecido radical e a relação parte aérea: raiz. A partir destes resultados se calculou a taxa de crescimento relativo de raiz (TCRR), taxa de expansão relativa de raiz (TERR) e taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca diária (TAMS). No primeiro período, ocorreu maior TCRR e TERR, no segundo período ocorreu redução dos mesmos, provavelmente devido ao déficit hídrico e senescência das plantas. Também houve redução da TAMS devido ao pastejo. Com pastejo, o comprimento, área da superfície, diâmetro médio e volume radical foram maiores, indicando que houve maior crescimento radical de plantas pastejadas em comparação às não pastejadas. Os sistemas estudados não tiveram efeito sobre a massa seca radical. Foi observado maior massa específica e relaçãoparte aérea: raiz no sistema sem pastejo. Não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de nitrogênioestudadas. Na mistura de aveia preta e azevém, o pastejo e doses de N até 150 kg ha-1 pouco afetamo crescimento radical. As doses de adubação nitrogenada alteraram pouco as taxas de crescimento eexpansão radical. Por outro lado, o pastejo favoreceu o comprimento, área, volume e diâmetro radical.

Grazing and nitrogen on the growth of roots in the mixture of oat and ryegrass / Pastejo e nitrogênio sobre o crescimento de raízes na mistura de aveia preta e azevém

This study evaluated the effect of grazing and its absence, and the nitrogen on the morphology ofroots of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).The experimental design was a randomized block design in split-split, the main portion was studythe effects of grazing and its absence, in the subplots the nitrogen doses of 75 and 150 kg ha-1 and in the sub-subplots were at sampling period. There was used the cylinder method to collect the root,being measured the length, surface area, mean diameter and volume by image analysis system Win /MacRizho (4.1c). Determined the dry mass of roots and shoot, and estimated the density of the roottissue and shoot:root ratio. From these results we determined the rate of root growth relative (RGR),relative root expansion rate (RRER) and rate of accumulation of dry matter daily (RADM). In the firstperiod, was higher RGR, RRER, the second period there was a reduction of the same, probably dueto the period of drought and plant senescence. There was also reduced due to grazing RADM. Withgrazing, the length, surface area, mean diameter and root volume were higher, indicating that there wasgreater root growth of plants grazed compared to ungrazed. The systems studied had no effect on thedry weight of roots. There were found greater specific mass and shot:root ratio in the system withoutgrazing. There was no significant difference between the nitrogen studied. At mixed of black oat andryegrass, the grazing and nitrogen dose until 150 kg ha-1 little affect root growth. The nitrogen dosechanged a little the growth rates and expansion of the roots. On the other hand, the grazing favored thelength, area, volume and root diameter.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do pastejo e sua ausência e doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre a morfologia de raízes da mistura de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos cazualizados em parcelas subsubdivididas, na parcela principal foram estudados os efeitos do pastejo e de sua ausência, na subparcela as doses de N 75 e 150 kg ha-1 e as sub-subparcelas às épocas de amostragens. Foi utilizado o método do cilindro para coleta de raiz, sendo mensurados o comprimento, área superficial, diâmetro médio e volume radical pelo sistema de análise de imagem Win/MacRizho (4.1c). Determinou-se a massa seca radical e da parte aérea e estimou-se a massa específica do tecido radical e a relação parte aérea: raiz. A partir destes resultados se calculou a taxa de crescimento relativo de raiz (TCRR), taxa de expansão relativa de raiz (TERR) e taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca diária (TAMS). No primeiro período, ocorreu maior TCRR e TERR, no segundo período ocorreu redução dos mesmos, provavelmente devido ao déficit hídrico e senescência das plantas. Também houve redução da TAMS devido ao pastejo. Com pastejo, o comprimento, área da superfície, diâmetro médio e volume radical foram maiores, indicando que houve maior crescimento radical de plantas pastejadas em comparação às não pastejadas. Os sistemas estudados não tiveram efeito sobre a massa seca radical. Foi observado maior massa específica e relaçãoparte aérea: raiz no sistema sem pastejo. Não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de nitrogênioestudadas. Na mistura de aveia preta e azevém, o pastejo e doses de N até 150 kg ha-1 pouco afetamo crescimento radical. As doses de adubação nitrogenada alteraram pouco as taxas de crescimento eexpansão radical. Por outro lado, o pastejo favoreceu o comprimento, área, volume e diâmetro radical.(AU)

