Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

Physiological effects of land and water treadmill exercise in dogs / Efeitos do exercício em esteira terrestre ou aquática sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães

The application of hydrotherapy is growing in the field of animal rehabilitation to improve strength, endurance, fitness, and range of motion, in addition to reducing pain. In the same way, land-based activity is recommended for various conditions, including hypertension, muscle atrophy, and obesity. There is a lack of studies that evaluate the safety of incremental exercise in American Pit Bull Terriers. This study assessed the influence of activity on underwater and dry land treadmills on the physiological parameters of dogs. In this regard, 12 adult, male, healthy, and untrained American Pit Bull Terriers were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) on the underwater treadmill (Group I) and the dry land treadmill (Group II). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and electrocardiographic evaluation, were evaluated before activity (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 min after (T2), and 90 min after the end of exercise (T3), and plasmatic lactate concentrations were measured at T0, T1, and T2 time points. Results obtained were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey's test, considering P<0.05. Water activity induced a reduction in RR (P=0.00674) in all examinations after the test on the underwater treadmill and proved to be more demanding than activity on the land treadmill, considering the presence of a deeper and slower RR. Exercise sessions in both groups did not elevate the lactate concentration. The IET can be performed safely on an underwater or dry land treadmill in healthy American Pit Bulls.

A hidroterapia apresenta crescente aplicação no ramo da reabilitação animal, com o intuito de aumentar a força, resistência muscular e amplitude de movimento articular, além de reduzir a dor e melhorar o condicionamento físico do paciente. Assim como a hidroterapia, a atividade desenvolvida em solo é indicada para diversas afecções, inclusive para pacientes hipertensos, com atrofia muscular ou com sobrepeso. São escassos os estudos que avaliam a segurança de testes incrementais em esteira aquática e em esteira seca em American Pit Bull Terriers. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade em esteira aquática e em esteira seca sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães. Para isto, cães da raça American Pit Bull Terrier (n=12) machos, adultos, saudáveis e não treinados foram submetidos a teste de esforço incremental (TEI) em hidroesteira com água (Grupo I) e sem água (Grupo II). A frequência cardíaca (FR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e avaliação eletrocardiográfica, foram aferidas antes da atividade (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos após (T2) e 90 minutos após o exercício (T3), e a concentração plasmática de lactato foi dosada nos momentos T0, T1 e T2. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo Teste de Tukey, considerando significativo o valor de P < 0.05. Houve diminuição da frequência respiratória (P = 0,00674) após a atividade em esteira aquática, que se mostrou mais exigente que a atividade em esteira terrestre, considerando a apresentação de padrão respiratório mais lento e profundo. As sessões de exercício em ambos os grupos não elevaram a concentração de lactato. O teste de esforço incremental em esteira aquática, ou em esteira seca, pode ser desenvolvido com segurança por cães American Pit Bull saudáveis.

Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina na medicação pré-anestésica de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva / Cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine alone and associated to morphine as premedicants in healthy bitches undergoing ovariohisterectomy / Efectos cardiorespiratorios de la dexmedetomidina aislada y asociada con morfina sobre medicamentos pre-anestésicos de perras sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em pacientes submetidas à anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Vinte cadelas saudáveis foram selecionadas a partir de exames físico e laboratoriais. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: dexmedetomidina (10 µg/Kg) (GD) e dexmedetomidina (10 µg/Kg) associado com morfina 0,3 mg/Kg (GDM), administrados pela via intramuscular (IM). Ato contínuo, o paciente foi induzido com propofol (à efeito) e mantido com isoflurano diluído em oxigênio 100% e administrado através de vaporizador calibrado. Foram aferidos os parâmetros fisiológicos: frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), temperatura corporal (T°C), pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina (SpO2), pressão parcial de gás carbônico no final da expiração (ETCO2) e isoflurano expirado (ETISO). A hemogasometria arterial foi utilizada para a análise do potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), bicarbonato (HCO3-) e pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2). O procedimento cirúrgico teve duração máxima de 45 minutos. Os parâmetros demonstraram diferença estatística entre os tempos e grupos avaliados, de acordo com os testes de Tukey e Bonferroni (p<0,05). Observou-se bradicardia 30 minutos após a aplicação da medicação pré-anestésica e acidemia no período trans-anestésico. Apesar disto, tanto a dexmedetomidina isolada quanto associada, conferiram estabilidade hemodinâmica e respiratória, apesar da bradicardia e acidemia observada.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine. Twenty healthy dogs were selected from physical and laboratory exams. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups: 10 µg/Kg dexmedetomidine (DG) and 10 µg/Kg dexmedetomidine group associated with 0.3 mg/Kg morphine (GDM), administered intramuscularly (IM). The patients were induced with propofol (to effect) and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen and administered through a calibrated vaporizer. Physiological parameters were measured: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), body temperature (T°C), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (ETISO). Arterial blood gas analysis was used to analyze hydrogen potential (pH), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The surgical procedure lasted up to 45 minutes. The parameters showed a statistical difference between the times and groups evaluated, according to the Tukey and Bonferroni tests (p<0.05). Bradycardia was observed 30 minutes after the application of pre-anesthesic medication and acidemia in the trans-anesthetic period. Despite this, both dexmedetomidine alone and associated, provided good hemodynamic and respiratory stability, despite the bradycardia and acidemia observed.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos cardiorrespiratorios de la dexmedetomidina sola y asociada con la morfina en pacientes sometidas a anestesia general por inhalación con isoflurano y sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva. Se seleccionaron veinte perras sanas a partir de exámenes físicos y de laboratorio. Los animales se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: dexmedetomidina (10 µg/kg) (GD) y dexmedetomidina (10 µg/kg) asociada con 0,3 mg/kg de morfina (GDM), administrada por vía intramuscular (IM). Posteriormente, el paciente fue inducido con propofol (en efecto) y mantenido con isoflurano diluido en oxígeno al 100% y administrado mediante de un vaporizador calibrado. Se midieron parámetros fisiológicos: frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y respiratoria (f), temperatura corporal (T°C), presión arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) y media (PAM), saturación de oxígeno de hemoglobina (SpO2), presión parcial de carbono dióxido al final de la expiración (ETCO2) e isoflurano expirado (ETISO). Se utilizó gasometría arterial para analizar el potencial de hidrógeno (pH), el bicarbonato (HCO3-) y la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2). El procedimiento quirúrgico tuvo una duración máxima de 45 minutos. Los parámetros mostraron diferencia estadística entre los tiempos y grupos evaluados, según las pruebas de Tukey y Bonferroni (p <0.05). Se observó bradicardia 30 minutos después de la aplicación de medicación preanestésica y acidemia en el período transnestésico. A pesar de esto, tanto la dexmedetomidina aislada como la asociada proporcionaron estabilidad hemodinámica y respiratoria, a pesar de la bradicardia y acidemia observadas.(AU)

Pelger-Huёt anomaly in a bitch Basenji

Background: Pelger-Huët anomaly (PHA) is characterized by morphological changes in all granulocytes, being more evident in neutrophils. Granulocytic function in these animals remains unchanged. Hereditary form of PHA should be differentiated from pseudo-PHA,a condition acquired from infections and/or inflammation conditions. Recognition of PHA is important to avoid misleading leukogram interpretation, since hyposegmentation of neutrophils can be confused with left shift, making it necessary to carry out diagnostic tests and treatment for the disease that is generating the deviation. The objective of this case report was to demonstrate the importance of laboratory diagnosis in PHA. Case: A 11-month-old bitch Basenji, was presented to perform preoperative evaluation for elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy at Veterinary Hospital (HUVET) of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Tutor reported that animal was healthy, vaccination status was current, had deworming protocol applied and had not made use of medications recently. Animal presented normophagy, normodipsia, normuria and normochezia. Upon physical examination, animal was alert consciousness level, with adequate hydration, hyperemic oral mucosa, a less than 2 s capillary perfusion time, normal lymph nodes (submandibular, pre-scapular, inguinal and popliteal), rectal temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 160 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 60 movements per minute, possibly due to the animal's agitated state. Abdominal palpation showed no changes. Physical examination presented no alterations. Preoperative exams included complete blood count (CBC) and biochemistry profile (ALT, AP, glucose, creatinine, urea, total proteins and fractions). Samples were sent to Hospital's Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory (LABHUVET/UFF) for analysis. CBC was performed using automatic method. Blood smears were stained with hematological stain and then a cytomorphological evaluation was performed. The first CBC revealed 23% of neutrophils with nuclear hyposegmentation and 44% of neutrophils were bands. A follow up was performed after 9 months, and a Complete Blood Count was performed again in which 12% of neutrophils showed nuclear hyposegmentation with mature chromatin pattern, 40% of neutrophils were bands, 1% of meta-myelotcytes neutrophils, 1% of myelocytes neutrophils and, also, eosinophils with nuclear hyposegmentation. Animal was healthy, and had no alterations on physical examination suggesting a diagnosis of PHA. Discussion: Recognition of PHA is important to avoid misleading leukogram interpretation, since neutrophils hyposegmentation can be confused with left shift, which is considered severe with poor prognosis, making it necessary to carry out diagnostic tests and treatment for the disease that is generating the deviation. The diagnosis of PHA was considered by the shape of the leukocytes nuclei, without evidence of inflammatory disease, during the patient follow up. Therefore, this anomaly should be considered as a differential diagnosis of left shift, thus avoiding unnecessary clinical and therapeutic procedures. Guidance in face of this hereditary hematological syndrome is important. The responsible guardian of the animal must not allow it to act as a breeder in order to interrupt possible transmission of this anomaly to offspring, because there is a fatal form when it comes to homozygotes.

Chemodectoma in a bitch

Background: Chemodectomas, better known as tumors of the base of the heart, arise from aortic bodies, respiratory chemoreceptors located near or inside the aortic arch or originate from receptors located in the carotid arteries. Relatively rare, they affect dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats. They gain great importance when they influence the function of the cardiovascular system, with animals showing clinical signs related to congestive heart failure. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptomatology and complementary tests such as radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography, while the definitive diagnosis is obtained by cytological and histopathological exams. This study aims to reports a case of malignant chemodectoma in a bitch, whose main symptomatology was neurological and not cardiovascular. Case: A 1-year-old Rottweiler bitch was attended with neurological alterations compatible with vestibular syndrome, hyporexia, dysphagia, apathy, melena, emesis, and purulent nasal discharge on the right nostril. On physical examination, the animal showed depressed level of consciousness, poor body condition, bilateral quemosis, paralysis of the right eye, inspiratory dyspnea and muffling of cardiac auscultation, besides a subcutaneous nodule between the scapulae. On neurological evaluation, horizontal nystagmus, head tilt to the right side, ventromedial strabismus and facial nerve paralysis on the right side were observed so that the localization of the lesion was set in peripheral vestibular system. During anesthesia for esophageal tube placement, a mass from the hard palate to the oropharynx was noted, making endotracheal intubation impossible to perform. Biopsy of this nodule was performed, and tracheostomy was indicated, but the owner opted for euthanasia before the procedure. Necropsy revealed white soft masses in the bilateral retromandibular region, on the subcutaneous tissue near the scapulae, in the right ear and since nasopharynx to the soft palate, in addition to sparse white nodules in the heart, lung, carotid artery, kidneys, right ovary, mesentery near to the spleen, and axillary lymph node. Histologically, the nodules were characterized by neoplastic cells population organized in short bundles or cords, arranged around small blood vessels surrounded by delicate connective tissue. Neoplastic cells infiltrated muscles and blood and lymphatic vessels were filled by multiple neoplastic emboli. The histological pattern of the cells allowed the diagnosis of chemodectoma. Discussion: The bitch from this case had 1-year-old when diagnosed with chemodectoma, differently from most cases from literature, that are between 7 to 15 years old. Furthermore, primarily cardiac tumors are considered rare, being chemodectoma the most common, often reported in Boxer and Boston Terrier dogs, but unusual in Rottweilers. Despites some articles mentioning seizure and Horner's Syndrome secondary to a carotid body chemodectoma, neurological signs are not commonly observed in these cases. The presence of the tumor in the middle ear region of the right side supports the occurrence of peripheral vestibular syndrome and facial nerve paralysis on the same side. Because it is a neoplasm that is usually detected late during the course of the disorder, most patients either cannot obtain diagnosis in vivo, as in this reported animal, which was in such a critical condition that underwent euthanasia, or there are no more possible therapeutic choices. In the patient described, there were numerous metastatic masses and nodules spread throughout the body. Although the typical clinical signs in animals with chemodectomas are often related to heart disease, neurological signs may also be present. This report emphasizes the importance of chemodectoma being included as a differential diagnosis in young dogs and even in breeds such as Rottweiler.