Seed treatment of Avena sativa l. with zinc: physiological quality and performance of initial plans / Tratamento de sementes de Avena sativa l. com zinco: qualidade fisiológica e desempenho inicial de plantas

The production and physiological seed quality are directly associated with a good availability of nutrients in the crop. Seed production in areas with zinc deficiency, can generate seeds with low content and concentration of this micronutrient, the logo may be less vigorous seedlings, which may reflect in low yield. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the influence of seed coating with zinc in oat seed physiological quality and initial growth of plants. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 X 5, two products (Teprosyn Zn and seed Quimifol 78 ®) and five doses (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 of the product 100 ml kg-1 seed) with four replications. The treated seed physiological quality was evaluated by testing first germination, germination and accelerated aging. For the initial plant growth variables plant height, leaf area and dry weight of plants were evaluated, and with the data of leaf area and dry matter of the plants was calculated growth rates of culture (TCC), rate relative growth (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) and measured in the same three periods (10, 20 and 30 DAE). The Teprosyn Zn and seed Quimifol 78 ® products can be used as a seed treatment to doses of 100 and 200 mL 100 kg-1 seed respectively, without harming the seed quality. The Teprosyn Zn product with 17 g L-1 of nitrogen and 600 g of zinc L-1, from the dose of 200 mL for 100 kg-1 seeds, 30 days after emergence, plant shows reduced growth and leaf area compared to maximum dose of technical efficiency.(AU)

A produção e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes estão diretamente associadas a uma boa disponibilidade de nutrientes na lavoura. A produção de sementes em áreas com deficiência de zinco, pode gerar sementes com baixo conteúdo e concentração deste micronutriente, logo as plântulas são menos vigorosas podendo refletir em baixo rendimento. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do recobrimento de sementes de aveia branca com zinco na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e no crescimento inicial de plantas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 2 X 5, sendo dois produtos (Teprosyn Zn e Quimifol seed 78®) e cinco doses (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 mL do produto 100 kg-1 de semente) com quatro repetições. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes tratadas foi avaliada pelos testes de primeira contagem de germinação, germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Para o crescimento inicial das plantas foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de planta, área foliar e matéria seca de plantas, sendo que com os dados de área foliar e matérias seca das plantas calculou-se as taxas de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), sendo as mesmas mensuradas em três períodos (10, 20 e 30 DAE). Os produtos Teprosyn Zn e Quimifol seed 78® podem ser usados no tratamento de sementes até asdoses de 100 e 200 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes respectivamente, sem prejudicar a qualidade fisiológica dassementes. O produto Teprosyn™ Zn com 17 g L-1 de nitrogênio e 600 g L-1 de zinco, a partir da dose de200 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes, 30 dias após a emergência, apresenta menor crescimento de planta e áreafoliar, comparativamente a dose de máxima eficiência técnica.(AU)

Consumo alimentar residual e sua relação com medidas de desempenho e eficiência e características in vivo da carcaça de cordeiros / The residual feed intake and its relationship with performance and efficiency measures and in vivo carcass characteristics of lambs

Avaliou-se o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) e a conversão alimentar (CA) de 20 cordeiros, com o objetivo de estimar as correlações entre essas variáveis com medidas de desempenho e com características in vivo da carcaça. Os animais tiveram o consumo de MS (CMS) mensurado por 65 dias e foram pesados a cada 13 dias para obtenção do ganho médio diário (GMD). Foram considerados o peso vivo inicial (PVI), o peso vivo final (PVF), o peso metabólico (PM), o GMD, a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), a taxa de Kleiber (TK), a CA, o CMS e o CMS em percentual do PV (CMSPV). As avaliações de carcaça foram realizadas por ultrassom. O CAR se mostrou correlacionado com o CMS (+0,81), o CMSPV (+0,90) e a CA (+0,63). Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre CA e GMD; CA e TCR; CA e TK; e CA e PVI (-0,63, -0,74, -0,75 e +0,51, respectivamente). O CAR e a CA não se mostraram correlacionados com características de carcaça, e, da mesma forma, não houve diferença entre as classes de CAR para essas variáveis. Confirmou-se o potencial do CAR como medida de eficiência alimentar para cordeiros em confinamento, sem existência de relações com o ganho de peso e o tamanho corporal e sem alterações na composição da carcaça.(AU)