Physiological and hematological parameters of sheep reared in the tropics and subtropics / [Parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos criados nos trópicos e nos subtrópicos]

This study aimed to determine the physiological and hematological parameters of sheep in Brazil. Therefore, 5,081 observations were used from previous experiments with animals from different Brazilian regions with the time of day, gender, breed, age, physiological characteristics, hematological and climatic variables. The animals were classified according to their stress level, and only data of non-stressed animals were used to calculate the reference values. Respiratory rate was the parameter that most differed from the normal range, with values ​​above the limits usually reported for the species, being higher in commercial wool sheep. For hematological variables, differences were observed between the present results and the previously reported values in the literature. A higher number of red blood cells (RBC), lower hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in young animals. A higher number of RBC and MCHC were noted in sheep crossed with local breeds. Considering that physiological and hematological parameters are indicators of the animal's pathological or physiological state, for a correct interpretation of the results, the use of reference values based on animals with similar racial characteristics and subjected to similar environmental conditions is recommended.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos no Brasil. Portanto, foram utilizadas 5.081 observações de experimentos anteriores com animais de diversas regiões do Brasil, com diferentes horário, sexo, raça, idade, características fisiológicas, variáveis ​​hematológicas e climáticas. Os animais foram classificados de acordo com o nível de estresse, e apenas os dados dos animais não estressados ​​foram utilizados para o cálculo dos valores de referência. A frequência respiratória foi o parâmetro que mais diferiu em relação à normalidade, com valores acima dos limites usualmente relatados para a espécie, sendo maior em ovinos de lã comercial. Para as variáveis ​​hematológicas, também foram verificadas diferenças entre os resultados observados e os valores previamente relatados na literatura. Maior número de hemácias, menor hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHbCM) foram observados em animais jovens e maior número de hemácias e CHbCM em ovinos cruzados com raças locais. Considerando que os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos são indicadores do estado patológico ou fisiológico do animal, para uma correta interpretação dos resultados recomenda-se a utilização de valores de referência baseados em animais com características raciais semelhantes e submetidos a condições ambientais também semelhantes.(AU)

Use of external nasal strip influences alveolar cell population of horses after exercise / Uso de fita nasal influencia a população de células alveolares em equinos após exercício

The nasal strip is widely used in horses during exercise, but effects of using a nasal strip are controversial and little is known about its effect on horses undergoing endurance events. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of nasal strips influences alveolar cell population assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tidal volume, and nasal airflow rate. Six Arabian horses were subjected to two low intensity tests on a treadmill, with and without application of a commercial external nasal strip. Tidal volumes and airflow rates were measured during the test; two hours after the test, BAL was performed to assess cytology of pulmonary secretions. The lavage fluid showed increased neutrophil count after exercise in animals with the nasal strip (P<0.05). This suggests that turbulence of airflow through the nasal cavity may have diminished with nasal strip use, thus allowing larger particles to be deposited more distally in the respiratory system, inducing a more intense neutrophilic response. No differences in tidal volumes or airflow rates were observed between groups (with or without nasal strips) during the test (P>0.05). The use of nasal strips seems to influence alveolar cell population during and after exercise in horses after low intensity exercise tests. Further studies are needed to verify whether alveolar cell population is related to poor exercise performance in horses.(AU)

A fita nasal é amplamente utilizada em equinos durante o exercício, porém seus resultados são controversos e pouco conhecidos em animais que disputam provas de resistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o uso da fita nasal influencia a população de células alveolares por meio de lavado broncoalveolar, volume corrente e fluxo de ar nasal. Foram utilizados seis equinos da raça Árabe, que realizaram dois testes de longa duração em esteira, sendo um teste com a fita e outro sem a fita nasal. Fluxo e volume respiratório foram mensurados durante o teste; duas horas após o término do exercício, foi realizado lavado broncoalveolar para realização de citologia da secreção pulmonar. Foi verificada maior porcentagem de neutrófilos após o exercício nos animais que se exercitaram com a fita nasal (P<0,05), indicando que o turbilhonamento na passagem do ar através da cavidade nasal pode ter diminuído, permitindo que partículas maiores se depositassem em porções mais distais do sistema respiratório, induzindo uma resposta neutrofílica mais intensa. Não houve diferenças entre os parâmetros ventilatórios analisados entre os animais quando correram com ou sem a fita nasal (P>0,05). O uso da fita nasal parece influenciar alguns parâmetros, durante e após o exercício, em animais que realizam provas de longa duração. Outros estudos devem ser realizados para verificar se essa influência pode melhorar o desempenho desses animais em exercícios predominantemente aeróbicos.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas e status de hidratação em equinos após dois percursos de três tambores

Studies on biochemical constituents and hydration of horses in training or competitions are essential for the knowledge of their adaptive physiological and metabolic responses to the type of exercise inherent to the sport. The present research evaluated the effects of exercise on hydric status and physiologic and biochemical profiles in Quarter Horses during a barrel race training session. The design consisted of three evaluation times (T): at rest, before the start of physical activity (T0); immediately after a 10-minute warm-up trot and then running the barrel race courses twice with a 10-minute interval (T1); and after one hour's rest after the second course (T2). The parameters analyzed were: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and mucose color; the capillary refill time (CRT), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma proteins (TPP), serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated and used to infer water status; plasma osmolarity (Osm) was measured; the electrolytes sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg) and phosphorus (P), plasma glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) and the muscle enzymes creattine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) completed the evaluated parameters. The data for the variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% probability. After exercise (in T1), HR, RR, BT, PCV, TPP, Glu, Lac, Cre increased (P<0.05), there was also increase in phosphorus and decrease in K (P<0.05), but there was no hypophosphatemia and hipokalemia, respectively. After rest (in T2), only glucose returned to baseline levels (T0) and, with lower mean values, HR, RR, BT, PCV, K and Lac did not return to baseline levels (T0), while P decreased (P<0.05). Osm, BUN, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK and AST did not change between times (P>0.05). It was concluded that the maximum intensity exercise performed on two barrel race courses caused mild hemoconcentration, did not changed plasma osmolality or concentrations of important electrolytes and muscle enzymes of horses, but caused hyperlactatemia without the plasma lactate concentrations being fully recomposed after resting.(AU)

O perfil bioquímico e o status de hidratação de equinos em treinamentos ou competições fornecem dados importantes das suas respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas em relação ao tipo específico de exercício em uma modalidade esportiva. No presente estudo, o status hídrico e o perfil fisiológico-bioquímico de equinos foram avaliados durante treinamento de três tambores, em três tempos (T): em repouso, antes do início da atividade física (T0); imediatamente após 10 minutos de aquecimento ao trote seguido de duas corridas na pista de tambor, intervaladas em 10 minutos (T1); e após uma hora de descanso do segundo percurso (T2). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (BT) e cor da mucosa; o tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC), volume globular ou hematócrito (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), creatinina sérica (Cre) e a ureia (Ure) foram avaliados e utilizados para inferir o estado hídrico dos animais; a osmolaridade plasmática (Osm) também foi mensurada; as concentrações dos eletrólitos sódio (Na), potássio (K), cloreto (Cl), cálcio total (tCa), magnésio total (tMg) e fósforo (P), e das enzimas musculares foram mensurados no soro, e as de glicose (Gli) e lactato (Lac) no plasma. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o exercício (T1), a FC, FR, TC, VG, TPP, Gli, Lac, Cre aumentaram. O P também aumentou (P<0,05), mas não alcançou nível de hiperfosfatemia, e o K diminuiu (P<0,05), mas não ao nível de hipocalemia. Embora com médias menores, a FC, FR, TC, VG, K e o Lac não retornaram aos níveis basais (T0) após o repouso (T2), apenas a Gli, enquanto o fósforo diminuiu (P<0,05). A Osm, ureia, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK e AST não variaram entre os tempos (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, o exercício de intensidade máxima realizado em dois percursos de três tambores causou leve hemoconcentração, não alterou a osmolaridade plasmática nem importantes concentrações de eletrólitos e de enzimas musculares dos equinos, porém, causou hiperlactatemia, sem completa recomposição da concentração do lactato após uma hora de descanso.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas e status de hidratação em equinos após dois percursos de três tambores

Studies on biochemical constituents and hydration of horses in training or competitions are essential for the knowledge of their adaptive physiological and metabolic responses to the type of exercise inherent to the sport. The present research evaluated the effects of exercise on hydric status and physiologic and biochemical profiles in Quarter Horses during a barrel race training session. The design consisted of three evaluation times (T): at rest, before the start of physical activity (T0); immediately after a 10-minute warm-up trot and then running the barrel race courses twice with a 10-minute interval (T1); and after one hour's rest after the second course (T2). The parameters analyzed were: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and mucose color; the capillary refill time (CRT), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma proteins (TPP), serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated and used to infer water status; plasma osmolarity (Osm) was measured; the electrolytes sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg) and phosphorus (P), plasma glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) and the muscle enzymes creattine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) completed the evaluated parameters. The data for the variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% probability. After exercise (in T1), HR, RR, BT, PCV, TPP, Glu, Lac, Cre increased (P<0.05), there was also increase in phosphorus and decrease in K (P<0.05), but there was no hypophosphatemia and hipokalemia, respectively. After rest (in T2), only glucose returned to baseline levels (T0) and, with lower mean values, HR, RR, BT, PCV, K and Lac did not return to baseline levels (T0), while P decreased (P<0.05). Osm, BUN, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK and AST did not change between times (P>0.05). It was concluded that the maximum intensity exercise performed on two barrel race courses caused mild hemoconcentration, did not changed plasma osmolality or concentrations of important electrolytes and muscle enzymes of horses, but caused hyperlactatemia without the plasma lactate concentrations being fully recomposed after resting.(AU)