The residual feed intake (RFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 20 lambs was evaluated in order to estimate the correlations between these traits and performance measures and with in vivo carcass characteristics. The animals had their dry matter intake (DMI) measured over 65 days and they were weighed every 13 days to determine the average daily weight gain (ADG). Initial body weight (IBW), final body weight (FBW), metabolic weight (MW), ADG, relative growth rate (RGR), Kleiber ratio (KR), FCR, DMI and DMI in BW percentual (BWDMI) were considered. The carcass evaluation was performed by ultrasound. The RFI was correlated with the DMI (+0.81), BWDMI (+0.90) and with FCR (+0.63). Significant correlations were found between FCR and ADG; FCR and RGR; and FCR and KR; and FCR and IBW (-0.63, -0.74, -0.75 and +0.51 respectively). The RFI and the FCR were not correlated with carcass traits and similarly there was no difference between the RFI-classes for these variables. It was proved the RFI has potential as a measure of feed efficiency for housed lambs, without the existence of relations with weight gain and body size of animals and without changes in carcass composition.(AU)

Análise de crescimento em plantas forrageiras aplicada ao manejo de pastagens / Growth analysis in forage plants applied to the pastures management

Growth analysis in forages is a method that describes the morphological and physiological conditions of the plant at different time intervals, between successive samplings, and proposes to follow the dynamics of photosynthetic production, measured by the accumulation of dry matter and leaf area calculations. It is the most accessible way to evaluate the growth and infer the contribution of different physiological processes for the plant behavior, allowing evaluating the final growth of the plant as a whole and the contribution of different organs in the total growth. Provides grant to assess the productivity of plants, plant responses to changes in the environment and grazing management, growth potential of cultivars and allows to know functional and structural differences between cultivars of the same species, favoring the selection of superior materials within a program of genetic improvement. It is successfully used in research on forage plants. The main characteristics of growth are: growth rate of the culture (GRC), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), which decomposes in specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (D). Given the considerations, the scope of this review is to summarize and discuss data relating to growth analysis in forages such as methodologies, modeling, variables that affect the analysis of experiments results, limitations, use of indexes and management practices.(AU)

A análise de crescimento em plantas forrageiras é um método que descreve as condições morfofisiológicas da planta em diferentes intervalos de tempo, entre amostragens sucessivas, e se propõe acompanhar a dinâmica da produção fotossintética, avaliada por meio do acúmulo de matéria seca e cálculos de áreas foliares. É o meio mais acessível para avaliar o crescimento e inferir sobre a contribuição de diferentes processos fisiológicos no comportamento vegetal, isso permite avaliar o crescimento final da planta como um todo e a contribuição dos diferentes órgãos no crescimento total. E ainda, fornece subsídio para avaliar a produtividade e as respostas das plantas às variações no ambiente e no manejo do pastejo, potencial de crescimento de cultivares, além de ser possível conhecer diferenças funcionais e estruturais entre cultivares de uma mesma espécie, o que favorece a seleção de materiais superiores dentro de um programa de melhoramento genético. E é utilizada com sucesso em pesquisas de plantas forrageiras. As principais características de crescimento são: taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC); taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR); taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL); razão de área foliar (RAF), que se decompõe em área foliar específica (AFE) e razão de peso foliar (RPF); índice de área foliar (IAF); e duração da área foliar (D). Face às considerações feitas, o escopo desta revisão é resumir e discutir os dados referentes à análise de crescimento em plantas forrageiras, tais como metodologias, modelagem, variáveis que afetam a análise, resultados de experimentos, limitações e uso dos índices e práticas de manejo.(AU)

Growth analysis of Cynodon grasses in response to harvest frequency / Análise de crescimento de capins do gênero Cynodon submetidos a frequências de colheita

The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of three harvest frequencies (14; 28 and 42 days) in three cultivars of Cynodon (Tifton 85, Jiggs and Vaquero) for two seasons (summer and winter), through growth analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Harvesting every 42 days resulted in higher Culture Growth Rate - CGR (30.9 g DM/m2/day) in the summer. In winter the CGR was higher under the 14 (11.6 g DM/m2/day) and the 28 days after cut (11.1 g DM/m2/day). Higher Relative Growth Rate - RGR occured at 28 (0.26 g/g/day) and 42 days (0.32 g/g/day) frequencies also in the summer. In the winter higher RGR was observed in the 28 days schedule (0.21 g/g/day). Higher Leaf Area Ratio - LAR and Leaf Weight Ratio - LWR occurred at the 28 days frequency in the summer. Cultivars did not differ in any of the parameters. Only the Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) in the summer, was higher in Vaquero than in the other cultivars. All three grasses harvested every 28 days produced more when the goal was to produce forage with a higher leaf proportion.

Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar o efeito de três frequências de colheita (14, 28 e 42 dias) em três cultivares do gênero Cynodon (Tifton 85, Jiggs e Vaquero) em duas estações do ano (verão agrostológico e inverno agrostológico) por meio da análise de crescimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado com quatro repetições. A frequência de 42 dias de colheita resultou em maior Taxa de Crescimento da Cultura - TCC (30,9 g MS/m2/dia) no verão. No inverno a TCC foi maior nas frequências de 14 (11,6 g MS/m2/dia) e 28 (11,1 g MS/m2/dia) dias de rebrotação. Maior Taxa de Crescimento Relativo (TCR) ocorreu nas frequências de 28 (0,26 g/g/dia) e 42 dias (0,32 g/g/dia) também no verão. No inverno, maior TCR ocorreu na frequência de 28 dias (0,21 g/g/dia). Maior Razão de Área Foliar (RAF) e Razão de Peso Foliar (RPF) ocorreram na frequência de 28 dias no verão. Os cultivares não se diferenciaram em nenhum dos parâmetros. Apenas a taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL) no verão, foi superior no Vaquero em relação aos demais cultivares. Os três capins colhidos a cada 28 dias apresentaram maior produção quando o objetivo foi produzir forragem com maior proporção de folhas.

Análise de crescimento de mamona semeada em diferentes épocas

The objective was to study external effects on growth, development and plant productivity. The experiment was conducted with 'BRS Energia' sown at three times in 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. It was evaluated the relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield and the main meteorological variables. The highest relative growth rate and net assimilation rate occurred at an average temperature of 22.5 to 25.7°C and average daily insolation greater than six hours, which coincide with November and December sowings in Southern Brazil. The highest yields were observed in October and November sowings.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos dos fatores externos no crescimento, desenvolvimento e na produtividade da planta de mamona. O experimento foi realizado com a cultivar 'BRS Energia' semeada em três épocas nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10 em Pelotas - RS. As variáveis avaliadas foram a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), produtividade e as principais variáveis meteorológicas. A maior taxa de crescimento relativo e assimilatória líquida ocorre nos períodos de temperatura média de 22,5 a 25,7°C e insolação média diária maior que seis horas, que coincidem com as semeaduras de novembro e dezembro na região de Pelotas, enquanto as maiores produtividades ocorrem nas semeaduras de outubro e novembro.

Análise de crescimento de mamona semeada em diferentes épocas

The objective was to study external effects on growth, development and plant productivity. The experiment was conducted with 'BRS Energia' sown at three times in 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. It was evaluated the relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield and the main meteorological variables. The highest relative growth rate and net assimilation rate occurred at an average temperature of 22.5 to 25.7°C and average daily insolation greater than six hours, which coincide with November and December sowings in Southern Brazil. The highest yields were observed in October and November sowings.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos dos fatores externos no crescimento, desenvolvimento e na produtividade da planta de mamona. O experimento foi realizado com a cultivar 'BRS Energia' semeada em três épocas nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10 em Pelotas - RS. As variáveis avaliadas foram a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), produtividade e as principais variáveis meteorológicas. A maior taxa de crescimento relativo e assimilatória líquida ocorre nos períodos de temperatura média de 22,5 a 25,7°C e insolação média diária maior que seis horas, que coincidem com as semeaduras de novembro e dezembro na região de Pelotas, enquanto as maiores produtividades ocorrem nas semeaduras de outubro e novembro.

Análise de crescimento de mamona semeada em diferentes épocas

The objective was to study external effects on growth, development and plant productivity. The experiment was conducted with 'BRS Energia' sown at three times in 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. It was evaluated the relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield and the main meteorological variables. The highest relative growth rate and net assimilation rate occurred at an average temperature of 22.5 to 25.7°C and average daily insolation greater than six hours, which coincide with November and December sowings in Southern Brazil. The highest yields were observed in October and November sowings.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos dos fatores externos no crescimento, desenvolvimento e na produtividade da planta de mamona. O experimento foi realizado com a cultivar 'BRS Energia' semeada em três épocas nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10 em Pelotas - RS. As variáveis avaliadas foram a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), produtividade e as principais variáveis meteorológicas. A maior taxa de crescimento relativo e assimilatória líquida ocorre nos períodos de temperatura média de 22,5 a 25,7°C e insolação média diária maior que seis horas, que coincidem com as semeaduras de novembro e dezembro na região de Pelotas, enquanto as maiores produtividades ocorrem nas semeaduras de outubro e novembro.