O perfil bioquímico e o status de hidratação de equinos em treinamentos ou competições fornecem dados importantes das suas respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas em relação ao tipo específico de exercício em uma modalidade esportiva. No presente estudo, o status hídrico e o perfil fisiológico-bioquímico de equinos foram avaliados durante treinamento de três tambores, em três tempos (T): em repouso, antes do início da atividade física (T0); imediatamente após 10 minutos de aquecimento ao trote seguido de duas corridas na pista de tambor, intervaladas em 10 minutos (T1); e após uma hora de descanso do segundo percurso (T2). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (BT) e cor da mucosa; o tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC), volume globular ou hematócrito (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), creatinina sérica (Cre) e a ureia (Ure) foram avaliados e utilizados para inferir o estado hídrico dos animais; a osmolaridade plasmática (Osm) também foi mensurada; as concentrações dos eletrólitos sódio (Na), potássio (K), cloreto (Cl), cálcio total (tCa), magnésio total (tMg) e fósforo (P), e das enzimas musculares foram mensurados no soro, e as de glicose (Gli) e lactato (Lac) no plasma. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o exercício (T1), a FC, FR, TC, VG, TPP, Gli, Lac, Cre aumentaram. O P também aumentou (P<0,05), mas não alcançou nível de hiperfosfatemia, e o K diminuiu (P<0,05), mas não ao nível de hipocalemia. Embora com médias menores, a FC, FR, TC, VG, K e o Lac não retornaram aos níveis basais (T0) após o repouso (T2), apenas a Gli, enquanto o fósforo diminuiu (P<0,05). A Osm, ureia, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK e AST não variaram entre os tempos (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, o exercício de intensidade máxima realizado em dois percursos de três tambores causou leve hemoconcentração, não alterou a osmolaridade plasmática nem importantes concentrações de eletrólitos e de enzimas musculares dos equinos, porém, causou hiperlactatemia, sem completa recomposição da concentração do lactato após uma hora de descanso.(AU)

Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom

Background:Scolopendra polymorpha (S. polymorpha) is a predatory centipede whose venom contains a multiplicity of biochemical effectors that can cause muscle damage and cumulative cell destruction in its prey. Despite previous investigations of S. polymorpha and other centipede venoms, there is a lack of information on the morphological and biochemical patterns elicited by their myotoxic effects. To elucidate these processes, this paper presents evidence of skeletal muscle damage, and alterations in key biochemical mediators that appear only after exposure to centipede venom.Methods:Venom was collected and fractionated using RP-HPLC; mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was exposed to whole venom and venom fractions to evaluate myotoxicity by means of creatine kinase (CK) - a muscle damage marker - activity measurements and histochemical analysis.Results:CK activity was higher in EDL muscle exposed to venom than in unexposed muscle. This increase was observed after 15 min of venom incubation, and remained stable up to 45 min. Venom-exposed EDL muscle showed signs of muscle damage including necrosis, loss of fascicular structure as well as mitochondrial accumulations and ragged red fibers (RRF), suggesting an impairment in the normal mitochondrial arrangement. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) tests also indicate that respiratory complexes might be affected.Conclusion:Our results suggest a different biochemical composition of S. polymorpha venom, based on the different effects of four venom fractions on the cells tested, according to statistical evidence. Fractions F6 and F7 caused the most important alterations.(AU)

Thermal stress alters the basal value of serum proteins in laying hens / O estresse térmico altera o valor basal das proteínas séricas em galinhas poedeiras

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal stress on the physiological and metabolic parameters in laying hens and the microbiological quality of eggs. The experiment was performed with 50 Rhode Island Red hens in the initial laying phase, under standard diet, lodged in 20 m² stalls under controlled temperature, for 30 days. The laying hens were randomly divided into two groups: G1 - the control group, which contained 10 hens exposed to the temperature of 17 ºC; G2 - the treatment group, which contained 40 hens exposed to the temperature of 30 ºC. The physiological parameters evaluated were: cloacal temperature, body surface temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and weight. Biochemical tests included total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose. The group subjected to thermal stress showed lower body weight, increased heart rate, a slight increase in the respiratory rate, and increase in body surface temperature when compared with the control group (P < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed regarding cloacal temperature. As for the metabolic parameters, the treated group showed an increase in total proteins and globulins compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while albumin remained at basal levels. Additionally, hypoglycemia was observed in the treated group. Samples from egg shells and yolk were subjected to the analyses for the detection of Salmonella spp. These microorganisms were not detected amongst the egg samples.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico nos parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de poedeiras, bem como na qualidade microbiológica dos ovos. O experimento foi realizado com 50 poedeiras da raça Rhode Island Red, em fase inicial de postura, recebendo dieta padronizada, alojadas em baias com aproximadamente 20 m2, com temperatura controlada, durante um período de 30 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos: G1 - grupo controle contendo 10 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 17 °C; e G2 - grupo tratamento contendo 40 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 30 °C. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: temperatura cloacal, temperatura corporal superficial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e peso. Foram realizados os exames bioquímicos de proteína total, albumina, globulina e glicose. No grupo mantido sob estresse térmico foi observado menor peso corporal, aumento na frequência cardíaca, leve aumento na frequência respiratória e aumento na temperatura corporal superficial quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que para temperatura cloacal não houve diferença entre os grupos. Com relação às avaliações metabólicas, foi observado um aumento nas proteínas totais e globulinas das aves do grupo tratado quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que a albumina se manteve a níveis basais. Adicionalmente, observou-se hipoglicemia no grupo tratado. Amostras da casca e gema dos ovos foram submetidas à análise de Salmonella spp.. O patógeno não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras analisadas.(AU)

Thermal stress alters the basal value of serum proteins in laying hens / O estresse térmico altera o valor basal das proteínas séricas em galinhas poedeiras

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal stress on the physiological and metabolic parameters in laying hens and the microbiological quality of eggs. The experiment was performed with 50 Rhode Island Red hens in the initial laying phase, under standard diet, lodged in 20 m² stalls under controlled temperature, for 30 days. The laying hens were randomly divided into two groups: G1 - the control group, which contained 10 hens exposed to the temperature of 17 ºC; G2 - the treatment group, which contained 40 hens exposed to the temperature of 30 ºC. The physiological parameters evaluated were: cloacal temperature, body surface temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and weight. Biochemical tests included total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose. The group subjected to thermal stress showed lower body weight, increased heart rate, a slight increase in the respiratory rate, and increase in body surface temperature when compared with the control group (P < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed regarding cloacal temperature. As for the metabolic parameters, the treated group showed an increase in total proteins and globulins compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while albumin remained at basal levels. Additionally, hypoglycemia was observed in the treated group. Samples from egg shells and yolk were subjected to the analyses for the detection of Salmonella spp. These microorganisms were not detected amongst the egg samples.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico nos parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de poedeiras, bem como na qualidade microbiológica dos ovos. O experimento foi realizado com 50 poedeiras da raça Rhode Island Red, em fase inicial de postura, recebendo dieta padronizada, alojadas em baias com aproximadamente 20 m2, com temperatura controlada, durante um período de 30 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos: G1 - grupo controle contendo 10 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 17 °C; e G2 - grupo tratamento contendo 40 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 30 °C. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: temperatura cloacal, temperatura corporal superficial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e peso. Foram realizados os exames bioquímicos de proteína total, albumina, globulina e glicose. No grupo mantido sob estresse térmico foi observado menor peso corporal, aumento na frequência cardíaca, leve aumento na frequência respiratória e aumento na temperatura corporal superficial quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que para temperatura cloacal não houve diferença entre os grupos. Com relação às avaliações metabólicas, foi observado um aumento nas proteínas totais e globulinas das aves do grupo tratado quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que a albumina se manteve a níveis basais. Adicionalmente, observou-se hipoglicemia no grupo tratado. Amostras da casca e gema dos ovos foram submetidas à análise de Salmonella spp.. O patógeno não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras analisadas.

Função miocárdica ventricular esquerda em uma gata com cardiomiopatia fenótipo não específico / Left ventricular myocardial function in a cat with nonspecific cardiomyopathy phenotype

Background: Non-specific phenotype feline cardiomyopathy (CFNE) is one that does not fit properly in the other categories, and it is necessary to describe in detail the morphology and cardiac function. The causes of CFNE is not very clear, and it may be due to congenital or acquired disease, or also to primary or secondary myocardial dysfunction associated with other conditions. In symptomatic cases, the clinical signs observed are compatible with left congestive heart failure (ICCE). This study reports a CFNE case in an asymptomatic cat, in order to demonstrate the importance of echocardiographic examination in the early diagnosis of the disease. Case: A 6.5-year-old non-neutered crossbred cat weighing 3.1 kg was seen at the institution’s veterinary hospital for routine cardiac evaluation. No clinical signs were reported in the history. On physical examination, the animal presented calm behavior, body score 5/9, heart rate 200 bpm, systolic blood pressure of 102 mmHg, respiratory rate 64 mrp, and other normal parameters. CBC and urinalysis laboratory tests were requested, which were unchanged. The electrocardiogram showed normal patterns. In the conventional echocardiographic examination, a significant increase in the left atrium (LA) was observed, and the LA/Ao ratio was 2.05 and the diastolic function was abnormal. There was no presence of concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV), the thickness of the ventricular wall measured at different points, in the two-dimensional mode and the M mode, was less than 5 millimeters. Other parameters of conventional echocardiography were within the normal range. Through these echocardiographic findings, the suggestive diagnosis was non-specific phenotype cardiomyopathy, with a significant increase in LA. For the...

Função miocárdica ventricular esquerda em uma gata com cardiomiopatia fenótipo não específico / Left ventricular myocardial function in a cat with nonspecific cardiomyopathy phenotype

Background: Non-specific phenotype feline cardiomyopathy (CFNE) is one that does not fit properly in the other categories, and it is necessary to describe in detail the morphology and cardiac function. The causes of CFNE is not very clear, and it may be due to congenital or acquired disease, or also to primary or secondary myocardial dysfunction associated with other conditions. In symptomatic cases, the clinical signs observed are compatible with left congestive heart failure (ICCE). This study reports a CFNE case in an asymptomatic cat, in order to demonstrate the importance of echocardiographic examination in the early diagnosis of the disease. Case: A 6.5-year-old non-neutered crossbred cat weighing 3.1 kg was seen at the institutions veterinary hospital for routine cardiac evaluation. No clinical signs were reported in the history. On physical examination, the animal presented calm behavior, body score 5/9, heart rate 200 bpm, systolic blood pressure of 102 mmHg, respiratory rate 64 mrp, and other normal parameters. CBC and urinalysis laboratory tests were requested, which were unchanged. The electrocardiogram showed normal patterns. In the conventional echocardiographic examination, a significant increase in the left atrium (LA) was observed, and the LA/Ao ratio was 2.05 and the diastolic function was abnormal. There was no presence of concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV), the thickness of the ventricular wall measured at different points, in the two-dimensional mode and the M mode, was less than 5 millimeters. Other parameters of conventional echocardiography were within the normal range. Through these echocardiographic findings, the suggestive diagnosis was non-specific phenotype cardiomyopathy, with a significant increase in LA. For the...(AU)

Uso de terapias alternativas no tratamento de cinomose canina / Use of alternative therapies in the treatment of canine kinomosis

A Cinomose é uma doença viral, infecciosa, altamente contagiosa, que acomete principalmente os cães e é geradora de transtornos oculares, respiratórios, gastrintestinais e neurológicos. Não existe um tratamento específico para a virose e muitas das vezes os animais não apresentam resposta positiva aos tratamentos convencionais, havendo a necessidade da utilização de tratamentos alternativos. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de acupuntura, auto-hemoterapia e ozonioterapia como terapias adjuvantes no tratamento de cinomose canina. Foi atendida numa clínica de Fortaleza – Ceará, paciente canina, fêmea, sem raça definida (SRD), de 2 (dois) anos de idade, apresentando mucosa ocular hipercorada, midríase, secreção ocular de cor esverdeada e ataxia de membros posteriores. A partir da avaliação dos exames solicitados, instituiu-se o tratamento para a paciente. Sem ter resposta positiva a tutora optou por iniciar as terapias alternativas de acupuntura, ozonioterapia e auto-hemoterapia na tentativa de reverter o quadro crítico da paciente. As seções de acupuntura duravam em média 15 minutos, onde os pontos utilizados foram baseados nos sinais clínicos apresentados pelo animal, peso do animal e função de cada ponto. A ozonioterapia e a auto-hemoterapia eram realizadas em conjunto. Após a utilização das terapias alternativas o paciente apresentou melhoras clínica e hematológica significativas. Em casos de cinomose o uso de terapias alternativas como acupuntura, ozonioterapia e auto-hemoterapia pode proporcionar a melhora clínica e hematológica de cães acometidos, determinando melhor prognóstico e qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

Canine distemper is a highly contagious, infectious, viral disease that mainly affects dogs and generates eye, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. There is no specific treatment for the virus and many times the animals do not respond positively to conventional treatments, with the need to use alternative treatments. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of acupuncture, auto-hemotherapy and ozone therapy as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of canine distemper. She was treated at a clinic in Fortaleza - Ceará, a canine, female, mixed breed (SRD), 2 (two) years old, with hyper-colored ocular mucosa, mydriasis, greenish-colored ocular secretion and posterior limb ataxia. Based on the evaluation of the requested tests, treatment for the patient was instituted. Without having a positive response, the tutor chose to start alternative therapies of acupuncture, ozone therapy and autohemotherapy in an attempt to revert the patient's critical condition. The acupuncture sections lasted an average of 15 minutes, where the points used were based on the clinical signs presented by the animal, the animal's weight and the function of each point. Ozone therapy and auto-hemotherapy were performed together. After using alternative therapies, the patient showed significant clinical and hematological improvements. In cases of distemper, the use of alternative therapies such as acupuncture, ozone therapy and autohemotherapy can provide clinical and hematological improvement in affected dogs, determining better prognosis and quality of life for patients.

Uso de terapias alternativas no tratamento de cinomose canina / Use of alternative therapies in the treatment of canine kinomosis

A Cinomose é uma doença viral, infecciosa, altamente contagiosa, que acomete principalmente os cães e é geradora de transtornos oculares, respiratórios, gastrintestinais e neurológicos. Não existe um tratamento específico para a virose e muitas das vezes os animais não apresentam resposta positiva aos tratamentos convencionais, havendo a necessidade da utilização de tratamentos alternativos. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de acupuntura, auto-hemoterapia e ozonioterapia como terapias adjuvantes no tratamento de cinomose canina. Foi atendida numa clínica de Fortaleza Ceará, paciente canina, fêmea, sem raça definida (SRD), de 2 (dois) anos de idade, apresentando mucosa ocular hipercorada, midríase, secreção ocular de cor esverdeada e ataxia de membros posteriores. A partir da avaliação dos exames solicitados, instituiu-se o tratamento para a paciente. Sem ter resposta positiva a tutora optou por iniciar as terapias alternativas de acupuntura, ozonioterapia e auto-hemoterapia na tentativa de reverter o quadro crítico da paciente. As seções de acupuntura duravam em média 15 minutos, onde os pontos utilizados foram baseados nos sinais clínicos apresentados pelo animal, peso do animal e função de cada ponto. A ozonioterapia e a auto-hemoterapia eram realizadas em conjunto. Após a utilização das terapias alternativas o paciente apresentou melhoras clínica e hematológica significativas. Em casos de cinomose o uso de terapias alternativas como acupuntura, ozonioterapia e auto-hemoterapia pode proporcionar a melhora clínica e hematológica de cães acometidos, determinando melhor prognóstico e qualidade de vida aos pacientes.(AU)

Canine distemper is a highly contagious, infectious, viral disease that mainly affects dogs and generates eye, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. There is no specific treatment for the virus and many times the animals do not respond positively to conventional treatments, with the need to use alternative treatments. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of acupuncture, auto-hemotherapy and ozone therapy as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of canine distemper. She was treated at a clinic in Fortaleza - Ceará, a canine, female, mixed breed (SRD), 2 (two) years old, with hyper-colored ocular mucosa, mydriasis, greenish-colored ocular secretion and posterior limb ataxia. Based on the evaluation of the requested tests, treatment for the patient was instituted. Without having a positive response, the tutor chose to start alternative therapies of acupuncture, ozone therapy and autohemotherapy in an attempt to revert the patient's critical condition. The acupuncture sections lasted an average of 15 minutes, where the points used were based on the clinical signs presented by the animal, the animal's weight and the function of each point. Ozone therapy and auto-hemotherapy were performed together. After using alternative therapies, the patient showed significant clinical and hematological improvements. In cases of distemper, the use of alternative therapies such as acupuncture, ozone therapy and autohemotherapy can provide clinical and hematological improvement in affected dogs, determining better prognosis and quality of life for patients.(AU)

Influence of dexamethasone and surfactant in the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs born by cesarean section / Influência da dexametasona e do surfactante na vitalidade e na função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros nascidos por cesariana eletiva

The aim of this study was to assess the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs. Twenty seven preterm lambs were divided in four groups. Group I (n=6) preterm lambs/ control; group II (n=9) lambs born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum; group III (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant; and group IV (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant and born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum. The APGAR score was performed after birth (T0) and 15 minutes later (T1/4) to assess vitality. The vital signs, blood gas analysis, spirometry and capnometry were assessed immediately after birth and continued until 48 hours. Chest radiographs were performed at T0, T24 and T48. Significant rectal temperature interactions occurred at T1 and T6 depending on the type of treatment used. All animals showed low pH values, which were associated with high pCO2 values and HCO3 -values that increased over time from immediately after birth to two days of age. Higher tidal volume values were observed at T1/4, T1 and T24 when the animals were not treated with surfactant. Capnometry showed significant interactions between treatments at T0. Premature animals showed low vitality and impaired pulmonary function.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a vitalidade e a função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros. Vinte e sete cordeiros foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo I (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros/controle; grupo II (n= 9), cordeiros prematuros nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto; grupo III (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante; e grupo IV (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante e nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto. O escore APGAR foi realizado após o nascimento (T0) e 15 minutos depois (T1/4). Os parâmetros vitais, hemogasometria, espirometria e capnometria foram avaliados após o nascimento até 48 horas. As radiografias torácicas foram realizadas em T0, T24 e T48. Interações significativas de temperatura retal ocorreram em T1 e T6, dependendo do tipo de tratamento utilizado. Todos os animais apresentaram valores de pH baixos, que foram associados com altos valores de pCO2 e valores de HCO3 que aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Os maiores valores de volume corrente foram observados em T1/4, T1 e T24, quando os animais não foram tratados com surfactante. A capnometria mostrou interações significativas entre tratamentos em T0. Os animais prematuros apresentaram pouca vitalidade e deficiência da função pulmonar.(AU)

Influence of dexamethasone and surfactant in the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs born by cesarean section / Influência da dexametasona e do surfactante na vitalidade e na função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros nascidos por cesariana eletiva

The aim of this study was to assess the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs. Twenty seven preterm lambs were divided in four groups. Group I (n=6) preterm lambs/ control; group II (n=9) lambs born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum; group III (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant; and group IV (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant and born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum. The APGAR score was performed after birth (T0) and 15 minutes later (T1/4) to assess vitality. The vital signs, blood gas analysis, spirometry and capnometry were assessed immediately after birth and continued until 48 hours. Chest radiographs were performed at T0, T24 and T48. Significant rectal temperature interactions occurred at T1 and T6 depending on the type of treatment used. All animals showed low pH values, which were associated with high pCO2 values and HCO3 -values that increased over time from immediately after birth to two days of age. Higher tidal volume values were observed at T1/4, T1 and T24 when the animals were not treated with surfactant. Capnometry showed significant interactions between treatments at T0. Premature animals showed low vitality and impaired pulmonary function.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a vitalidade e a função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros. Vinte e sete cordeiros foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo I (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros/controle; grupo II (n= 9), cordeiros prematuros nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto; grupo III (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante; e grupo IV (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante e nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto. O escore APGAR foi realizado após o nascimento (T0) e 15 minutos depois (T1/4). Os parâmetros vitais, hemogasometria, espirometria e capnometria foram avaliados após o nascimento até 48 horas. As radiografias torácicas foram realizadas em T0, T24 e T48. Interações significativas de temperatura retal ocorreram em T1 e T6, dependendo do tipo de tratamento utilizado. Todos os animais apresentaram valores de pH baixos, que foram associados com altos valores de pCO2 e valores de HCO3 que aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Os maiores valores de volume corrente foram observados em T1/4, T1 e T24, quando os animais não foram tratados com surfactante. A capnometria mostrou interações significativas entre tratamentos em T0. Os animais prematuros apresentaram pouca vitalidade e deficiência da função pulmonar.(AU)

A lung image reconstruction from computed radiography images as a tool to tuberculosis treatment control

Background: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious lung disease with high worldwide incidence that severely compromises the quality of life in affected individuals. Clinical tests are currently employed to monitor pulmonary status and treatment progression. The present study aimed to apply a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method based on chest radiography to quantify lung-involvement volume of TB acute-phase patients before and after treatment. In addition, these results were compared with indices from conventional clinical exams to show the coincidence level. Methods: A 3D lung reconstruction method using patient chest radiography was applied to quantify lung-involvement volume using retrospective examinations of 50 patients who were diagnosed with pulmonary TB and treated with two different drugs schemes. Twenty-five patients were treated with Scheme I (rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide), whereas twenty-five patients were treated with Scheme II (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol). Acute-phase reaction: Serum exams included C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and albumin levels. Pulmonary function was tested posttreatment. Results: We found strong agreement between lung involvement and serum indices pre- and posttreatment. Comparison of the functional severity degree with lung involvement based on 3D image quantification for both treatment schemes found a high correlation. Conclusions: The present 3D reconstruction method produced a satisfactory agreement with the acute-phase reaction, most notably a higher significance level with the C-reactive protein. We also found a quite reasonable coincidence between the 3D reconstruction method and the degree of functional lung impairment posttreatment. The performance of the quantification method was satisfactory when comparing the two treatment schemes. Thus, the 3D reconstruction quantification method may be useful tools for monitoring TB treatment...(AU)

Combination of preoperative pulmonary and nutritional preparation for esophagectomy

Purpose: To compare pulmonary and nutritional parameters before and after inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and enteral feeding support in patients with esophageal disease undergoing preoperative outpatient follow-up.Methods: Thirty patients with a mean age of 55.83 years, 16 men and 14 women, were included. Pulmonary assessment consisted of the measurement of MIP, MEP, and spirometry. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were performed for nutritional assessment. After preoperative evaluation, inspiratory muscle training and enteral nutrition support were started. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After an outpatient follow-up period of 4 weeks, a significant increase in MIP (-62.20 ± 25.78 to -81.53 ± 23.09), MEP (73.4 ± 31.95 to 90.33 ± 28.39), and FVC (94.86 ± 16.77 to 98.56 ± 17.44) was observed. Regarding the anthropometric variables, a significant increase was also observed in BMI (20.18 ± 5.04 to 20.40 ± 4.69), arm circumference (23.38 ± 3.28 to 25.08 ± 4.55), arm muscle circumference (21.48 ± 3.00 to 22.07 ± 3.36), and triceps skinfold thickness (5.62 ± 2.68 to 8.33 ± 6.59). Conclusion: Pulmonary and nutritional preparation can improve respiratory muscle strength, FVC and anthropometric parameters. However, further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of this preoperative preparation.(AU)